A Wisdom Archive on Militant Clerics Society

Although many anarchists were opposed to the use of force, some militants did use violence and terrorism to further their agendas. This "propaganda of the deed" first became popular in the late 19th century. This was before the rise of syndicalism as an anarchist tactic, and after a long history of police repression that led many to despair. The Desheredados (English translation: "the Disinherited"), were a secret group advocating violence and said to be behind a number of murders. Another group, Mano Negra (Black Hand), ...

Read more here: » Anarchism in Spain: Encyclopedia II - Anarchism in Spain - Violence

Before the late modern era, the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house. When he appeared either in church or chapter all present rose and bowed. His letters were received kneeling, as were those of the pope and the king. No monk might sit in his presence, or leave it without his permission, reflecting the hierarchical etiquette of families and society. The highest place was assigned to him, both in church and at table. In the East he was commanded to eat with the other monks. In the West the Rule of St Bened ...

Read more here: » Abbot: Encyclopedia II - Abbot - General Information

History of South Africa in the apartheid era - The ANC and the Pan African Congress. These developments pushed the hitherto relatively conservative ANC into action. In 1949, they developed an agenda that for the first time advocated open resistance in the form of strikes, acts of public disobedience, and protest marches. These continued throughout the 1950s and resulted in occasional violent clashes. In June 1955, at a congress held near Kliptown, near Johannesburg, a number of organizations, including the Indian ...

Read more here: » History of South Africa in the apartheid era: Encyclopedia II - History of South Africa in the apartheid era - Resistance

The modern age brought radical technological and organizational changes to Europe and Islamic countries found themselves less modern when compared to the many western nations. Europe's state-based government and rampant colonization allowed the West to dominate the globe economically and forced Islamic countries to question change. History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East. Islamic territories were granted at least nominal independence after the end of the First Wor ...

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - The 20th century

Anarchism in Spain - Beginning. In the mid-19th century, revolutionary ideas were generally unknown in Spain. The closest thing to a radical movement was found amongst the followers of Pierre Joseph Proudhon, known as federalists, the most famous of whom was Francisco Pí y Margall (named, upon his death, "the wisest of the federalists, almost an anarchist" by anarchist thinker Ricardo Mella). Feelings later associated with anarchism, like anti-clericalism and distrust of government, were widespread but part of n ...

Read more here: » Anarchism in Spain: Encyclopedia II - Anarchism in Spain - History

Fascism - Early history. Etymologically, the use of the word Fascism in modern Italian political history stretches back to the 1890s in the form of fasci, which were radical left-wing political factions that proliferated in the decades before World War I. One of the first of these groups were the Fasci Siciliani who were part of the first movement that consisted of the Italian working-class peasants that made real progress. The Fasci Siciliani dei lavoratori, were revolutionary socialists that were led by Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida.

Read more here: » Fascism: Encyclopedia II - Fascism - Italian Fascism

Read more here: » December 2003: Encyclopedia II - December 2003 - Events

• 30 Artie Shaw • 29 Julius Axelrod • 28 Jacques Dupuis • 28 Jerry Orbach • 28 Susan Sontag • 26 Reggie White • 26 Sir Angus Ogilvy • 23 P. V. Narasimha Rao • 23 Doug Ault • 19 Renata Tebaldi • 16 Bobby Mattick • 15 Chiang Fang-liang • 14 Fernando Poe, Jr. • 10 M.S. Subbulakshmi • 8 Leslie Scarman • 8 "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott • 3 Shiing-Shen Chern • 2 Alicia Markova • 1 Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands

Read more here: » December 2004: Encyclopedia II - December 2004 - Events