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Middle English | A Wisdom Archive on Middle English | | Middle English A selection of articles related to Middle English | |
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Middle English
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Middle English | | | |  Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Pronunciation
Generally, all letters in Middle English words are pronounced. (Silent letters in Modern English come from pronunciation shifts but continued spelling conventions.) Therefore 'knight' is pronounced [knɪçt] (with a pronounced K and a 'gh' as the 'ch' in German 'nicht'), not [naɪt], as in Modern English.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
(C ...
See also:Middle English, Middle English - Literary and Linguistic Cultures, Middle English - History, Middle English - 1000, Middle English - c.1400, Middle English - Construction, Middle English - Key points, Middle English - Nouns, Middle English - Verbs, Middle English - Pronouns, Middle English - Pronunciation, Middle English - Chancery Standard, Middle English - History of the Chancery Standard Read more here: » Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Pronunciation |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - History
Middle English - 1000.
Syððan wæs geworden þæt he ferde þurh þa ceastre and þæt castel: godes rice prediciende and bodiende. and hi twelfe mid. And sume wif þe wæron gehælede of awyrgdum gastum: and untrumnessum: seo magdalenisce maria ofþære seofan deoflu uteodon: and iohanna chuzan wif herodes gerefan: and susanna and manega oðre þe him of hyra spedum þenedon;
-- Translation o ...
See also:Middle English, Middle English - Literary and Linguistic Cultures, Middle English - History, Middle English - 1000, Middle English - c.1400, Middle English - Construction, Middle English - Key points, Middle English - Nouns, Middle English - Verbs, Middle English - Pronouns, Middle English - Pronunciation, Middle English - Chancery Standard, Middle English - History of the Chancery Standard Read more here: » Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - History |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Construction
Middle English - Key points.
With its simplified case-ending system, Middle English is closer to modern English than its pre-Conquest equivalent.
Middle English - Nouns.
Despite losing the slightly more complex system of inflexional endings, Middle English retains two separate noun-ending patterns from Old English. Compare, for example, the early Modern English words engel (angel) and nome (name):
The strong -s plural form has survived into Modern English, while the weak -n form is rare (oxen, children, brethren).
< ...
See also:Middle English, Middle English - Literary and Linguistic Cultures, Middle English - History, Middle English - 1000, Middle English - c.1400, Middle English - Construction, Middle English - Key points, Middle English - Nouns, Middle English - Verbs, Middle English - Pronouns, Middle English - Pronunciation, Middle English - Chancery Standard, Middle English - History of the Chancery Standard Read more here: » Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English - Construction |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - History of the English language - Middle English For the 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and the high nobility spoke only a variety of French called Anglo-Norman. English continued to be the language of the common people. While the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle continued until AD 1154, most other literature from this period was in Old French or Latin. A large number of Norman words were assimilated into Old English, with some words doubling for Old English words (for instance, ox/beef, sheep/mutton). The Norman influence reinforced the continual evol ...
See also:History of the English language, History of the English language - Proto-English, History of the English language - Old English, History of the English language - Middle English, History of the English language - Early Modern English, History of the English language - Historic English text samples, History of the English language - Old English, History of the English language - Middle English, History of the English language - Early Modern English, History of the English language - Modern English Read more here: » History of the English language: Encyclopedia II - History of the English language - Middle English |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia - Midgard Midgard (the common English transliteration of Old Norse Miðgarðr), Midjungards (Gothic), Middangeard (Old English), Middellærd (Middle English), Midgård (common Danish and Swedish) and Mittilagart (Old High German), from Proto-Germanic *medja-garda (*meddila-, *medjan-, projected PIE *medhyo-gharto), is an old Germanic name for our world, the places inhabited men, with the literal meaning "middle enclosure". In Middle English, the name was transformed to Middell ...
Including:
Read more here: » Midgard: Encyclopedia - Midgard |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - English historians in the Middle Ages - High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages were a golden period for historical writing in England. The craft of history was not a professional subject taught in school, such as the scholastic subjects of logic, theology, law and natural science, but rather something practiced by well educated men of learning, not subjected to the process of systems and procedures of Academia. It was a realm for educated men in monasteries and the courts of kings, bishops and barons, who had the time and position and particular talents to pursue it. As a result the quality and variety of the histories from this ...
See also:English historians in the Middle Ages, English historians in the Middle Ages - Early Middle Ages, English historians in the Middle Ages - List of Historians, English historians in the Middle Ages - High Middle Ages, English historians in the Middle Ages - Characteristics, English historians in the Middle Ages - List of Historians, English historians in the Middle Ages - Footnotes Read more here: » English historians in the Middle Ages: Encyclopedia II - English historians in the Middle Ages - High Middle Ages |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Middle English creole hypothesis - French influences French and English both put auxiliaries before the main verb and invert them to make questions. In Old English, Verb-Subject-Object word order made questions. Today, and at that time, French used the same process to make questions. Today, English inverts auxiliary verbs and their subjects to make a question. If English were a pidgin, it seems logical to presume that VSO word order would continue to be used. The change, moreover, comes with Early Modern English, not Middle English; Shakespeare and the King James Bible ...
See also:Middle English creole hypothesis, Middle English creole hypothesis - Differences between Middle and Old English, Middle English creole hypothesis - Causes of grammatical changes, Middle English creole hypothesis - French influences Read more here: » Middle English creole hypothesis: Encyclopedia II - Middle English creole hypothesis - French influences |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Latin influence in English - Middle Ages The Norman Conquest of 1066 gave England a two tiered society with an aristocracy that spoke Anglo-Norman and a peasantry that spoke English. From 1066 until Henry IV of England ascended to the throne in 1399, the royal court of England spoke a Norman that became progressively Gallicised through contact with French. However, the Norman rulers made no attempt to suppress the English language, apart from not using at all in their court. In 1204, the Anglo-Normans lost their continental territories in Normandy and became wholly English. By the time we see Middle English in the 14th century, the Normans had contributed ro ...
See also:Latin influence in English, Latin influence in English - Dark Ages, Latin influence in English - Middle Ages, Latin influence in English - Renaissance, Latin influence in English - Industrial Age, Latin influence in English - Consequences for English Read more here: » Latin influence in English: Encyclopedia II - Latin influence in English - Middle Ages |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - History of the English language - Historic English text samples
History of the English language - Old English.
Beowulf lines 1 to 11, approximately AD 900
Hwæt! We Gar-Dena in geardagum,
þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon,
hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon.
Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum,
monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah,
egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð
feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad,
weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah,
oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra
ofer hronrade hyran scolde, ...
See also:History of the English language, History of the English language - Proto-English, History of the English language - Old English, History of the English language - Middle English, History of the English language - Early Modern English, History of the English language - Historic English text samples, History of the English language - Old English, History of the English language - Middle English, History of the English language - Early Modern English, History of the English language - Modern English Read more here: » History of the English language: Encyclopedia II - History of the English language - Historic English text samples |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - Caesura - Examples
Caesura - Latin.
Virgil's opening line of the Æneid:
Arma virumque cano, || Troiæ qui primus ab oris
("I sing of arms and the man, who first from the shores of Troy. . .")
displays an obvious cæsura in the middle of the line [this is of course not the middle of the verse, as the writer says, the caesura is the so called penthemimeres (or B1 or masculine caesura). the middle would be after the third (leaving apart, that a hexameter is katalecti ...
See also:Caesura, Caesura - Examples, Caesura - Latin, Caesura - Old English, Caesura - Middle English, Caesura - Modern English, Caesura - Classification Read more here: » Caesura: Encyclopedia II - Caesura - Examples |
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| | | | Middle English: Encyclopedia II - English poetry - The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages With the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1066, the Anglo-Saxon language immediately lost its status; the new aristocracy spoke French, and this became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. As the invaders integrated, their language and that of the natives mingled: the French dialect of the upper classes became Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into Middle English.
While Anglo-Norman was thus preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, and a number ...
See also:English poetry, English poetry - The earliest English poetry, English poetry - The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages, English poetry - The Renaissance in England, English poetry - Early Renaissance poetry, English poetry - The Elizabethans, English poetry - Jacobean and Caroline poetry, English poetry - The Restoration and 18th century, English poetry - Satire, English poetry - 18th century classicism, English poetry - Women poets in the 18th century, English poetry - The late 18th century, English poetry - The Romantic movement, English poetry - Victorian poetry, English poetry - High Victorian poetry, English poetry - Pre-Raphaelites arts and crafts Aestheticism and the Yellow 1890s, English poetry - The 20th century, English poetry - The first three decades, English poetry - The Thirties, English poetry - The Forties, English poetry - The Fifties, English poetry - The 1960s and 1970s, English poetry - English poetry now, English poetry - Reference Read more here: » English poetry: Encyclopedia II - English poetry - The Anglo-Norman period and the Later Middle Ages |
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