In Hindu mythology, Manu is a title accorded the progenitor of humankind during an eon called a Manvantara. 14 Manvantaras make up a Kalpa, a period corresponding to a day in the life of Brahma; each Manvantara is headed by a Manu, the 14 of which are: Svayambhuva Manu Svaracisa Manu Uttama Manu Tamasa Manu Raivata Manu Caksusa Manu Vaivasvata Manu Savarni Manu Daksa Savarni Manu Brahma Savarni Manu Dharma Savarni Manu Rudra Savarni Manu

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Including:

Hindu units of measurement - Time
Hindu units of measurement - Sidereal metrics Hindu units of measurement - Lunar metrics Hindu units of measurement - Tropical metrics Hindu units of measurement - Yugas

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In Hindu tradition, the world goes through a continuous cycle of these epochs. Each ascending phase of the cycle from Kali Yuga to Satya Yuga is followed by a descending phase back to Kali Yuga, then another ascending phase and so on. Alternatively, it is sometimes supposed that at the end of the descending Kali Yuga, the world will return to the Satya Yuga, and begin a new decline. The descent from Satya to Kali is associated with progressively deterioration of Dharma (righteousness) manifested as decrease in length of human life and quality of human moral standards. ...

See also:

Yuga, Yuga - The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga, Yuga - References, Yuga - Sri Yukteswar's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Yugas in Ayyavazhi, Yuga - References

Read more here: » Yuga: Encyclopedia II - Yuga - The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga

In Hindu philosophy the cycle of evolution of life is divided into four yugas (epochs or eras): Satya Yuga or Krita Yuga Treta Yuga Dwapara Yuga Kali Yuga Yuga - The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga. In Hindu tradition, the world goes through a continuous cycle of these epochs. Each ascending phase of the cycle from Kali Yuga to Satya Yuga is followed by a descending phase back to Kali Yuga, then another ascending phase and so on. Alt ...

Including:

Yuga - The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga
Yuga - References
Yuga - Sri Yukteswar's teachings on the yugas Yuga - Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet's teachings on the yugas Yuga - Yugas in Ayyavazhi
Yuga - References

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According to most interpretations of Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, the Kali Yuga (lit. Age of Kali , also known as Iron Age) began at the end of Krishna's bodily lifespan (approximately 5100 years ago, 3102 BCE) and will last exactly 432,000 years — placing its conclusion in the year 428,899 CE (it began with a year 0). Kalki, the 10th and final avatar of Vishnu, is expected to appear at this time, riding a white horse and wielding a fla ...

Including:

Kali Yuga - Problems that arise
Kali Yuga - Warfare Kali Yuga - Nobility/respect
Kali Yuga - Changes in the people
Kali Yuga - Changes in men Kali Yuga - Changes in women
Kali Yuga - Lives of each of the castes
Kali Yuga - Life of the Brahmin Kali Yuga - Life of the Kshatriya Kali Yuga - Life of the Vaishya Kali Yuga - Life of the Shudra
Kali Yuga - Exception Kali Yuga - Other Views of Kali Yuga

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The Hindu calendar is of two types: the solar calendar or the saura māna the lunisolar calendar or the chāndra māna Both are described in this article. Hindu calendar - Basic structure. The structure of the Hindu calendar is of course composed of days making months making years. The system of describing days is the same in both the solar and lunisolar calendars. The system of describing months and hence years is what distinguishes the solar and lunisolar ...

Including:

Hindu calendar - Basic structure Hindu calendar - Day
Hindu calendar - Tithi Hindu calendar - Vaasara Hindu calendar - Nakshatra Hindu calendar - Yoga Hindu calendar - Karana
Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar
Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months
Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar Hindu calendar - Year numbering Hindu calendar - Year names Hindu calendar - Eras Hindu calendar - History

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An alternative view of the yuga cycle and timescale was taught by the 19th-century Indian yogi Swami Sri Yukteswar. After his chief disciple Paramahansa Yogananda came to America in 1920 and founded Self-Realization Fellowship to teach his guru's meditation technique Kriya Yoga, Sri Yukteswar's teachings on the yuga cycle, presented in his 1894 book The Holy Science, also became more widely known. According to Sri Yukteswar, the descending phase of Satya Yuga lasts 4800 years. That of Treta Yuga lasts 3600 years. That of Dwapar ...

See also:

Yuga, Yuga - The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga, Yuga - References, Yuga - Sri Yukteswar's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Yugas in Ayyavazhi, Yuga - References

Read more here: » Yuga: Encyclopedia II - Yuga - Sri Yukteswar's teachings on the yugas

According to Vedic Cosmologist Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet, the numbers given for the yuga are to be understood as seconds of degrees of arc of precessional movement (procession of the equinoxes). Therefore, in her seeing of the yugas the Kali Yuga equals 432,000 seconds of arc, which equals 120 degrees of the 360 degrees of the 25,920 year procession (120*x 60'x 60 seconds of arc = 432,000"). Nore ...

See also:

Yuga, Yuga - The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga, Yuga - References, Yuga - Sri Yukteswar's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Yugas in Ayyavazhi, Yuga - References

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Unlike Hinduism, Ayyavazhi asserts eight yugas and of them, three are prior to the four yugas of Hinduism. Also the Dharma Yukam in Ayyavazhi similar to Satya Yuga is the final Yuga.The eight yugas in Ayyavazhi are, Neetiya Yukam Chathura Yukam Netu Yukam Kretha Yukam Thretha Yukam Dwapara Yukam Kali Yukam Dharma Yukam Yuga - References. The Holy Science, Swami Sri Yukteswar. Published by Self-Realization Fel ...

See also:

Yuga, Yuga - The spiritual states of civilization in each yuga, Yuga - References, Yuga - Sri Yukteswar's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Patrizia Norelli-Bachelet's teachings on the yugas, Yuga - Yugas in Ayyavazhi, Yuga - References

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There is an increase in material technology but there is a huge decrease in spirituality. Kali Yuga is the only Yuga in which irreligion/atheism is more powerful and popular than religion. Only a quarter of each of the four virtues of Dharma (penance, truthfulness, compassion and charity) is carried out by humans now. Nobility is determined only by the wealth of a person. Law and justice are determined by one's prestige and power. The poor become enslaved by the rich and powerful. Words such as charity and freedom are constantly used by the people, yet are never done.< ...

See also:

Kali Yuga, Kali Yuga - Problems that arise, Kali Yuga - Warfare, Kali Yuga - Nobility/respect, Kali Yuga - Changes in the people, Kali Yuga - Changes in men, Kali Yuga - Changes in women, Kali Yuga - Lives of each of the castes, Kali Yuga - Life of the Brahmin, Kali Yuga - Life of the Kshatriya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Vaishya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Shudra, Kali Yuga - Exception, Kali Yuga - Other Views of Kali Yuga

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Throughout the age, humans become shorter in height and weaker physically as well as mentally and spiritually. There is false preaching of Gods, idols and gurus. Many people lie and claim themselves to be prophets and God-like beings. In addition, everybody will modify the definitions of fasting, meditation and austerity, so that they suit their needs. However, by doing this, they are not following the strict moral code and law of the Vedas, therefore they will hardly gain anything. < ...

See also:

Kali Yuga, Kali Yuga - Problems that arise, Kali Yuga - Warfare, Kali Yuga - Nobility/respect, Kali Yuga - Changes in the people, Kali Yuga - Changes in men, Kali Yuga - Changes in women, Kali Yuga - Lives of each of the castes, Kali Yuga - Life of the Brahmin, Kali Yuga - Life of the Kshatriya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Vaishya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Shudra, Kali Yuga - Exception, Kali Yuga - Other Views of Kali Yuga

Read more here: » Kali Yuga: Encyclopedia II - Kali Yuga - Changes in the people

Earlier on in Kali Yuga, there is discrimination among the castes, particularly on the Shudras. Gradually, however, this is inverted with the Brahmin and Kshatriyas becoming the most discriminated against. Eventually the only caste that remains is the Shudra. Kali Yuga - Life of the Brahmin. Most of the Brahmins stop performing religious activities. Like everyone else, they lose all their morality, eat meat (even beef), and start to take in intoxicants. Their respect and dignity is lost. When the mlecch ...

See also:

Kali Yuga, Kali Yuga - Problems that arise, Kali Yuga - Warfare, Kali Yuga - Nobility/respect, Kali Yuga - Changes in the people, Kali Yuga - Changes in men, Kali Yuga - Changes in women, Kali Yuga - Lives of each of the castes, Kali Yuga - Life of the Brahmin, Kali Yuga - Life of the Kshatriya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Vaishya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Shudra, Kali Yuga - Exception, Kali Yuga - Other Views of Kali Yuga

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The Hindu calendrical day starts with local sunrise. It is allotted five "properties", called anga-s. They are: the tithi active at sunrise the vaasara or weekday the nakshatra in which the moon resides at sunrise the yoga active at sunrise the karana active at sunrise. Together these are called the panchānga-s where pancha means "five" in Sanskrit. An explanation of the terms follows. See also:

Hindu calendar, Hindu calendar - Basic structure, Hindu calendar - Day, Hindu calendar - Tithi, Hindu calendar - Vaasara, Hindu calendar - Nakshatra, Hindu calendar - Yoga, Hindu calendar - Karana, Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months, Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months, Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Year numbering, Hindu calendar - Year names, Hindu calendar - Eras, Hindu calendar - History

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The Supreme Personality therefore comes to teach us how to act according to the Vedic principles. In this age of Kali, the Supreme Personality of Godhead appeared as Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu and preached that in this age the Vedic activities cannot be systematically performed because people are so fallen. He gave this recommendation from the sastras: harer nama harer nama harer namaiva kevalam kalau nast ...

See also:

Kali Yuga, Kali Yuga - Problems that arise, Kali Yuga - Warfare, Kali Yuga - Nobility/respect, Kali Yuga - Changes in the people, Kali Yuga - Changes in men, Kali Yuga - Changes in women, Kali Yuga - Lives of each of the castes, Kali Yuga - Life of the Brahmin, Kali Yuga - Life of the Kshatriya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Vaishya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Shudra, Kali Yuga - Exception, Kali Yuga - Other Views of Kali Yuga

Read more here: » Kali Yuga: Encyclopedia II - Kali Yuga - Exception

According to Sri Aurobindo, Kali Yuga lasts far less than 432,000 years. The followers of the Purna Yoga believe that the Mother successfully solicited the early termination of the Kali Yuga in 1969, and the abolition of pralaya (normal process of destruction of the universe at the end of a kalpa (Cosmic Cycle of Creation-Destruction)). According to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy book of Ayyavazhi religion and source of Ayyavazhi mythology, this Kali Yuga is the seventh of the eight yugas. The Asura of this yuga Kaliyan was the sixth-f ...

See also:

Kali Yuga, Kali Yuga - Problems that arise, Kali Yuga - Warfare, Kali Yuga - Nobility/respect, Kali Yuga - Changes in the people, Kali Yuga - Changes in men, Kali Yuga - Changes in women, Kali Yuga - Lives of each of the castes, Kali Yuga - Life of the Brahmin, Kali Yuga - Life of the Kshatriya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Vaishya, Kali Yuga - Life of the Shudra, Kali Yuga - Exception, Kali Yuga - Other Views of Kali Yuga

Read more here: » Kali Yuga: Encyclopedia II - Kali Yuga - Other Views of Kali Yuga

Now that the days are defined, we shall speak of how the solar calendar reckons its months and year. As has been previously noted, the sun is observed to travel along the ecliptic. The ecliptic is now divided into twelve parts called rāshi-s, starting from the point of Meshādi defined above and moving eastwards. They are: Mesha Vrishabha Mithuna Kataka Simha Kanyā Tulā Vrishchika Dhanus Makara Kumbha Mīna ...

See also:

Hindu calendar, Hindu calendar - Basic structure, Hindu calendar - Day, Hindu calendar - Tithi, Hindu calendar - Vaasara, Hindu calendar - Nakshatra, Hindu calendar - Yoga, Hindu calendar - Karana, Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months, Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months, Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Year numbering, Hindu calendar - Year names, Hindu calendar - Eras, Hindu calendar - History

Read more here: » Hindu calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar

When a new moon occurs before sunrise on a day, that day is said to be the first day of the lunar month. So it is evident that the end of the lunar month will coincide with a new moon. A lunar month has 29 or 30 days (according to the movement of the moon). The tithi at sunrise of a day is the only label of the day. There is no running day number from the first day to the last day of the month. This has some unique results, as explained below: Sometimes two successive days have the same tithi. In such a case, the ...

See also:

Hindu calendar, Hindu calendar - Basic structure, Hindu calendar - Day, Hindu calendar - Tithi, Hindu calendar - Vaasara, Hindu calendar - Nakshatra, Hindu calendar - Yoga, Hindu calendar - Karana, Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months, Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months, Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Year numbering, Hindu calendar - Year names, Hindu calendar - Eras, Hindu calendar - History

Read more here: » Hindu calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar

There is another kind of lunisolar calendar which differs from the former in the way the months are named. This section describes the differences involved, and may be skipped if the article is already too complicated for the reader. It is only included for completeness. When a full moon (instead of new moon) occurs before sunrise on a day, that day is said to be the first day of the lunar month. In this case, the end of the lunar month will coincide with a full moon. This is called the pūrnimānta māna or "full-moon-ending reckoning", as against ...

See also:

Hindu calendar, Hindu calendar - Basic structure, Hindu calendar - Day, Hindu calendar - Tithi, Hindu calendar - Vaasara, Hindu calendar - Nakshatra, Hindu calendar - Yoga, Hindu calendar - Karana, Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months, Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months, Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Year numbering, Hindu calendar - Year names, Hindu calendar - Eras, Hindu calendar - History

Read more here: » Hindu calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar

A lunisolar calendar is always a calendar based on the moon's celestial motion, which in a way keeps itself close to a solar calendar based on the sun's (apparent) celestial motion. That is, the lunisolar calendar's new year is to kept always close (within certain limits) to a solar calendar's new year. Since the Hindu lunar month names are based on solar transits, and the month of Chaitra will, as defined above, always be close to the solar month of See also:

Hindu calendar, Hindu calendar - Basic structure, Hindu calendar - Day, Hindu calendar - Tithi, Hindu calendar - Vaasara, Hindu calendar - Nakshatra, Hindu calendar - Yoga, Hindu calendar - Karana, Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months, Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months, Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Year numbering, Hindu calendar - Year names, Hindu calendar - Eras, Hindu calendar - History

Read more here: » Hindu calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar

The epoch (starting point or first day of the first year) of the current era of Hindu calendar (both solar and lunisolar) is BCE 3102 January 23 on the proleptic Gregorian calendar (i.e. the Gregorian calendar extended back in time before its promulgation from 1582 October 15). Both the solar and lunisolar calendars started on this date. After that, each year is labeled by the number of years elapsed since the epoch. This is a unique feature of the Hindu calendar. All other systems use the current ordinal number of the year as ...

See also:

Hindu calendar, Hindu calendar - Basic structure, Hindu calendar - Day, Hindu calendar - Tithi, Hindu calendar - Vaasara, Hindu calendar - Nakshatra, Hindu calendar - Yoga, Hindu calendar - Karana, Hindu calendar - Month and year of the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Months of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Naming lunar months, Hindu calendar - Religious observances in case of extra and lost months, Hindu calendar - Year of the lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Another kind of lunisolar calendar, Hindu calendar - Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar, Hindu calendar - Year numbering, Hindu calendar - Year names, Hindu calendar - Eras, Hindu calendar - History

Read more here: » Hindu calendar: Encyclopedia II - Hindu calendar - Year numbering