The main use for metformin is for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, especially when it is concomitant with obesity and insulin resistance. It is also being used increasingly in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, two other diseases that feature insulin resistance; these indications are still considered experimental. Metformin is the only anti-diabetic drug that has been proven to reduce the complications of diabetes, as evidenced in a large study of overweight pa ...

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Metformin, Metformin - Uses, Metformin - Mechanism of action, Metformin - Side-effects, Metformin - Contraindications, Metformin - History, Metformin - Sources

Read more here: » Metformin: Encyclopedia II - Metformin - Uses

See also:

Metformin, Metformin - Uses, Metformin - Mechanism of action, Metformin - Side-effects, Metformin - Contraindications, Metformin - History, Metformin - Sources

Read more here: » Metformin: Encyclopedia II - Metformin - Side-effects

Sulfonylureas are used almost exclusively in diabetes mellitus type 2. Other types of diabetes generally do not respond to sulfonylurea therapy, or (in diabetes of pregnancy) there are other contraindications. Although for many years sulfonylureas were the first drugs to be used in new cases of diabetes, in the 1990s it was discovered that obese patients might benefit more from metformin. In about 10% of patients, sulfonylureas alone are ineffective in controlling blood glucose levels. Addition of metformin or a thiazolidinedio ...

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Sulfonylurea, Sulfonylurea - Drugs in this class, Sulfonylurea - Chemistry, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology, Sulfonylurea - Method of action, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacokinetics, Sulfonylurea - Uses, Sulfonylurea - Side-effects and cautions, Sulfonylurea - History

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Sulfonylureas, as opposed to metformin and the thiazolidinediones, can induce hypoglycemia when insulin production overshoots. It is treated with sugary food, or (in the case of hypoglycemic coma) with intravenous dextrose. The best way to prevent this side-effect is to choose the lowest possible dose that adequately controls glucose levels. Like insulin, sulfonylureas can induce weight gain, mainly as a result of fluid retention and improvement of osmotic diuresis. Other side-effects ar ...

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Sulfonylurea, Sulfonylurea - Drugs in this class, Sulfonylurea - Chemistry, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology, Sulfonylurea - Method of action, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacokinetics, Sulfonylurea - Uses, Sulfonylurea - Side-effects and cautions, Sulfonylurea - History

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Please see individual members of the class for their chemical structure All sulfonylureas have a central phenyl ring with two branching chains ...

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Sulfonylurea, Sulfonylurea - Drugs in this class, Sulfonylurea - Chemistry, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology, Sulfonylurea - Method of action, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacokinetics, Sulfonylurea - Uses, Sulfonylurea - Side-effects and cautions, Sulfonylurea - History

Read more here: » Sulfonylurea: Encyclopedia II - Sulfonylurea - Chemistry

First generation: Chlorpropamide Tolbutamide Tolazamide Second generation: Glipizide Gliclazide Glibenclamide Glimepiride Gliquidone ...

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Sulfonylurea, Sulfonylurea - Drugs in this class, Sulfonylurea - Chemistry, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology, Sulfonylurea - Method of action, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacokinetics, Sulfonylurea - Uses, Sulfonylurea - Side-effects and cautions, Sulfonylurea - History

Read more here: » Sulfonylurea: Encyclopedia II - Sulfonylurea - Drugs in this class

Please see individual members of the class for their chemical structure All sulfonylureas have a central phenyl ring with two branching chains. ...

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Sulfonylurea, Sulfonylurea - Drugs in this class, Sulfonylurea - Chemistry, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology, Sulfonylurea - Method of action, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacokinetics, Sulfonylurea - Uses, Sulfonylurea - Side-effects and cautions, Sulfonylurea - History

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Sulfonylurea - Method of action. Sulfonylureas bind to an ATP-dependent K+ channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells. This inhibits a tonic, hyperpolarizing outflux of potassium, which causes the electric potential over the membrane to become more positive. This depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The rise in intracellular calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granulae with the cell membrane, and t ...

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Sulfonylurea, Sulfonylurea - Drugs in this class, Sulfonylurea - Chemistry, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology, Sulfonylurea - Method of action, Sulfonylurea - Pharmacokinetics, Sulfonylurea - Uses, Sulfonylurea - Side-effects and cautions, Sulfonylurea - History

Read more here: » Sulfonylurea: Encyclopedia II - Sulfonylurea - Pharmacology

Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose output. Although it must be used with caution in patients with impaired liver or kidney function, metformin has become the most commonly used agent for type 2 diabetes in children and teenagers. Metformin (Glucophage) Phenformin (DBI): used in 1960-1980s, withdrawn due to lactic acidosis risk. Metformin should be temporarily discontinued before any radiographic procedure involving intravenous iodinated contrast as pati ...

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Anti-diabetic drug, Anti-diabetic drug - Sulfonylureas, Anti-diabetic drug - Meglitinides, Anti-diabetic drug - Biguanides, Anti-diabetic drug - Thiazolidinediones, Anti-diabetic drug - Alpha glucosidase inhibitors, Anti-diabetic drug - Experimental agents, Anti-diabetic drug - Insulin by mouth, Anti-diabetic drug - Reference

Read more here: » Anti-diabetic drug: Encyclopedia II - Anti-diabetic drug - Biguanides

The Galega officinalis has been known since the Middle Ages for relieving the symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Upon analysis, it turned out to contain guanidine, a substance that decreases blood sugar by decreasing insulin resistance. Chemical derivatives from the biguanide class of medication include metformin (Glucophage®, commonly prescribed for diabetics) and the older, withdrawn agent phenformin. ...

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Galega officinalis, Galega officinalis - Medical use, Galega officinalis - Sources

Read more here: » Galega officinalis: Encyclopedia II - Galega officinalis - Medical use

Both metformin and the thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance. Exercise, weight loss, and a low glycemic index diet may help. The Diabetes Prevention Program showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes (Knowler et al 2002). Naturopathic approaches to insulin resistance include: supplementation of chromium and vanadium have been shown to potentiate the effects of insulin at receptor cells, bitter melon (momordica) and gymnem ...

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Insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Pathophysiology, Insulin resistance - Investigation, Insulin resistance - Glucose tolerance testing GTT, Insulin resistance - Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, Insulin resistance - Alternatives, Insulin resistance - Causes of insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Therapy, Insulin resistance - History, Insulin resistance - Sources

Read more here: » Insulin resistance: Encyclopedia II - Insulin resistance - Therapy

Both metformin and the thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance. Exercise, weight loss, and a low glycemic index diet may help. The Diabetes Prevention Program showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes (Knowler et al 2002). ...

See also:

Insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Pathophysiology, Insulin resistance - Investigation, Insulin resistance - Glucose tolerance testing GTT, Insulin resistance - Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, Insulin resistance - Alternatives, Insulin resistance - Causes of insulin resistance, Insulin resistance - Therapy, Insulin resistance - History, Insulin resistance - Sources

Read more here: » Insulin resistance: Encyclopedia II - Insulin resistance - Therapy

The causes are best grouped by their influence on the anion gap: Metabolic acidosis - Increased anion gap. lactic acidosis ketoacidosis chronic renal failure (accumulation of sulfates, phosphates, uric acid) intoxication: organic acids (salicylates, ethanol, methanol, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol, paraldehyde, INH, toluene) sulfates, metformin (Glucophage®) ...

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Metabolic acidosis, Metabolic acidosis - Signs and symptoms, Metabolic acidosis - Diagnosis, Metabolic acidosis - Causes, Metabolic acidosis - Increased anion gap, Metabolic acidosis - Normal anion gap, Metabolic acidosis - Pathophysiology, Metabolic acidosis - Compensatory mechanisms, Metabolic acidosis - Buffer, Metabolic acidosis - Treatment

Read more here: » Metabolic acidosis: Encyclopedia II - Metabolic acidosis - Causes

Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The science is considered to have been invented by Arabic physicians in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam; phar ...

Including:

Pharmacology - Scientific background Pharmacology - Classification Pharmacology - Types of medication
Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system Pharmacology - For the central nervous system Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders Pharmacology - For the eye Pharmacology - For the ear, nose and oropharynx Pharmacology - For the respiratory system Pharmacology - For endocrine problems Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system Pharmacology - For contraception Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology Pharmacology - For the skin Pharmacology - For infections and infestations Pharmacology - For immunology Pharmacology - For allergic disorders Pharmacology - For nutrition Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders Pharmacology - For diagnostics Pharmacology - For euthanasia Pharmacology - Other

Read more here: » Pharmacology: Encyclopedia - Pharmacology

Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. All types of diabetes mellitus share similar symptoms and complications at advanced stages. Hyperglycemia itself can lead to dehydration and ketoacidosis. Longer-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure (it is the main cause for dialysis), retinal damage which can lead to blindness, nerve damage which can lead to erectile dysfunction (impoten ...

Including:

Diabetes mellitus - History Diabetes mellitus - Causes and types
Diabetes mellitus - Types Diabetes mellitus - Genetics
Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis
Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms Diabetes mellitus - Diagnostic approach Diabetes mellitus - Criteria for diagnosis Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic ketoacidosis and coma Diabetes mellitus - Hypoglycemia
Diabetes mellitus - Long-term complications Diabetes mellitus - Management of the disease Diabetes mellitus - Curing diabetes
Diabetes mellitus - Biological Diabetes mellitus - Mechanical
Diabetes mellitus - Public health, policy and health economics Diabetes mellitus - Statistics Diabetes mellitus - Etymology

Read more here: » Diabetes mellitus: Encyclopedia - Diabetes mellitus

Obesity is a condition where the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and mammals is increased to the point where it may impair health. Obesity in wild animals is relatively rare, but it is common in domestic animals like pigs and household pets who may be overfed and underexercised. In humans it is generally considered to be a leading cause of health problems. Excessive body weight has been shown to predispose to various forms of disease, particularly cardiovascular disease. Interventions, such as weigh ...

Including:

Obesity - Definition Obesity - Etymology Obesity - Cultural and social significance
Obesity - Popular culture
Obesity - Causes
Obesity - Causative factors Obesity - Evolutionary aspects Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms Obesity - Societal causes Obesity - Poverty link
Obesity - Complications Obesity - Therapy Obesity - Controversies
Obesity - Medicalization of obesity Obesity - Health effects of obesity Obesity - Medical responses to obesity Obesity - Prevalence and public interest Obesity - Policy responses to obesity

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia - Obesity

Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The science is considered to have been invented by Arabic physicians in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam; phar ...

Including:

Pharmacology - Scientific background Pharmacology - Classification Pharmacology - Types of medication
Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system Pharmacology - For the central nervous system Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders Pharmacology - For the eye Pharmacology - For the ear nose and oropharynx Pharmacology - For the respiratory system Pharmacology - For endocrine problems Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system Pharmacology - For contraception Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology Pharmacology - For the skin Pharmacology - For infections and infestations Pharmacology - For immunology Pharmacology - For allergic disorders Pharmacology - For nutrition Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders Pharmacology - For diagnostics Pharmacology - For euthanasia Pharmacology - Other

Read more here: » Pharmacology: Encyclopedia - Pharmacology

Obesity is a condition where the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and mammals is increased to the point where it may impair health. Obesity in wild animals is relatively rare, but it is common in domestic animals like pigs and household pets who may be overfed and underexercised. In humans it is generally considered to be a leading cause of health problems. Excessive body weight has been shown to predispose to various forms of disease, particularly cardiovascular disease. Interventions, such as weigh ...

Including:

Obesity - Definition Obesity - Etymology Obesity - Cultural and social significance
Obesity - Culture and obesity Obesity - Popular culture
Obesity - Causes
Obesity - Causative factors Obesity - Evolutionary aspects Obesity - Neurobiological mechanisms Obesity - Societal causes Obesity - Poverty link
Obesity - Complications Obesity - Therapy Obesity - Controversies
Obesity - Medicalization of obesity Obesity - Health effects of obesity Obesity - Medical responses to obesity Obesity - Prevalence and public interest Obesity - Policy responses to obesity

Read more here: » Obesity: Encyclopedia - Obesity

Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. All types of diabetes mellitus share similar symptoms and complications at advanced stages. Hyperglycemia itself can lead to dehydration and ketoacidosis. Longer-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure (it is the main cause for dialysis), retinal damage which can lead to blindness, nerve damage which can lead to erectile dysfunction (impoten ...

Including:

Diabetes mellitus - History Diabetes mellitus - Causes and types
Diabetes mellitus - The role of insulin Diabetes mellitus - Types Diabetes mellitus - Genetics
Diabetes mellitus - Diagnosis
Diabetes mellitus - Signs and symptoms Diabetes mellitus - Diagnostic approach Diabetes mellitus - Criteria for diagnosis Diabetes mellitus - Diabetic ketoacidosis and coma Diabetes mellitus - Hypoglycemia
Diabetes mellitus - Long-term complications Diabetes mellitus - Management of the disease Diabetes mellitus - Curing diabetes
Diabetes mellitus - Biological Diabetes mellitus - Mechanical
Diabetes mellitus - Public health policy and health economics Diabetes mellitus - Statistics Diabetes mellitus - Etymology

Read more here: » Diabetes mellitus: Encyclopedia - Diabetes mellitus

Central obesity (or 'apple-shaped' or 'masculine' obesity) occurs when the main deposits of body fat are localised around the abdomen and the upper body. Central obesity - Associations. Central obesity is common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Syndrome X, and it is associated with a statistically higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2. Central obesity can also be a feature of lipodystrophies, a group of diseases which is either inherited, o ...

Including:

Central obesity - Associations Central obesity - Diagnosis Central obesity - Therapy

Read more here: » Central obesity: Encyclopedia - Central obesity