Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος ("metabolismos"), the Greek word for "change", or "overthrow" (Etymonline)), is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms and cells. This includes the biosynthesis of complex organic molecules (anabolism) and their breakdown (catabolism). Metabolism usually consists of sequences of enzymatic steps, also called metabolic pathways. The total metabolism are all biochemical processes of an organism. The cell metabolism includes all chemical processes in a cell. Wi ...

Including:

• Metabolism - Metabolic pathways
• Metabolism - General pathways
• Metabolism - Catabolism
• Metabolism - Anabolism
• Metabolism - Drug metabolism
• Metabolism - Nitrogen metabolism
• Metabolism - Other
• Metabolism - History

Read more here: » Metabolism: Encyclopedia - Metabolism

See also:

Metabolism, Metabolism - Metabolic pathways, Metabolism - General pathways, Metabolism - Catabolism, Metabolism - Anabolism, Metabolism - Drug metabolism, Metabolism - Nitrogen metabolism, Metabolism - Other, Metabolism - History

Read more here: » Metabolism: Encyclopedia II - Metabolism - Metabolic pathways

Main article: Anabolism Anabolism is a constructive metabolic process whereby energy is consumed to synthesize or combine simpler substances, such as amino acids, into more complex organic compounds, such as enzymes and nucleic acids. ...

See also:

Cell metabolism, Cell metabolism - Anabolism, Cell metabolism - Catabolism, Cell metabolism - Carbohydrate catabolism, Cell metabolism - Fat catabolism, Cell metabolism - Protein catabolism

Read more here: » Cell metabolism: Encyclopedia II - Cell metabolism - Anabolism

Many organisms have metabolic pathways to synthesise and break down purines. Purines are biologically synthesised as nucleosides (bases attached to ribose). Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleoside inosine monophosphate, which is synthesised on a pre-existing ribose through a complex pathway using atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid, as well as formate ions transferre ...

See also:

Purine, Purine - Metabolism, Purine - History

Read more here: » Purine: Encyclopedia II - Purine - Metabolism

Unlike other synthetic opioids, its clearance is dependent on non-specific plasma esterases. This means that accumulation does not occur with remifentanil and it's context-insensitive half time after a 4 hour infusion remains at only 4 minutes. Remifentanil is metabolised to a compound (remifentanil acid) which has 1/1600 the potency of the parent compound. ...

See also:

Remifentanil, Remifentanil - Dosing, Remifentanil - Metabolism, Remifentanil - Side-effects, Remifentanil - Reference

Read more here: » Remifentanil: Encyclopedia II - Remifentanil - Metabolism

The metabolism of lipids is a closely regulated system in virtually all lifeforms. It is affected by a variety of enzymes and, in higher organisms, regulated by hormones. Research is ongoing on the relative influence of various hormonal regulators on the anabolism (production) and catabolism (breakdown, also termed lipolysis) of fatty molecules. A subject of particularly close study is cholesterol, levels and types of which are influenced by the fatty acid metabolism and is known for its role in development of atherosclerosis.Can also be attri ...

See also:

Fat, Fat - Adipose tissue, Fat - Metabolism, Fat - External link

Read more here: » Fat: Encyclopedia II - Fat - Metabolism

The metabolism of lipids is a closely regulated system in virtually all lifeforms. It is affected by a variety of enzymes and, in higher organisms, regulated by hormones. Research is ongoing on the relative influence of various hormonal regulators on the anabolism (production) and catabolism (breakdown, also termed lipolysis) of fatty molecules. A subject of particularly close study is cholesterol, levels and types of which are inf ...

See also:

Fat, Fat - Adipose tissue, Fat - Metabolism, Fat - External link

Read more here: » Fat: Encyclopedia II - Fat - Metabolism

When adenosine enters the circulation, it is broken down by adenosine deaminase, which is present in red cells and the vessel wall. Dipyridamole, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, allows adenosine to accumulate in the blood stream. This causes an increase in coronary vasodilatation. ...

See also:

Adenosine, Adenosine - Pharmacological effects, Adenosine - Action on the heart, Adenosine - Dosage, Adenosine - Side effects, Adenosine - Metabolism

Read more here: » Adenosine: Encyclopedia II - Adenosine - Metabolism

See also fatty acid metabolism Triglycerides play an important role in metabolism as energy sources. They contain a bit more than twice as much energy (9 kcal/g) as carbohydrates and proteins. In the intestine, triglycerides are split into glycerol and fatty acids (this process is called lipolysis) (with the help of lipases and bile secretions), which can then move into blood vessels. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the blood from their fragments and become constituents of lipoproteins. Various tissues can release the free fat ...

See also:

Triglyceride, Triglyceride - Chemical structure, Triglyceride - Metabolism, Triglyceride - Role in disease, Triglyceride - Guidelines, Triglyceride - Reducing triglyceride levels, Triglyceride - Industrial uses, Triglyceride - Staining

Read more here: » Triglyceride: Encyclopedia II - Triglyceride - Metabolism

Bacteria show a wide variety of different metabolisms and can accordingly be classified into primary nutritional groups. The most common division is between heterotrophs, which depend on an organic source of carbon, and autotrophs, which are able to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs that obtain energy by oxidizing chemical compounds are called chemotrophs, and those that obtain their energy from light, via photosynthesis, are called phototrophs. There are many variations on this terminology such as chemoa ...

See also:

Bacteria, Bacteria - History and taxonomy, Bacteria - Metabolism, Bacteria - Movement, Bacteria - Groups and identification, Bacteria - Benefits and dangers, Bacteria - Miscellaneous, Bacteria - Sources

Read more here: » Bacteria: Encyclopedia II - Bacteria - Metabolism

A steady-state plasma level of dofetilide is achieved in 2-3 days. 80% of dofetilide is excreted by the kidneys, so the dose of dofetilide should be adjusted in individuals with renal insufficiency, based on creatinine clearance. In the kidneys, dofetilide is eliminated via cation exchange (secretion). Agents that interfere with the renal cation exchange system, such as verapamil, cimetidine, hydrochlorothiazine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, prochlorperazine, and trimethoprim should not be admin ...

See also:

Dofetilide, Dofetilide - Mechanism of action, Dofetilide - Metabolism, Dofetilide - Side effects, Dofetilide - Clinical use

Read more here: » Dofetilide: Encyclopedia II - Dofetilide - Metabolism

With the exception of insects, Hummingbirds while in flight have the highest metabolism of all animals, a necessity in order to support the rapid beating of their wings. Their heartbeat can reach 500 beats per minute. They also typically consume more than their own weight in food each day, and to do that they have to visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving. However, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available. They enter a hib ...

See also:

Hummingbird, Hummingbird - Appearance, Hummingbird - Aerodynamics of hummingbird flight, Hummingbird - Metabolism, Hummingbird - Location, Hummingbird - Hummingbirds and People, Hummingbird - Taxonomy, Hummingbird - Hummingbirds in myth and culture, Hummingbird - Lists of species

Read more here: » Hummingbird: Encyclopedia II - Hummingbird - Metabolism

Hummingbirds in flight have the highest metabolism of all animals, except insects, a necessity in order to support the rapid beating of their wings. Their heartbeat can reach 500 beats per minute. They also typically consume more than their own weight in food each day, and to do that they have to visit hundreds of flowers daily. At any given moment, they are only hours away from starving. However, they are capable of slowing down their metabolism at night, or any other time food is not readily available. They enter a hibernation-like state known as torpor. During torpor, the heartrate and rate of breathing are both slowed d ...

See also:

Hummingbird, Hummingbird - Appearance, Hummingbird - Aerodynamics of hummingbird flight, Hummingbird - Metabolism, Hummingbird - Location, Hummingbird - Hummingbirds and People, Hummingbird - Taxonomy, Hummingbird - Hummingbirds in myth and culture, Hummingbird - Lists of species

Read more here: » Hummingbird: Encyclopedia II - Hummingbird - Metabolism

Bacteria show a wide variety of different metabolisms and can accordingly be classified into primary nutritional groups. The most common division is between heterotrophs, which depend on an organic source of carbon, and autotrophs, which are able to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs that obtain energy by oxidizing chemical compounds are called chemotrophs, and those that obtain their energy from light, via photosynthesis, are called phototrophs. There are many variations on this terminology such as chemoa ...

See also:

Bacteria, Bacteria - History and taxonomy, Bacteria - Reproduction, Bacteria - Metabolism, Bacteria - Movement, Bacteria - Groups and identification, Bacteria - Benefits and dangers, Bacteria - Miscellaneous, Bacteria - Sources

Read more here: » Bacteria: Encyclopedia II - Bacteria - Metabolism

Amiodarone is extensively metabolized in the liver, and can effect the metabolism of numerous other drugs. The major metabolite of amiodarone is desethylamiodarone (DEA), which also has antiarrhythmic properties. The metabolism of amiodarone is inhibited by grapefruit juice, leading to elevated serum levels of amiodarone. Amiodarone - Interactions with other drugs. The pharmacokinetics of numerous drugs, including many that are commonly administered to individuals with heart disease, are effected by amiodarone. Particularly, doses of digoxin should be ...

See also:

Amiodarone, Amiodarone - History, Amiodarone - Dosing, Amiodarone - Mechanism of action, Amiodarone - Indications for use, Amiodarone - Ventricular fibrillation, Amiodarone - Ventricular tachycardia, Amiodarone - Atrial fibrillation, Amiodarone - Contraindications, Amiodarone - Metabolism, Amiodarone - Interactions with other drugs, Amiodarone - Excretion, Amiodarone - Side effects, Amiodarone - Thyroid, Amiodarone - Eye, Amiodarone - Gastrointestinal system, Amiodarone - Skin, Amiodarone - Lung, Amiodarone - Related topics

Read more here: » Amiodarone: Encyclopedia II - Amiodarone - Metabolism

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for some carbohydrate metabolism. In the liver, for example, the cell breaks down the polysaccharide glycogen. Eventually, the glycogen will be turned into glucose, and released into the blood, but first it is broken into glucose phosphate, an ion that, if released would harm our blood cells. So to remedy this, an enzyme found in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum can remove the phosphate, allowing pure glucose to be released. Other rel

Read more here: » Carbohydrate metabolism: Encyclopedia - Carbohydrate metabolism

Cell metabolism is the process (or really the sum of many ongoing individual processes) by which living cells process nutrient molecules and maintain a living state. Metabolism has two distinct divisions: anabolism, in which a cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other life functions such a creating cellular structure; and catabolism, in which a cell breaks down complex molecules to yield energy and reducing power. Cell metabolism involves extremely complex sequences of controlle ...

Including:

• Cell metabolism - Anabolism
• Cell metabolism - Catabolism
• Cell metabolism - Carbohydrate catabolism
• Cell metabolism - Fat catabolism
• Cell metabolism - Protein catabolism

Read more here: » Cell metabolism: Encyclopedia - Cell metabolism

Calcium metabolism or calcium homeostasis is the mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels. Derangements of this mechanism lead to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, which both can have important consequences for health. Calcium metabolism - Normal ranges. The serum level of calcium is closely regulated with a normal total calcium of 2.2-2.6 mmol/L (9-10.5 mg/dL) and a normal ionized calcium of 1.1-1.4 mmol/L (4.5-5.6 mg/dL). The amount of total calcium varies with the l ...

Including:

• Calcium metabolism - Normal ranges
• Calcium metabolism - Corrected calcium level
• Calcium metabolism - Effector organs
• Calcium metabolism - Sources
• Calcium metabolism - Excretion
• Calcium metabolism - The role of bone
• Calcium metabolism - Regulatory organs
• Calcium metabolism - Calcium problems

Read more here: » Calcium metabolism: Encyclopedia - Calcium metabolism

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. CAM is usually found in plants living under arid conditions, including those found in the desert (for example, cacti or pineapple). It is named after the plant family it was first discovered in, the Crassulaceae. Crassulacean acid metabolism - Synopsis. Plants that are adapted to dry climates are called xerophytes. Some of these plants have small, thick leaves with a reduced surface area. They may a ...

Including:

• Crassulacean acid metabolism - Synopsis

Read more here: » Crassulacean acid metabolism: Encyclopedia - Crassulacean acid metabolism

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), is the rate of metabolism when an individual is at rest in a warm environment and is in the post absorptive state, and has not eaten for at least 12 hours. The release of energy in this state is only sufficient for the vital organs such as the heart, lungs, nervous system, and kidneys. BMR decreases with age and with the loss of lean body mass. Regular cardiovascular exercise can increase BMR. Other factors can also affect BMR, suc ...

Read more here: » Basal metabolic rate: Encyclopedia - Basal metabolic rate