A microscope (Greek: micron = small and scopos = aim) is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy, and the term microscopic means minute or very small, not easily visible with the unaided eye. In other words, requiring a microscope to examine. The most common type of microscope—and the first to be invented—is the optical microscope. This is an optical instrument containing one or more lenses that produce an enlarged image of an ...

Including:

• Microscope - Simple optical microscope
• Microscope - Compound optical microscope
• Microscope - Stereo microscope
• Microscope - Special designs
• Microscope - Optical resolution
• Microscope - History of the microscope
• Microscope - Other types of microscopes

Read more here: » Microscope: Encyclopedia - Microscope

See also:

Microscope, Microscope - Simple optical microscope, Microscope - Compound optical microscope, Microscope - The Parts of the Microscope, Microscope - Stereo microscope, Microscope - Special designs, Microscope - Optical resolution, Microscope - History of the microscope, Microscope - Other types of microscopes

Read more here: » Microscope: Encyclopedia II - Microscope - Stereo microscope

The diagrams below show compound microscopes. In its simplest form—as used by Robert Hooke, for example—the compound microscope would have a single glass lens of short focal length for the objective, and another single glass lens for the eyepiece or ocular. Modern microscopes of this kind are usually more complex, with multiple lens components in both objective and eyepiece assemblies. These multi-component lenses are designed to reduce aberrations, particularly chromatic aberration and spherical aberration. In modern microscopes ...

See also:

Microscope, Microscope - Simple optical microscope, Microscope - Compound optical microscope, Microscope - Stereo microscope, Microscope - Special designs, Microscope - Optical resolution, Microscope - History of the microscope, Microscope - Other types of microscopes

Read more here: » Microscope: Encyclopedia II - Microscope - Compound optical microscope

Beagle 2 was an unsuccessful British landing spacecraft that formed part of the European Space Agency's 2003 Mars Express mission. Beagle 2 - Background. Beagle 2 was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor Colin Pillinger of the Open University, in collaboration with the University of Leicester. Its purpose was to search for signs of Martian life, past or present, and its name reflected this goal, as Professor Pillinger explained: "HMS Beagle < ...

Including:

• Beagle 2 - Background
• Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems
• Beagle 2 - Mission profile
• Beagle 2 - Mission progress
• Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site
• Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report
• Beagle 2 - Legacy

Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia - Beagle 2

Sir David Brewster, (December 11, 1781 – February 10, 1868) was a Scottish scientist and writer. He was born at Jedburgh, where his father, a teacher of high reputation, was rector of the grammar school. At the age of twelve he was sent to the University of Edinburgh, being intended for the clergy. However, he had already shown a strong inclination for natural science, and this had been fostered by his intimacy with a "self-taught philosopher, astronomer and mathematician," as Sir Walter Scott called him, of great local fame—James Veitch of Inchbonn ...

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A gramophone record, (also vinyl record, phonograph record, LP record, or simply record) is an analogue sound recording medium: a flat disc rotating at a constant angular velocity, with inscribed spiral grooves in which a stylus or needle rides. Analogue audio recording onto a disc was the main technology used for the storing of recorded sound for most of the 20th century. The record, in one format or another, was the dominant musical format for 70 years. It overtook the phonograph cylinder in the fi ...

Including:

• Gramophone record - Basics
• Gramophone record - Common formats
• Gramophone record - Less common formats
• Gramophone record - Structure of a typical record
• Gramophone record - Early history of the medium
• Gramophone record - History of the materials
• Gramophone record - History of the speeds
• Gramophone record - Progress and the War of the Speeds
• Gramophone record - Stereo and beyond
• Gramophone record - Other developments
• Gramophone record - The record mastering and pressing process
• Gramophone record - Recording the disc
• Gramophone record - Mass producing records
• Gramophone record - Packaging and Distribution
• Gramophone record - Record Labels
• Gramophone record - Disc limitations
• Gramophone record - Recording medium comparison
• Gramophone record - Beyond the 1990s: Records versus the digital media
• Gramophone record - Arguments about sound fidelity
• Gramophone record - Disc jockeys
• Gramophone record - Making your own records
• Gramophone record - Studios
• Gramophone record - Personal recording devices
• Gramophone record - Preservation of disc recordings

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Beagle 2 had a robotic arm known as the Payload Adjustable Workbench (PAW), designed to be extended after landing. The PAW contained a pair of stereo cameras, a microscope (with a 6 micrometre resolution), a Mössbauer spectrometer, an X-ray spectrometer, a drill for collecting rock samples and a spotlamp. Rock samples were to be passed by the PAW into a mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph in the body of the lander, to measure the relative proportions of different isotopes of carbon. Since carbon is thought to be the basis of all life, these readings could have revealed whether t ...

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Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy

Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems

Mars Express launched from Baikonur at 17:45 UTC (18:45 BST) on 2 June 2003. The Beagle 2 was a Mars lander initially mounted on the top deck of the Mars Express Orbiter. It was released from the Orbiter on a ballistic trajectory towards Mars on 19 December 2003 at 8:31 UT. Beagle 2 coasted for five days after release and entered the Martian atmosphere at over 20,000 km/h on the morning of 25 December. After initial deceleration in the Martian atmosphere from simple friction, parachutes were to be deployed and abo ...

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Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy

Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Mission profile

In May, 2004, the report form the Commission of Inquiry on Beagle 2 was submitted to ESA and the UK's science minister Lord Sainsbury. Initially the full report was not published on the grounds of confidentiality, but a list of 19 recommendations were announced to the public. Professor David Southwood, ESA's director of science, listed the following scenarios how the landing might have failed: Beagle entered an atmosphere that was not predicted by scientists and could have burnt up. It may even have "bounced off in ...

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Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy

Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report

Beagle 2 was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor Colin Pillinger of the Open University, in collaboration with the University of Leicester. Its purpose was to search for signs of Martian life, past or present, and its name reflected this goal, as Professor Pillinger explained: "HMS Beagle was the ship that took Darwin on his voyage around the world in the 1830s and led to our knowledge about life on Earth making a real quantum leap. We hope Beagle 2 will do the s ...

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Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy

Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Background

Although the Beagle 2 craft successfully deployed from the Mars Express "mother ship", confirmation of a successful landing was not forthcoming. Confirmation should have come on 25 December 2003, when the Beagle 2 should have contacted NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft that was already in orbit. In the following days, the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank also failed to pick up a signal from Beagle 2. The team said they were "still ho ...

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Beagle 2, Beagle 2 - Background, Beagle 2 - Spacecraft and subsystems, Beagle 2 - Mission profile, Beagle 2 - Mission progress, Beagle 2 - Search for the crash site, Beagle 2 - ESA/UK Inquiry report, Beagle 2 - Legacy

Read more here: » Beagle 2: Encyclopedia II - Beagle 2 - Mission progress

Under a microscope, all that is visible is a series of various-sized pits arranged in a long spiral, starting near the inner hole. As bit-times are counted off, a transition (pit-to-land, or land-to-pit) is interpreted as a "1" bit, while a constant region (all-land or all-pit) is interpreted as a "0" bit. Each 14 consecutive bits are grouped and decoded using Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation to get a byte. Each 14-bit ...

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Compact disc, Compact disc - History, Compact disc - Physical details, Compact disc - Manufacturing Process, Compact disc - Audio format, Compact disc - Storage capacity, Compact disc - Data structure, Compact disc - Subcode, Compact disc - CD-Text, Compact disc - The SPARS Code for audio CDs, Compact disc - Three-Letter Codes, Compact disc - CD-ROM, Compact disc - Recordability, Compact disc - Copy protection, Compact disc - Non-standard CD behaviors, Compact disc - Name

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Stereoscopy - Side-by-side. Little or no additional image processing is required. Under some circumstances, such as when a pair of images is presented for crossed or diverged eye viewing, no device or additional optical equipment is needed. The principal advantages of side-by-side viewers is that there is no diminution of brightness so images may be presented at very high resolution and in full spectrum color. The ghosting associated with polarized projection or when color filtering is used is tota ...

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Stereoscopy, Stereoscopy - Techniques, Stereoscopy - Side-by-side, Stereoscopy - 3D glasses, Stereoscopy - Other display methods, Stereoscopy - Taking the pictures, Stereoscopy - Imaging methods, Stereoscopy - Longer base line, Stereoscopy - Base line selection

Read more here: » Stereoscopy: Encyclopedia II - Stereoscopy - Techniques

Shellac 78s are brittle and prone to breakage. The pieces might remain loosely connected by the label and still playable if the label holds them together, although there is a loud 'pop' with each pass over the crack, and breaking of the needle is likely. Breakage was a very common accident in the shellac era, but one that usually induced a sharp pang of loss. In the 1934 novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist "broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not." A p ...

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Gramophone record, Gramophone record - Basics, Gramophone record - Common formats, Gramophone record - Less common formats, Gramophone record - Structure of a typical record, Gramophone record - Early history of the medium, Gramophone record - History of the materials, Gramophone record - History of the speeds, Gramophone record - Progress and the War of the Speeds, Gramophone record - Stereo and beyond, Gramophone record - Other developments, Gramophone record - The record mastering and pressing process, Gramophone record - Recording the disc, Gramophone record - Mass producing records, Gramophone record - Packaging and Distribution, Gramophone record - Record Labels, Gramophone record - Disc limitations, Gramophone record - Recording medium comparison, Gramophone record - Beyond the 1990s: Records versus the digital media, Gramophone record - Arguments about sound fidelity, Gramophone record - Disc jockeys, Gramophone record - Creating homemade records, Gramophone record - Studios, Gramophone record - Personal recording devices, Gramophone record - Preservation of disc recordings

Read more here: » Gramophone record: Encyclopedia II - Gramophone record - Disc limitations

Spirit rover - Timeline. A detailed chronology of events and discoveries may be found in the Spirit rover timeline entry. The following paragraphs discuss the more notable findings. Spirit rover - Sleepy Hollow. "Sleepy Hollow," a shallow depression in the Mars ground near NASA's Spirit rover, was targeted as an early destination when the rover drove off its lander platform. NASA scientists were very interested in this crater. It is 9 meters (30 feet) ac ...

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Spirit rover, Spirit rover - Naming of Spirit and Opportunity, Spirit rover - Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station, Spirit rover - Events and discoveries, Spirit rover - Timeline, Spirit rover - Sleepy Hollow, Spirit rover - First color photograph, Spirit rover - January 21 flash memory management anomaly, Spirit rover - History's first grinding of a rock on Mars, Spirit rover - Mimi, Spirit rover - Humphrey and clues for water, Spirit rover - Bonneville Crater, Spirit rover - Missoula Crater, Spirit rover - Lahonten Crater, Spirit rover - Columbia Hills, Spirit rover - Astronomy, Spirit rover - Honors, Spirit rover - Related articles

Read more here: » Spirit rover: Encyclopedia II - Spirit rover - Events and discoveries

Spirit rover - Timeline. The primary surface mission for Spirit was planned to last 90 sols. The mission received several extensions and by January, 2006 had passed 720 sols. A detailed but incomplete chronology of events and discoveries may be found in the Spirit rover timeline entry. The following paragraphs discuss the more notable findings. An archive of approximately weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at Spirit Update Archive (NASA/JPL site). ...

See also:

Spirit rover, Spirit rover - Landing site: Columbia Memorial Station, Spirit rover - Events and discoveries, Spirit rover - Timeline, Spirit rover - Sleepy Hollow, Spirit rover - First color photograph, Spirit rover - January 21 flash memory management anomaly, Spirit rover - History's first grinding of a rock on Mars, Spirit rover - Mimi, Spirit rover - Humphrey and clues for water, Spirit rover - Bonneville Crater, Spirit rover - Missoula and Lahonten Craters en route to Columbia Hills, Spirit rover - Columbia Hills, Spirit rover - Husband Hill summit, Spirit rover - Latest status, Spirit rover - Astronomy, Spirit rover - Honors

Read more here: » Spirit rover: Encyclopedia II - Spirit rover - Events and discoveries

Major League Baseball television contracts - 1930s. The first-ever televised baseball game was on May 17, 1939 between Princeton and Columbia; Princeton beat Columbia 2-1 at Columbia's Baker Field. The contest was aired on W2XBS, an experimental station in New York City which would ultimately become WNBC-TV. On August 26 of the same year, the first ever Major League Baseball game was televised (once again on W2XBS). With Red Barber announcing, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds played a doublehea ...

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Major League Baseball television contracts, Major League Baseball television contracts - Baseball Firsts, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1930s, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1940s, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1950s, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1960s, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1970s, Major League Baseball television contracts - Cable Television, Major League Baseball television contracts - NBC's Game of the Week, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1960s, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1970s, Major League Baseball television contracts - 1980s, Major League Baseball television contracts - Monday Night Baseball, Major League Baseball television contracts - ABC Takes Over, Major League Baseball television contracts - References, Major League Baseball television contracts - Major League Baseball on CBS-TV: 1990-1993, Major League Baseball television contracts - Reasons for CBS losing so much money may include:, Major League Baseball television contracts - Regular Season Saturday afternoons: April-September Ratings, Major League Baseball television contracts - All-Star Game Television Ratings Breakdown: 1986-1993, Major League Baseball television contracts - American League Championship Series Ratings, Major League Baseball television contracts - National League Championship Series Ratings, Major League Baseball television contracts - World Series Television Ratings Breakdown: 1986-1993, Major League Baseball television contracts - References, Major League Baseball television contracts - The Baseball Network: 1994-1995, Major League Baseball television contracts - The Baseball Network Announcers, Major League Baseball television contracts - References, Major League Baseball television contracts - Baseball Comes to Fox, Major League Baseball television contracts - Trouble at NBC: 1996-2000, Major League Baseball television contracts - References, Major League Baseball television contracts - Baseball leaves NBC again, Major League Baseball television contracts - References, Major League Baseball television contracts - The Future of Major League Baseball's Television Coverage: 2007-, Major League Baseball television contracts - Sources

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There are eleven main parts to a microscope. At the top of the microscope there is a cylinder that is called the ocular or eyepiece. That is where you look to see the magnified image. The ocular is connected to the body tube that leads to the main microscope. The hanging cylinders are called the objective lenses and can have many magnifications. They are attached to the nose piece. Right under them is the stage where the item is placed and a diaphragm is attached under the stage to control how much light or what color you view the object wit ...

See also:

Microscope, Microscope - Simple optical microscope, Microscope - Compound optical microscope, Microscope - The Parts of the Microscope, Microscope - Stereo microscope, Microscope - Special designs, Microscope - Optical resolution, Microscope - History of the microscope, Microscope - Other types of microscopes

Read more here: » Microscope: Encyclopedia II - Microscope - The Parts of the Microscope

A lens magnifies by bending light (see refraction). Optical microscopes are restricted in their ability to resolve features by a phenomenon called diffraction which, based on the numerical aperture (NA or AN) of the optical system and the wavelengths of light used (λ), sets a definite limit (d) to the optical resolution. Assuming that optical aberrations are negligible, the resolu ...

See also:

Microscope, Microscope - Simple optical microscope, Microscope - Compound optical microscope, Microscope - The Parts of the Microscope, Microscope - Stereo microscope, Microscope - Special designs, Microscope - Optical resolution, Microscope - History of the microscope, Microscope - Other types of microscopes

Read more here: » Microscope: Encyclopedia II - Microscope - Optical resolution

It is impossible to say who invented the compound microscope. Dutch spectacle-makers Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen are often said to have invented the first compound microscope in 1590, but this was a declaration by Zacharias Janssen himself halfway through the 17th century. The date is certainly not likely, as it has been shown that Zacharias Janssen actually was just about born in 1590. Another favorite for the title of 'inventor of the microscope' was Galileo Galilei. He developed an occhiolino or compound microscope w ...

See also:

Microscope, Microscope - Simple optical microscope, Microscope - Compound optical microscope, Microscope - The Parts of the Microscope, Microscope - Stereo microscope, Microscope - Special designs, Microscope - Optical resolution, Microscope - History of the microscope, Microscope - Other types of microscopes

Read more here: » Microscope: Encyclopedia II - Microscope - History of the microscope