This article is about non-human migration. For information on humans see Human migration Migration occurs when living things move from one biome to another. In most cases organisms migrate to avoid local shortages of food, usually caused by winter. Animals may also migrate to a certain location to breed, as is the case with some fish. The species that periodically migrate are called migratory, those that do not ...

Read more here: » Migration: Encyclopedia - Migration

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Toward an understanding of migration, Human migration - Types of Migrations, Human migration - Laws of Migration, Human migration - Causes of Migrations, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - The Great Migrations

Human migration has taken place at all times and in the greatest variety of circumstances. It has been tribal, national, class and individual. Its causes have been climatic, political, economic, religious, or mere love of adventure. Its causes and results are fundamental for the study of ethnology, of political and social history, and of political economy. In its natural origins, it includes the separate migrations first of Homo erectus then of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens sapiens) out of Africa across Eurasia, doub ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Toward an understanding of migration, Human migration - Types of Migrations, Human migration - Laws of Migration, Human migration - Causes of Migrations, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Overview of historical migrations

Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another, often over long distances or in large groups. Humans are known to have extensively migrated throughout history. This can be compared with the periodic migratory behaviour of groups of animals such as some birds and fishes (see migration). This article concentrates on the historical human migrations. Migration and population isolation is one of the four evolutionary forces (along with natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation). The study of the distribution of and change in allele (gene variations) frequencies under suc ...

Including:

• Human migration - Overview of historical migrations
• Human migration - Earliest migrations
• Human migration - Spread of Agriculture
• Human migration - Indo-European migrations
• Human migration - The Great Migrations
• Human migration - Other Old World migrations
• Human migration - Polynesian migration
• Human migration - Migrations to the New World
• Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations
• Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles
• Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia - Human migration

The Migration Period is a name given by historians to a human migration which occurred within the period AD 300–900 in the area which comprises Central Europe. The migration included the Goths, Vandals, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes. The migration may have been triggered by the incursions of the Huns, population pressures, or climate changes. Migration Period - The modern account. Modern historians divide the migration movement into two phases. The first phase, between AD 300 a ...

Including:

• Migration Period - The modern account
• Migration Period - Völkerwanderung
• Migration Period - Migration Period
• Migration Period - Timeline

Read more here: » Migration Period: Encyclopedia - Migration Period

Many species of land birds migrate very long distances, the most common pattern being for birds to breed in the temperate or arctic northern hemisphere and winter in warmer regions, often in the tropics or the temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. There is a strong genetic component to migration in terms of timing and route, but this may be modified by environmental influences. An interesting example where a change of migration route has occurred because of such a geographical barrier is the trend for some Blackcaps in central E ...

Including:

• Bird migration - Long-distance land bird migration
• Bird migration - Broad-winged long distance migrants
• Bird migration - Short-distance land bird migration
• Bird migration - Wildfowl and waders
• Bird migration - Seabirds
• Bird migration - The tropics
• Bird migration - Australasia
• Bird migration - Study techniques

Read more here: » Bird migration: Encyclopedia - Bird migration

Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annual, and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. The purpose usually relates to either feeding or breeding; in some cases the reason for migration is still unknown. Migratory fish are classified according to the following scheme: diadromous fish travel between salt and fresh water anadromous fish live in the sea mostly, breed in fresh water catadromous fish ...

Including:

• Fish migration - Reference

Read more here: » Fish migration: Encyclopedia - Fish migration

Indo-Aryan migration refers to the migration and expansion of the Indo-Aryans during the 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Archaeological and philological data indicates that there was a shift of settlements from the northwestern part of South Asia to the Gangetic valley and to the south during the second millennium BCE, but does not clearly support a migration of Indo-Aryan people into South Asia. Based on linguistic data, many scholars have argued that Indo-Aryan speakers invaded in South Asia in the second millennium BCE. This correspo ...

Including:

• Indo-Aryan migration - Overview
• Indo-Aryan migration - History
• Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics
• Indo-Aryan migration - Philology
• Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda
• Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists
• Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas
• Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah
• Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology
• Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization
• Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head
• Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery
• Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia
• Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data
• Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology
• Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia - Indo-Aryan migration

See Proto-Indo-Europeans. The Indo-European migration had variously been dated to the end of the Neolithic (Marija Gimbutas: Corded ware, Yamna, Kurgan), the early Neolithic (Colin Renfrew: Starčevo-Körös, Linearbandkeramic) and the late Palaeolithic (Marcel Otte, Paleolithic Continuity Theory). The speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language are usually believed to have originated to the North of the Black Sea, and from there they gradually migrated into, and spread their language by cultural diffusion to, Anatolia, ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Toward an understanding of migration, Human migration - Types of Migrations, Human migration - Laws of Migration, Human migration - Causes of Migrations, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Indo-European migrations

Human migration - Types of Migrations. The cyclic movement which involves commuting, a seasonal movement, and nomadism. The periodic movement which consists of migrant labor, military services, and pastoral farming Transhumance. The migratory movement that moves from the eastern part of the United States to the western part. It also moves from China to southeast Asia, from Europe to North America, and from South America to the middle part of the Americas.< ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Toward an understanding of migration, Human migration - Types of Migrations, Human migration - Laws of Migration, Human migration - Causes of Migrations, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Toward an understanding of migration

With the art of open-sea navigation involving the most confident and courageous use of the available technologies of boat-building, combined with the most sophisticated understanding of currents and prevailing winds, the Polynesians, starting with the Lapita culture, have proven to be the most successful in the art of navigation, if the permanent spread of culture is taken into account, for the Norse adventurers in the North Atlantic and the Arab traders in the Indian Ocean did not create permanent settlements. The Lapita people, who got the ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Toward an understanding of migration, Human migration - Types of Migrations, Human migration - Laws of Migration, Human migration - Causes of Migrations, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Polynesian migration

Western historians refer to the period of migrations that separated Antiquity from the Middle Ages in Europe as the Great Migrations or as the Migrations Period. This period is further divided into two phases. The first phase, from 300 to 500 AD, saw the movement of Germanic and other tribes and ended with the settlement of these peoples in the areas of the former Western Roman Empire, essentially causing its demise. (See also: Ostrogot ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - The Great Migrations

Human migration has taken place at all times and in the greatest variety of circumstances. It has been tribal, national, class and individual. Its causes have been climatic, political, economic, religious, or mere love of adventure. Its causes and results are fundamental for the study of ethnology, of political and social history, and of political economy. In its natural origins, it includes the separate migrations first of Homo erectus then of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens sapiens) out of Africa across Eurasia, doub ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Overview of historical migrations

See Proto-Indo-European. The Indo-European migration had variously been dated to the end of the Neolithic (Marija Gimbutas: Corded ware, Yamna, Kurgan), the early Neolithic (Colin Renfrew: Starčevo-Körös, Linearbandkeramic) and the late Palaeolithic (Marcel Otte, Paleolithic Continuity Theory). The speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language are usually believed to have originated to the North of the Black Sea, and from there they gradually migrated into, and spread their language by cultural diffusion to, Anatolia, ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Indo-European migrations

Private political migration includes efforts by individuals or organizations to persuade others to migrate to a specified location. Although the detailed goals of these migrations vary widely, the trend is migration towards greater political liberty. Political migration - Examples. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Europeans migrated to the United States to obtain greater political and religious freedom. Contemporary European laws strongly favored official state religions. Members of non-sanctioned religious sec ...

See also:

Political migration, Political migration - Private Political Migrations, Political migration - Examples, Political migration - Government Political Migrations, Political migration - Examples

Read more here: » Political migration: Encyclopedia II - Political migration - Private Political Migrations

With the art of open-sea navigation involving the most confident and courageous use of the available technologies of boat-building, combined with the most sophisticated understanding of currents and prevailing winds, the Polynesians, starting with the Lapita culture, have proven to be the most successful in the art of navigation, if the permanent spread of culture is taken into account, for the Norse adventurers in the North Atlantic and the Arab traders in the Indian Ocean did not create permanent settlements. The Lapita people, who got the ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Polynesian migration

Other migrations that happened later in the history of Europe generally did not give rise to new states, but disrupted and, to some extent, dominated policy within Europe. Examples are the invasion of the Arabs into Spain - only as late as 1492 the Spanish completed their Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula - or the settlement of Muslims in south-eastern Europe, as a result of European armies fighting back the Turks in the Balkan, and the unsuccessful attempt to reconquer Palestine during the Crusades, despite the enormous amount of ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Toward an understanding of migration, Human migration - Types of Migrations, Human migration - Laws of Migration, Human migration - Causes of Migrations, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Other Old World migrations

See also: Colonization Government political migration includes efforts by government entities to relocate persons to geographic regions favored by a government. The motivation for such relocations generally comes from internal political pressures and the migrations are hoped to relieve the causes of those pressures. The goals may include: establishing power in a disputed territory encouraging economic development relieving urban pressures ...

See also:

Political migration, Political migration - Private Political Migrations, Political migration - Examples, Political migration - Government Political Migrations, Political migration - Examples

Read more here: » Political migration: Encyclopedia II - Political migration - Government Political Migrations

Other migrations that happened later in the history of Europe generally did not give rise to new states, but disrupted and, to some extent, dominated policy within Europe. Examples are the invasion of the Arabs into Spain - only as late as 1492 the Spanish completed their Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula - or the settlement of Muslims in south-eastern Europe, as a result of European armies fighting back the Turks in the Balkan, and the unsuccessful attempt to reconquer Palestine during the Crusades, despite the enormous amount of ...

See also:

Human migration, Human migration - Overview of historical migrations, Human migration - Earliest migrations, Human migration - Spread of Agriculture, Human migration - Indo-European migrations, Human migration - The Great Migrations, Human migration - Other Old World migrations, Human migration - Polynesian migration, Human migration - Migrations to the New World, Human migration - World War II and post-World War II Migrations, Human migration - Migrations and climate cycles, Human migration - Literature

Read more here: » Human migration: Encyclopedia II - Human migration - Other Old World migrations

In reaction to the above, 20th-century English-language historiography largely abandoned the German term, replacing it with "Migration Period", as in the series Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology or Gyula Laslo's The Art of the Migration Period. The "invasions" of Romantic-generation historians have given way, too: scholars today hold that a great deal of the migration did not represent hostile invasion, but rather tribes taking the opportunity to enter and settle lands already thinly populated and weakly held by a divided Roman state whose economy was shrinking. For a discu ...

See also:

Migration Period, Migration Period - The modern account, Migration Period - Völkerwanderung, Migration Period - Migration Period, Migration Period - Timeline

Read more here: » Migration Period: Encyclopedia II - Migration Period - Migration Period