Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended consequences, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. Iatrogenesis (literally, generated by a physician) is a common cause of adverse effects, as well as medical error. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause medical complication ...

Including:

Adverse effect medicine - Reporting systems
Adverse effect medicine - USA Adverse effect medicine - Australia
Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of medical procedures Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of drugs Adverse effect medicine - Controversies Adverse effect medicine - Examples of adverse effects

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Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly called diabetes mellitus type II, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, NIDDM or adult-onset diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency, and hyperglycemia. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, there is little tendency toward ketoacidosis in Type 2 diabetics. Complex and multifactorial metabolic changes lead to damage and function impairment of many organs, most importantly the cardiovascular system. This leads to substantially increased ...

Including:

Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Pathophysiology Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Treatment

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Folic acid - Dietary fortification of folic acid. Since the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects (NTDs), governments and health organisations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant. For example, the United States Public Health Service (see External links) recommends an extra 0.4 mg/day, which can be taken as a pill. However, many researchers believe that supplementation in this way can never work effectively enough s ...

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Folic acid, Folic acid - History, Folic acid - Biological roles, Folic acid - Biochemistry, Folic acid - Recommended Dietary Allowance for folate, Folic acid - Folate in foods, Folic acid - Folate deficiency, Folic acid - Folic acid and pregnancy, Folic acid - Folic acid supplements and masking of B12 deficiency, Folic acid - What is the health risk of too much folic acid?, Folic acid - What are some current issues and controversies about folate?, Folic acid - Dietary fortification of folic acid, Folic acid - Folic acid and heart disease, Folic acid - Folic acid and cancer, Folic acid - Folic acid and depression, Folic acid - Folic acid and methotrexate for cancer, Folic acid - Folic acid and methotrexate for non-cancerous diseases, Folic acid - Bibliography

Read more here: » Folic acid: Encyclopedia II - Folic acid - What are some current issues and controversies about folate?

In patients who use insulin, "insulin resistance" is production of antibodies against insulin that lead to lower-than-expected falls of glucose levels (glycemia) after a given dose of insulin. Insulin resistance denotes decreased sensitivity of target cells (muscle, fat cells) to insulin. It is the metabolic cause of the very common "metabolic syndrome", which is the clustering of diabetes mellitus (type 2), hypertension, combined hyperlipidemia and central obesity in patients. It also underlies most processes behind the metaboli ...

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Insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Pathophysiology, Insulin resistance - Investigation, Insulin resistance - Glucose tolerance testing GTT, Insulin resistance - Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, Insulin resistance - Alternatives, Insulin resistance - Causes of insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Therapy, Insulin resistance - History, Insulin resistance - Sources

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Medical treatment of PCOS used to be directed mainly at the symptoms (ovarian and adrenal suppression, and anti-androgen therapy) and restoring ovulation. Some medications used for these purposes are: Oral contraceptives (ovarian suppression) - since these cause regular menstruation, they reduce the risk of endometrial carcinoma Spironolactone or finasteride (anti-androgen therapy) - reduce the excessive hair growth by blocking the effects of male hormones Clomiphene citrate and/or human chorionic go ...

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Polycystic ovary syndrome, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Nomenclature, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Definition, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Risks, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Differential diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Pathogenesis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Treatment, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Reference

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Genetic factors, usually polygenic, form disease background in a prevailing number of patients. Environmental factors like obesity, lack of exercise and sedentary lifestyle sometimes lead to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance means that body cells do not respond appropriately when insulin is present. Other important contributing factors: increased hepatic glucose production (eg, from protein degradation) decreased insulin-mediated glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissues (receptor and post-receptor defects) impaired beta-cell function - loss of early phase of ...

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Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Pathophysiology, Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Treatment

Read more here: » Diabetes mellitus type 2: Encyclopedia II - Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Pathophysiology

Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms. Type 2 diabetes almost always has a slow onset (often years), but in type 1, particularly in children, onset may be quite fast (weeks or months). Early symptoms of type 1 diabetes are often polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (increased thirst, and consequent increased fluid intake). There may also be weight loss (despite normal or increased eating), increased appetite, and irreducible fatigue. These symptoms may also manifest in type 2 diabetes i ...

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Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus - History, Diabetes mellitus - Causes and types, Diabetes mellitus - The role of insulin, Diabetes mellitus - Types, Diabetes mellitus - Genetics, Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis, Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms, Diabetes mellitus - Diagnostic approach, Diabetes mellitus - Criteria for diagnosis, Diabetes mellitus - Glucose Monitoring, Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic ketoacidosis and coma, Diabetes mellitus - Hypoglycemia, Diabetes mellitus - Long-term complications, Diabetes mellitus - Management of the disease, Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic Nutrition, Diabetes mellitus - Curing diabetes, Diabetes mellitus - Biological, Diabetes mellitus - Mechanical, Diabetes mellitus - Public health policy and health economics, Diabetes mellitus - Statistics, Diabetes mellitus - Etymology

Read more here: » Diabetes mellitus: Encyclopedia II - Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis

Sometimes dull right upper quadrant pain is felt, occasionally radiating to the right shoulder. Mild jaundice can sometimes be noticed. NASH is associated with metabolic syndrome X, diabetes mellitus (type II) and insulin resistance. ...

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Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Signs and symptoms, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Laboratory imaging and diagnosis, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Causes, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Treatment, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - History

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There are two general types of clinical presentation. Some forms of MODY produce significant hyperglycemia and the typical signs and symptoms of diabetes: increased thirst and urination (polydipsia and polyuria). In contrast, however, many people with MODY have no signs or symptoms and are diagnosed by either (1) accident, when a high glucose is discovered during testing for other reasons, or (2) screening of relatives of a person discovered to have diabetes. Discovery of mild h ...

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Maturity onset diabetes of the young, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - History of the concept and treatment of MODY, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Signs symptoms and differential diagnosis, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Pathophysiology, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Genetics, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 1: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 2: glucokinase, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 3: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 4: insulin promoter factor-1, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 5: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY 6: neurogenic differentiation 1, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - MODY X: other possible forms of MODY, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Complications and goals of management, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Related homozygous disorders, Maturity onset diabetes of the young - Links

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Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system. Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system. General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diure ...

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Pharmacology, Pharmacology - Scientific background, Pharmacology - Classification, Pharmacology - Types of medication, Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system, Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system, Pharmacology - For the central nervous system, Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs, Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders, Pharmacology - For the eye, Pharmacology - For the ear nose and oropharynx, Pharmacology - For the respiratory system, Pharmacology - For endocrine problems, Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system, Pharmacology - For contraception, Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology, Pharmacology - For the skin, Pharmacology - For infections and infestations, Pharmacology - For immunology, Pharmacology - For allergic disorders, Pharmacology - For nutrition, Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders, Pharmacology - For diagnostics, Pharmacology - For euthanasia, Pharmacology - Other

Read more here: » Pharmacology: Encyclopedia II - Pharmacology - Types of medication

In many countries, adverse effects are required by law to be reported, researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public. Adverse effect medicine - USA. In the USA several reporting systems have been built, such as the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database (MAUDE) and the Special Nutritionals Adverse Event Monitoring System. ...

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Adverse effect medicine, Adverse effect medicine - Reporting systems, Adverse effect medicine - USA, Adverse effect medicine - Australia, Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of medical procedures, Adverse effect medicine - Adverse effects of drugs, Adverse effect medicine - Controversies, Adverse effect medicine - Examples of adverse effects

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Although many factors influence insulin secretion, arguably the most important control is the level of glucose entering the beta cells of the pancreas from the blood. Even small rises in blood glucose result in increased insulin secretion. As long as the pancreatic beta cells are able to sense the glucose level and produce insulin, the amount of insulin secreted is usually the amount required to maintain a blood glucose between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.9-5.6 mmoles/L). When liver cells and others that remove glucose from the blood insulin ...

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Hyperinsulinism, Hyperinsulinism - Hyperinsulinism due to diminished sensitivity associated with diabetes risk, Hyperinsulinism - Hyperinsulinism due to inappropriate secretion associated with hypoglycemia

Read more here: » Hyperinsulinism: Encyclopedia II - Hyperinsulinism - Hyperinsulinism due to diminished sensitivity associated with diabetes risk

Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms. Type 2 diabetes almost always has a slow onset (often years), but in type 1, particularly in children, onset may be quite fast (weeks or months). Early symptoms of type 1 diabetes are often polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (increased thirst, and consequent increased fluid intake). There may also be weight loss (despite normal or increased eating), increased appetite, and irreducible fatigue. These symptoms may also manifest in Type 2 diabetes i ...

See also:

Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus - History, Diabetes mellitus - Causes and types, Diabetes mellitus - The role of insulin, Diabetes mellitus - Types, Diabetes mellitus - Genetics, Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis, Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms, Diabetes mellitus - Diagnostic approach, Diabetes mellitus - Criteria for diagnosis, Diabetes mellitus - Glucose Monitoring, Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic ketoacidosis and coma, Diabetes mellitus - Hypoglycemia, Diabetes mellitus - Long-term complications, Diabetes mellitus - Management of the disease, Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic Nutrition, Diabetes mellitus - Curing diabetes, Diabetes mellitus - Biological, Diabetes mellitus - Mechanical, Diabetes mellitus - Public health policy and health economics, Diabetes mellitus - Statistics, Diabetes mellitus - Etymology

Read more here: » Diabetes mellitus: Encyclopedia II - Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis

Obesity - Causative factors. Obesity is believed to be caused by excessive caloric intake accompanied with insufficient caloric expenditure. Factors that may contribute to this imbalance include: Limited exercise and sedentary lifestyle Genetic predisposition A high glycemic diet (i.e. a diet that consists of meals that give high postprandial blood sugar) Weight cycling, caused by repeated attempts to lose weight by dieting Underlying illness (e.g. hypothyroidism)< ...

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Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Causes

Other names for this syndrome are: Syndrome X; Metabolic syndrome X; Insulin resistance syndrome; Reaven's Syndrome, after Dr Gerald M. Reaven (who put the syndrome on the map in 1988 in the Banting lecture, named after Sir Frederick Banting); CHAOS (Australia); Wohlstandssyndrom (German). It is not related to: Fragile X syndrome (a chromosomal abnormality); Cardiac syndrome X - this term is now mainly used for a type of angina pectoris where there is cardiac ischemia on exercise testing but no causat ...

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Metabolic syndrome, Metabolic syndrome - Nomenclature, Metabolic syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Metabolic syndrome - Diagnosis, Metabolic syndrome - Pathophysiology, Metabolic syndrome - Therapy, Metabolic syndrome - History

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Central obesity is common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Syndrome X, and it is associated with a statistically higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2. Central obesity can also be a feature of lipodystrophies, a group of diseases which is either inherited, or due to secondary causes (often protease inhibitors, a group of medications against AIDS). ...

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Central obesity, Central obesity - Associations, Central obesity - Diagnosis, Central obesity - Therapy

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Symptoms are aspecific, and diagnosis can be difficult unless the patient presents with clear indications for arterial blood gas sampling. Symptoms may include chest pain, palpitations, headache, altered mental status, decreased visual acuity, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, altered appetite (either anorexia or excessive eating) and weight loss (longer term), muscle weakness and bone pains. A slightly specific finding is when the patient reports rapid breathing, not due to shortness of breath but an unmotivated drive to hyperventilate. Kus ...

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Metabolic acidosis, Metabolic acidosis - Signs and symptoms, Metabolic acidosis - Diagnosis, Metabolic acidosis - Causes, Metabolic acidosis - Increased anion gap, Metabolic acidosis - Normal anion gap, Metabolic acidosis - Pathophysiology, Metabolic acidosis - Compensatory mechanisms, Metabolic acidosis - Buffer, Metabolic acidosis - Treatment

Read more here: » Metabolic acidosis: Encyclopedia II - Metabolic acidosis - Signs and symptoms

Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms. Type 2 diabetes almost always has a slow onset (often years), but in type 1, particularly in children, onset may be quite fast (weeks or months). Early symptoms of type 1 diabetes are often polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (increased thirst, and consequent increased fluid intake). There may also be weight loss (despite normal or increased eating), increased appetite, and irreducible fatigue. These symptoms may also manifest in Type 2 diabetes in patients who ...

See also:

Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus - History, Diabetes mellitus - Causes and types, Diabetes mellitus - The role of insulin, Diabetes mellitus - Types, Diabetes mellitus - Genetics, Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis, Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms, Diabetes mellitus - Diagnostic approach, Diabetes mellitus - Criteria for diagnosis, Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic ketoacidosis and coma, Diabetes mellitus - Hypoglycemia, Diabetes mellitus - Long-term complications, Diabetes mellitus - Management of the disease, Diabetes mellitus - Curing diabetes, Diabetes mellitus - Biological, Diabetes mellitus - Mechanical, Diabetes mellitus - Public health policy and health economics, Diabetes mellitus - Statistics, Diabetes mellitus - Etymology

Read more here: » Diabetes mellitus: Encyclopedia II - Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis

Obesity - Causative factors. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, fat cells (and to a lesser extent muscle and liver cells) throughout the body take in the energy and store it as fat. In its simplest conception, therefore, obesity is only made possible when the lifetime energy intake exceeds lifetime energy expenditure by more than it does for individuals of "normal weight." In all individuals, the excess energy utilized to generate fat reserves is minute relative to the total number of calories ...

See also:

Obesity, Obesity - Definition, Obesity - Etymology, Obesity - Cultural and social significance, Obesity - Culture and obesity, Obesity - Popular culture, Obesity - Causes, Obesity - Causative factors, Obesity - Evolutionary aspects, Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms, Obesity - Societal causes, Obesity - Poverty link, Obesity - Complications, Obesity - Therapy, Obesity - Controversies, Obesity - Medicalization of obesity, Obesity - Health effects of obesity, Obesity - Medical responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence and public interest, Obesity - Policy responses to obesity, Obesity - Prevalence of obesity in American children

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia II - Obesity - Causes

PCOS develops when the ovaries are stimulated to produce excessive amounts of male hormones (androgens), particularly testosterone - either through the release of excessive luteinizing hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland, or due to high levels of insulin in the blood (hyperinsulinaemia) in women whose ovaries are sensitive to this stimulus. This syndrome acquired its most widely-used name because a common symptom is multiple (poly) ovarian cysts. These form where egg follicles matured, but were never released from the ovary due to abn ...

See also:

Polycystic ovary syndrome, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Nomenclature, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Definition, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Risks, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Differential diagnosis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Pathogenesis, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Treatment, Polycystic ovary syndrome - Reference

Read more here: » Polycystic ovary syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Polycystic ovary syndrome - Pathogenesis

Disturbed liver enzymes are common. Other tests generally performed are other blood tests (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, glucose, albumin, renal function etc.) As the liver is important in coagulation, some coagulation studies will generally be done. To distinguish this disease from viral hepatitis, blood tests (serology) are generally done (hepatitis A, B, C, EBV, CMV and herpes viruses, as well as rubella) to ensure these are not playing a role. TSH is warranted, as hypothyroidism is more prevalent in NASH patients [1]. Liver ultrasound ...

See also:

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Signs and symptoms, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Laboratory imaging and diagnosis, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Causes, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Treatment, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - History

Read more here: » Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Encyclopedia II - Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - Laboratory imaging and diagnosis