MeV

Nuclear fission (in nuclear physics, simply fission) is a process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei (fission products) and usually some by-product particles. Hence, fission is a form of elemental transmutation. The by-products include free neutrons, photons (usually gamma rays), and other nuclear fragments such as beta particles and alpha particles. Fission of heavy elements can release substantial amounts of useful energy both ...

Including:

• Nuclear fission - Physical overview
• Nuclear fission - Fission reactors
• Nuclear fission - Fission bombs
• Nuclear fission - History
• Nuclear fission - Links

Read more here: » Nuclear fission: Encyclopedia - Nuclear fission

ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is one of the five particle detector experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, TOTEM, and LHCb) being constructed at the Large Hadron Collider, a new particle accelerator at CERN in Switzerland. It will be 45 metres long and 25 metres in diameter, and will weigh about 7,000 tonnes. The project involves roughly 2,000 scientists and engineers at 151 institutions in 34 countries. The construction is scheduled to be completed in 2007. The experiment is expecte ...

Including:

• ATLAS experiment - Background
• ATLAS experiment - Physics program
• ATLAS experiment - Components
• ATLAS experiment - Inner Detector
• ATLAS experiment - Calorimeters
• ATLAS experiment - Muon spectrometer
• ATLAS experiment - Magnet system
• ATLAS experiment - Data systems and analysis

Read more here: » ATLAS experiment: Encyclopedia - ATLAS experiment

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists energies between 10−12 joules (a picojoule, symbol pJ) and 10−11 joules (6.2 MeV and 62 MeV). Weaker energies 1.602 × 10−12 J – 10 MeV Stronger energies Other related archivesMeV, Stronger energies, Weaker energies, joules, orders of magnitude, ×

Read more here: » 1 E-12 J: Encyclopedia - 1 E-12 J

Supernovae refer to several types of stellar explosions that produce extremely bright objects made of plasma that decline to invisibility over weeks or months. There are two possible routes to this end. A massive star may cease to generate fusion energy from fusing the nuclei of atoms in its core and collapses inward under the force of its own gravity, or a white dwarf star may accumulate material from a companion star until it reaches its Chandrasekhar limit and undergoes a thermonuclear explosion. In either case, the resulting supernova explosion expels much ...

Including:

• Supernova - Classification
• Supernova - Spectral classification
• Supernova - Type Ia
• Supernova - Type Ib and Ic
• Supernova - Type II
• Supernova - Supernova hunting
• Supernova - Naming of supernovae
• Supernova - Notable supernovae
• Supernova - Role of supernovae in stellar evolution
• Supernova - Possible threats to Earth

Read more here: » Supernova: Encyclopedia - Supernova

Clementine was a joint space project between the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO, previously the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, or SDIO) and NASA. The objective of the mission was to test sensors and spacecraft components under extended exposure to the space environment and to make scientific observations of the Moon and the near-Earth asteroid 1620 Geographos. The Geographos observations were not made due to a malfunction in the spacecraft. The lunar observations made included imaging at various wavelengths i ...

Including:

• Clementine mission - Spacecraft design
• Clementine mission - Mission
• Clementine mission - Science instruments
• Clementine mission - Charged Particle Telescope CPT
• Clementine mission - Ultraviolet/Visible camera
• Clementine mission - Near-Infrared CCD Camera NIR
• Clementine mission - Laser Image Detection and Ranging LIDAR System
• Clementine mission - High-Resolution Camera HIRES

Read more here: » Clementine mission: Encyclopedia - Clementine mission

Cobalt is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt - Notable characteristics. Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer a ...

Including:

• Cobalt - Notable characteristics
• Cobalt - Applications
• Cobalt - Use in medicine
• Cobalt - History
• Cobalt - Biological role
• Cobalt - Occurrence
• Cobalt - Compounds
• Cobalt - Isotopes
• Cobalt - Precautions

Read more here: » Cobalt: Encyclopedia - Cobalt

Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that differs from the element's other common isotope, uranium-238, by its ability to cause a rapidly expanding fission chain reaction, i.e., it is fissile. In fact, U-235 is the only fissile isotope found in nature. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. A uranium nucleus that absorbs a neutron splits into two lighter nuclei; this is called nuclear fission. It releases either two or three neutrons which continue the reaction. In nuclear reactors, the reaction is slowed down by the ad ...

Read more here: » Uranium-235: Encyclopedia - Uranium-235

A cyclotron accelerates charged particles with a high-frequency, alternating voltage (potential difference). A perpendicular magnetic field causes the particles to go almost in a circle. The beam spirals out to the edge of the container, as the particles' speeds increase. At this point, the particles' speed approaches the speed of light. The cyclotron was invented by Ernest Lawrence of the University of California, in 1929. He used it in experiments that required particles with energy of up to 1 MeV. Cyclotrons are used today t ...

Including:

• Cyclotron - How the cyclotron works
• Cyclotron - Problems solved by the cyclotron
• Cyclotron - Advantages of the Cyclotron
• Cyclotron - Limitations of the cyclotron
• Cyclotron - Mathematics of the cyclotron
• Cyclotron - Related technologies

Read more here: » Cyclotron: Encyclopedia - Cyclotron

A criticality accident (also sometimes referred to as an "excursion" or "power excursion") occurs when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material, such as enriched uranium or plutonium. This releases neutron radiation which is highly dangerous to surrounding personnel and which causes induced radioactivity in the surroundings. When such incidents occur outside reactor cores and test facilities where fission is intended to occur, they pose a high risk both of injury or death to su ...

Including:

• Criticality accident - Cause
• Criticality accident - Description
• Criticality accident - Confusion with Cherenkov radiation and other effects
• Criticality accident - Records

Read more here: » Criticality accident: Encyclopedia - Criticality accident

In quantum mechanics, the Compton scattering or Compton effect, observed by Arthur Holly Compton in 1923 that won him the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics, is the increase in wavelength (decrease in energy) which occurs when X-ray (or gamma ray) photons with energies of around 0.5MeV to 3.5MeV interact with electrons in a material. The amount the wavelength increases by is called the Compton shift. Compton's experiment became the ultimate observation that convinced all physicists that light can behave as a stream of ...

Including:

• Compton scattering - The equations
• Compton scattering - Derivation

Read more here: » Compton scattering: Encyclopedia - Compton scattering

Universal Century Technology - Mega Particle Cannon. The ubiquitous mega particle cannon - variously referred to as the beam cannon, mega beam gun, or mega beam cannon - is the standard armament of the Gundam world's warships and mobile armours. This weapon fires a focused beam of massive, high-velocity mega particles, which cannot be deflected by magnetic fields and tears through any conventional armor material. To create the mega particles, a cannon-toting vehicle must first gather Minovsky particles fro ...

See also:

Universal Century Technology, Universal Century Technology - Mobile Suit technology, Universal Century Technology - AMBAC, Universal Century Technology - Balancer, Universal Century Technology - Movable frame, Universal Century Technology - Minovsky Physics, Universal Century Technology - The Minovsky Particle, Universal Century Technology - Minovsky Ultracompact Fusion Reactor, Universal Century Technology - The Mega Particle, Universal Century Technology - Minovsky Technology, Universal Century Technology - Mega Particle Cannon, Universal Century Technology - M-Warhead, Universal Century Technology - Minovsky Craft System, Universal Century Technology - Beam Rifle, Universal Century Technology - Beam Spray Gun, Universal Century Technology - Beam Saber, Universal Century Technology - I-field Barrier, Universal Century Technology - FF-Field Fin Funnel Field, Universal Century Technology - Beam Shield, Universal Century Technology - VSBR, Universal Century Technology - G.B.R.D., Universal Century Technology - Minovsky Drive, Universal Century Technology - Newtypes, Universal Century Technology - Psycommu system, Universal Century Technology - Anti-funnel System, Universal Century Technology - Psycoframe, Universal Century Technology - Quasi-Psycommu, Universal Century Technology - Neo-Psychommu, Universal Century Technology - Bio-computer, Universal Century Technology - EXAM system, Universal Century Technology - Angel Halo, Universal Century Technology - External links

Read more here: » Universal Century Technology: Encyclopedia II - Universal Century Technology - Minovsky Technology

The neutron interacts through all four of the common classifications of physical interaction. These four are the electromagnetic, weak nuclear, strong nuclear and gravitational interactions. Although it is true that the neutron has zero net charge, it is nonetheless composed of electrically charged quarks, in the same way that a neutral atom is nonetheless composed of protons and electrons. As such, the neutron experiences the electromagnetic interaction. The net charge is zero, so if you are far enough away from the neutron that it a ...

See also:

Neutron, Neutron - Properties, Neutron - Neutron Interactions, Neutron - Neutron Detection, Neutron - Neutron Uses, Neutron - Neutron Sources, Neutron - Discovery, Neutron - Current developments, Neutron - Antineutron, Neutron - Fields concerning neutrons, Neutron - Types of neutrons, Neutron - Objects containing neutrons, Neutron - Neutron sources, Neutron - Processes involving neutrons

Read more here: » Neutron: Encyclopedia II - Neutron - Neutron Interactions

The coupling constant comes into its own in a quantum field theory. A special role is played in relativistic quantum theories by coupling constants which are dimensionless, ie, are pure numbers. For example, the fine-structure constant, (where e is the charge of an electron, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, ℏ is Dirac's constant and c is the speed of light) is such a dimensionless coupling constant that determines the strength of the electromagnetic force on an electron. However, in di ...

See also:

Coupling constant, Coupling constant - Fine structure constant, Coupling constant - Gauge coupling, Coupling constant - Weak and strong coupling, Coupling constant - Running coupling, Coupling constant - Beta-function, Coupling constant - Landau pole and asymptotic freedom, Coupling constant - QCD scale, Coupling constant - Charge colour charge etc, Coupling constant - String theory

Read more here: » Coupling constant: Encyclopedia II - Coupling constant - Fine structure constant

Neutrinos can interact via the neutral current (involving the exchange of a Z boson) or charged current (involving the exchange of a W boson) weak interactions. In a neutral current interaction, the neutrino leaves the detector after having transfered some of its energy and momentum to a target particle. All three neutrino flavors can participate regardless of the neutrino energy. However, no neutrino flavor information is left behind. In a charged current interaction, the neutrino transforms into its partner lepton (el ...

See also:

Neutrino, Neutrino - Types of neutrinos, Neutrino - Flavor Oscillations, Neutrino - History, Neutrino - Mass, Neutrino - Neutrino sources, Neutrino - Human generated, Neutrino - The Earth, Neutrino - Atmospheric neutrinos, Neutrino - Solar neutrinos, Neutrino - Cosmological phenomena, Neutrino - Cosmic background radiation, Neutrino - Neutrino detection, Neutrino - Motivation for scientific interest in the neutrino

Read more here: » Neutrino: Encyclopedia II - Neutrino - Neutrino detection

The goals of the IFR project were to increase the efficiency of uranium usage by breeding plutonium and eliminating the need for transuranic isotopes ever to leave the site. The reactor was an unmoderated design running on fast neutrons, designed to allow any transuranic isotope to be consumed (and in some cases used as fuel). The IFR also used the laws of physics so that the fuel expanded when the reactor overheated, and the chain reac ...

See also:

Integral Fast Reactor, Integral Fast Reactor - Overview, Integral Fast Reactor - Safety Efficiency and Fuel cycle, Integral Fast Reactor - Key benefits, Integral Fast Reactor - Key disadvantages, Integral Fast Reactor - History

Read more here: » Integral Fast Reactor: Encyclopedia II - Integral Fast Reactor - Safety Efficiency and Fuel cycle

The QGP contains quarks and gluons, just as normal (hadronic) matter does. The difference between these two phases of QCD is the following. In normal matter each quark either pairs up with an anti-quark to form a meson or joins with two other quarks to form a baryon (such as the proton and the neutron). In the QGP, by contrast, these mesons and baryons lose their identities and make a much larger mass of quarks and gluons [3]. In normal matter quarks are confined; in the QGP quarks are deconfined. < ...

See also:

Quark-gluon plasma, Quark-gluon plasma - General Introduction, Quark-gluon plasma - Why is this a plasma?, Quark-gluon plasma - How is this studied theoretically?, Quark-gluon plasma - How is this created in the lab?, Quark-gluon plasma - How does this fit into the general scheme of physics?, Quark-gluon plasma - Expected Properties, Quark-gluon plasma - Thermodynamics, Quark-gluon plasma - Flow, Quark-gluon plasma - Excitation spectrum, Quark-gluon plasma - The Experimental Situation, Quark-gluon plasma - News

Read more here: » Quark-gluon plasma: Encyclopedia II - Quark-gluon plasma - General Introduction

Initially it was thought that although parity was violated, CP symmetry was conserved (by kaons and everything else). In order to understand the discovery of CP violation, it is necessary to understand the mixing of neutral kaons; this phenomenon does not require CP violation, but it is the context in which CP violation was first observed. Kaon - Neutral kaon mixing. Since neutral kaons carry strangeness, they cannot be their own antiparticles. There must be then two different neutral kaons, differing by t ...

See also:

Kaon, Kaon - Basic properties, Kaon - Strangeness, Kaon - Parity violation: the τ-θ puzzle, Kaon - CP violation in neutral meson oscillations, Kaon - Neutral kaon mixing, Kaon - CP violation

Read more here: » Kaon: Encyclopedia II - Kaon - CP violation in neutral meson oscillations

As part of the attempt to understand supernova explosions, astronomers have classified them according to the lines of different chemical elements that appear in their spectra. The first element for division is the presence or absence of a line from hydrogen. If a supernova's spectrum contains a hydrogen line, it is classified Type II, otherwise it is Type I. Among those groups, there are subdivisions according to the presence of o ...

See also:

Supernova, Supernova - Classification, Supernova - Spectral classification, Supernova - Type Ia, Supernova - Type Ib and Ic, Supernova - Type II, Supernova - Supernova hunting, Supernova - Naming of supernovae, Supernova - Notable supernovae, Supernova - Role of supernovae in stellar evolution, Supernova - Possible threats to Earth

Read more here: » Supernova: Encyclopedia II - Supernova - Classification

Muons were discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1936 while he studied cosmic radiation. He had noticed particles that curved in a manner distinct from that of electrons and other known particles when passed through a magnetic field. In particular, these new particles curved to a smaller degree than electrons, but more sharply than protons. It was assumed that their electric charge was equal to that of the electron, and so to account for the difference in curvature, it was supposed that these particles were of intermediate mass (lying somewhere between that of an ...

See also:

Muon, Muon - Muonic atoms, Muon - History

Read more here: » Muon: Encyclopedia II - Muon - History

The triple-alpha process is strongly dependent on the temperature and density of the stellar material. The energy released by the reaction is approximately proportional to the temperature to the 40th power, and the density squared. Contrast this to the PP chain which produces energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of temperature and directly with density. This strong temperature dependence ha ...

See also:

Triple-alpha process, Triple-alpha process - Reaction Rate and Stellar Evolution, Triple-alpha process - Discovery

Read more here: » Triple-alpha process: Encyclopedia II - Triple-alpha process - Reaction Rate and Stellar Evolution