Benign can refer to any medical condition which, untreated or with symptomatic therapy, will not become life-threatening. It is used in particular in relation to tumors, which may be benign or malignant. Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissues and do not metastasise to other parts of the body. The word is slightly imprecise, as some benign tumors can, due to mass effect, cause life-threatening complications. The term therefore applies mainly to their biological behaviour. Tumors may be benign but at risk for degeneration into ...

Including:

• Benign - Complaints caused by benign tumors

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In medicine, clubbing (or digital clubbing) is a deformity of the fingers and fingernails that is associated with a number of diseases, mostly of the heart and lungs. Idiopathic clubbing can also occur. Hippocrates was probably the first to document clubbing as a sign of disease, and the phenomenon is therefore occasionally called Hippocratic fingers. Clubbing - Signs and diagnosis. Clubbing develops in five steps:[1]Including:

• Clubbing - Signs and diagnosis
• Clubbing - Disease associations
• Clubbing - Isolated clubbing
• Clubbing - HPOA
• Clubbing - Primary HOA
• Clubbing - Pathophysiology

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The lungs are surrounded by two membranes, the pleura. The outer pleura is attached to the chest wall and is known as the parietal pleura; the inner one is attached to the lung and other visceral tissues and is known as the visceral pleura. In between the two is a thin space known as the pleural cavity or pleural space. It is filled with pleural fluid, a serous fluid produced by the pleura. The pleural fluid lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the layers of pleura to slide against each ...

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Carcinoma in situ is present when a tumor has been detected that has the characteristics of malignancy but has not invaded other tissues. Many forms of cancer are initially carcinomas in situ, but are not detected early enough. Many clinicians would not refer to carcinoma in situ as "cancer" when relating results to a patient. Conversely, although many are treated much the same way as a proven malignancy, there may b ...

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Carcinoma, like all neoplasia, is classified by its histopathological appearance. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, two common descriptive terms for tumours, reflect the fact that these cells may have glandular or squamous cell appearances respectively. Severely anaplastic tumours might be so undifferentiated that they do not have a distinct histological appearance (undifferentiated carcinoma). Sometimes a tumour is referred to by the presumptive organ of the primary (eg carcinoma of the prostate) or the putative cell of ...

See also:

Carcinoma, Carcinoma - Classification of carcinoma, Carcinoma - Types of carcinoma, Carcinoma - Staging

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Clubbing - Isolated clubbing. Clubbing is associated with: Lung disease: Lung cancer, mainly large-cell (35% of all cases)[2] Interstitial lung disease Tuberculosis Bronchiectasis Suppurative lung disease: lung abscess, empyema Cystic fibrosis Pulmonary hypertension Mesothelioma Emphysema (rarely) Heart disease: ...

See also:

Clubbing, Clubbing - Signs and diagnosis, Clubbing - Disease associations, Clubbing - Isolated clubbing, Clubbing - HPOA, Clubbing - Primary HOA, Clubbing - Pathophysiology

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Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of genes. In order for cells to start dividing uncontrollably, genes which regulate cell growth must be damaged. Proto-oncogenes are genes which promote cell growth and mitosis, a process of cell division, and tumor suppressor genes discourage cell growth, or temporarily halts cell division from occurring in order to carry out DNA repair. Typically, a series of several mutations to these genes are required before a normal cell transforms into a cancer cell. ...

See also:

Carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis - Introduction, Carcinogenesis - Properties of malignant cells, Carcinogenesis - Mechanisms of carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis - Proto-oncogenes, Carcinogenesis - Tumor suppressor genes, Carcinogenesis - Multiple mutations, Carcinogenesis - Role of genetic damage, Carcinogenesis - Non-mutagenic carcinogens, Carcinogenesis - Role of viral infections, Carcinogenesis - Etiology, Carcinogenesis - Non-mainstream theories

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The classification has two axes: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology - Morphology. The morphology axis is for the morphology of the tumor. This axis has additional importance, because the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine has adopted ICD-O's classification of morphology. (8000-8004) Neoplasms, NOS (M8000/0) Neoplasm, benign (M8000/1) Neoplasm, uncertain whether benign or malignant (M8000/3) Neoplasm, malignant (M8000/6) Neoplasm, metastatic (M8000/9) N ...

See also:

International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, International Classification of Diseases for Oncology - Axes, International Classification of Diseases for Oncology - Morphology, International Classification of Diseases for Oncology - Topography

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A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become a oncogene, either after mutation or increased expression. They code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through its protein product. Upon activation, it (or its product) becomes a tumor inducing agent, an oncogene. < ...

See also:

Oncogene, Oncogene - Proto-oncogene, Oncogene - Activation, Oncogene - Oncogene, Oncogene - Growth factors, Oncogene - Protein kinases and related proteins

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A particularly devastating form of paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). These paraneoplastic disorders affect the brain and central nervous system and they are degenerative. Symptoms of paraneoplastic neurological disorders include ataxia (difficulty with walking and balance), dizziness, nystagmus (rapid uncontrolled eye movements), speech problems, mental changes, and motor deterioration. The most common cancers associated with paraneoplastic neurological disorders are breast, ovarian and lung cancer ...

See also:

Paraneoplastic phenomenon, Paraneoplastic phenomenon - Examples, Paraneoplastic phenomenon - Neurological, Paraneoplastic phenomenon - Organisations, Paraneoplastic phenomenon - External link

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The classic triad is hematuria (blood in the urine), flank pain and an abdominal mass. This "classic triad" is infrequently present when the patient first presents for medical attention. Other signs may include: Abnormal urine color (dark, rusty, or brown) due to blood in the urine Weight loss of more than 5% of body weight with emaciated, thin, malnourished appearance More and more frequently, renal cell carcinoma is identified as an incidental finding on a medical imaging study of the abdomen (e.g. com ...

See also:

Renal cell carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma - Signs and symptoms, Renal cell carcinoma - Causes, Renal cell carcinoma - Pathology, Renal cell carcinoma - Radiology, Renal cell carcinoma - Treatment, Renal cell carcinoma - Surgery, Renal cell carcinoma - Percutaneous therapies, Renal cell carcinoma - Radiation therapy, Renal cell carcinoma - Medications, Renal cell carcinoma - Chemotherapy, Renal cell carcinoma - Prognosis, Renal cell carcinoma - External link

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Mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium) is a disease in which cells of the mesothelium become abnormal and divide without control or order. They can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also metastasize (spread) from their original site to other parts of the body. Most cases of mesothelioma begin in the pleura or peritoneum. It is linked with asbestos exposure and smoking. As mesothelium lacks tight junctions, an ultrastructure that closely links cells together (as seen in epithelia), it is prone to shedding ...

See also:

Mesothelium, Mesothelium - Origin, Mesothelium - Function, Mesothelium - Role in disease, Mesothelium - Sources

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Malignant tumors are called cancer. Cancer has the potential to invade and destroy neighboring tissues and create metastases. Benign tumors do not invade neighboring tissues and do not seed metastases, but may locally grow to great size. They usually do not return after surgical removal. An epithelial tumor is considered malignant if it penetrates the basal lamina and is considered benign if it does not. As people get older, they accumulate more mutations in their DNA. This means that the prevalence of tumors increases strongly ...

See also:

Tumor, Tumor - Tumor Types: Malignant vs. benign, Tumor - Tumor Types, Tumor - Causes

Read more here: » Tumor: Encyclopedia II - Tumor - Tumor Types: Malignant vs. benign

List of diseases starting with M - Mea-Med. Meacham Winn Culler syndrome Meadows syndrome Measles Meckel like syndrome Meckel syndrome Medeira Dennis Donnai syndrome Median cleft lip corpus callosum lipoma skin polyps Median nodule of the upper lip Mediastinal endodermal sinus tumors Mediterranean fever Medium-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency Medrano Roldan syndrome Medullary cystic disease Medu ...

See also:

List of diseases starting with M, List of diseases starting with M - Ma, List of diseases starting with M - Mac, List of diseases starting with M - Mad-Mag, List of diseases starting with M - Mal, List of diseases starting with M - Man, List of diseases starting with M - Mar, List of diseases starting with M - Mas-May, List of diseases starting with M - Mc, List of diseases starting with M - Me, List of diseases starting with M - Mea-Med, List of diseases starting with M - Meg-Mei, List of diseases starting with M - Mel-Mem, List of diseases starting with M - Men, List of diseases starting with M - Mer-Mes, List of diseases starting with M - Met, List of diseases starting with M - Mev-Mey, List of diseases starting with M - Mi, List of diseases starting with M - Mic, List of diseases starting with M - Mid-Mir, List of diseases starting with M - Mis-Mix, List of diseases starting with M - Ml-Mn, List of diseases starting with M - Mo, List of diseases starting with M - Mob-Mom, List of diseases starting with M - Mon-Moo, List of diseases starting with M - Mor-Moy, List of diseases starting with M - Mp-Mt, List of diseases starting with M - Mu, List of diseases starting with M - Muc-Mue, List of diseases starting with M - Mul, List of diseases starting with M - Mum-Mut, List of diseases starting with M - My, List of diseases starting with M - Mya-Myc, List of diseases starting with M - Mye-Myh, List of diseases starting with M - Myo, List of diseases starting with M - Myx

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Cancer - Origins of cancer. Cell division (proliferation) is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances. Normally the balance between proliferation and cell death is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity of organs and tissues. Mutations in DNA that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes. The uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to either a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). Benign tumors do not spread to other p ...

See also:

Cancer, Cancer - History, Cancer - Nomenclature and classification, Cancer - Adult cancers, Cancer - Childhood cancers, Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology, Cancer - Origins of cancer, Cancer - Molecular biology, Cancer - Morphology, Cancer - Heredity, Cancer - Environment and diet, Cancer - Epidemiology, Cancer - Prevention, Cancer - Diet and cancer, Cancer - Other chemoprevention agents, Cancer - Genetic testing, Cancer - Diagnosing cancer, Cancer - Signs and symptoms, Cancer - Biopsy, Cancer - Screening, Cancer - Treatment of cancer, Cancer - Surgery, Cancer - Chemotherapy, Cancer - Immunotherapy, Cancer - Radiation therapy, Cancer - Hormonal suppression, Cancer - Symptom control, Cancer - Treatment trials, Cancer - Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer - Cancer vaccines, Cancer - Coping with cancer, Cancer - Social impact, Cancer - Cancer research

Read more here: » Cancer: Encyclopedia II - Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology

Cancer - Origins of cancer. Cell division (proliferation) is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under many circumstances. Normally the balance between proliferation and cell death is tightly regulated to ensure the integrity of organs and tissues. Mutations in DNA that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes. The uncontrolled and often rapid proliferation of cells can lead to either a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). Benign tumors do not spread to other p ...

See also:

Cancer, Cancer - Terminology, Cancer - History, Cancer - Classification and nomenclature, Cancer - Adult cancers, Cancer - Childhood cancers, Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology, Cancer - Origins of cancer, Cancer - Molecular biology, Cancer - Morphology, Cancer - Heredity, Cancer - Environment and diet, Cancer - Epidemiology, Cancer - Prevention, Cancer - Diet and cancer, Cancer - Other chemoprevention agents, Cancer - Genetic testing, Cancer - Diagnosing cancer, Cancer - Signs and symptoms, Cancer - Biopsy, Cancer - Screening, Cancer - Treatment of cancer, Cancer - Surgery, Cancer - Chemotherapy, Cancer - Immunotherapy, Cancer - Radiation therapy, Cancer - Hormonal suppression, Cancer - Symptom control, Cancer - Treatment trials, Cancer - Complementary and alternative medicine, Cancer - Cancer vaccines, Cancer - Coping with cancer, Cancer - Social impact, Cancer - Cancer research

Read more here: » Cancer: Encyclopedia II - Cancer - Causes and pathophysiology

Brain tumor - Primary tumors. In contrast to tumors originating elsewhere in the body, differentiating primary "brain tumors"—these are the true brain tumors, arising exclusively from cells normally present in the brain itself—into benign and malignant is of relative and limited clinical value, since even histologically-benign tumors grow by infiltration of healthy brain tissue and, in time, tend to transform into malignant forms (anaplastic degeneration). True benign intracranial tumors arise mainly from the ...

See also:

Brain tumor, Brain tumor - Causes, Brain tumor - Classification, Brain tumor - Primary tumors, Brain tumor - Secondary tumors and non-tumoral lesions, Brain tumor - Symptoms, Brain tumor - Diagnosis, Brain tumor - Treatment and Prognosis

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Epidemiologic studies from Australia suggest that exposure to ultraviolet radiation is one of the major contributors to the development of melanoma. Few dermatologists question the association between sunlight and melanoma. It is widely believed that occasional extreme sun exposure (resulting in "sunburn") is causally related to melanoma. Those with more chronic long term exposure (outdoor workers) may develop protective mechanisms. Melanoma is most common on the back in men and on legs in women (areas of intermittent sun exposure) and is mo ...

See also:

Malignant melanoma, Malignant melanoma - Causes, Malignant melanoma - Prevention, Malignant melanoma - Primary, Malignant melanoma - Diagnosis, Malignant melanoma - Types of Primary Melanoma, Malignant melanoma - Prognostic factors, Malignant melanoma - Staging, Malignant melanoma - Treatment, Malignant melanoma - Surgery, Malignant melanoma - Medication/chemotherapy, Malignant melanoma - Radiation therapy

Read more here: » Malignant melanoma: Encyclopedia II - Malignant melanoma - Causes

ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C00-C14 Malignant neoplasms lip oral cavity and pharynx. (C00) Malignant neoplasm of lip (C01) Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue (C02) Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue (C03) Malignant neoplasm of gum (C04) Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth (C05) Malignant neoplasm of palate (C06) Maligna ...

See also:

ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C00-D48 - Neoplasms, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C00-C14 Malignant neoplasms lip oral cavity and pharynx, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C15-C26 Malignant neoplasms digestive organs, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C30-C39 Malignant neoplasms respiratory system and intrathoracic organs, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C40-C41 Malignant neoplasms bone and articular cartilage, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C43-C44 Malignant neoplasms skin, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C45-C49 Malignant neoplasms connective and soft tissue, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C50-C58 Malignant neoplasms breast and female genital organs, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C60-C63 Malignant neoplasms male genital organs, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C64-C68 Malignant neoplasms urinary organs, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C69-C72 Malignant neoplasms nervous system, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C73-C75 Malignant neoplasms endocrine glands and related structures, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C76-C80 Malignant neoplasms secondary and ill-defined, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C81-C96 Malignant neoplasms stated or presumed to be primary of lymphoid haematopoietic and related tissue, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C97 Malignant neoplasms of independent primary multiple sites, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D00-D09 In situ neoplasms, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D10-D36 Benign neoplasms, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D37-D48 Neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behaviour, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D50-D89 - Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D50-D53 Nutritional anemias, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D55-D59 Haemolytic anaemias, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D60-D64 Aplastic and other anaemias, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D65-D69 Coagulation defects purpura and other haemorrhagic conditions, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D70-D77 Other diseases of blood and blood-forming organs, ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - D80-D89 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism

Read more here: » ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism: Encyclopedia II - ICD-10 Chapters C and D: Neoplasms diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism - C00-D48 - Neoplasms

Oral or mouth cancer most commonly involves the tissue of the lips or the tongue. It may also occur on the floor of the mouth, cheek lining, gingiva (gums), or palate (roof of the mouth). Most oral cancers look very similar under the microscope and are called squamous cell carcinomas. These are malignant and tend to spread rapidly. The exact cause is unknown. Smoking and other tobacco use are associated with 70 percent to 80 percent of oral cancer cases. Smoke and heat from cigarettes, cigars, and pipes irritate the mucous memb ...

See also:

Oral cancer, Oral cancer - Causes, Oral cancer - Symptoms, Oral cancer - Signs and tests, Oral cancer - Treatment, Oral cancer - Complications, Oral cancer - External link

Read more here: » Oral cancer: Encyclopedia II - Oral cancer - Causes

Malignant tumors are called cancer. Cancer has the potential to invade and destroy neighboring tissues and create metastases. Benign tumors do not invade neighboring tissues and do not seed metastases, but may locally grow to great size. They usually do not return after surgical removal. An epithelial tumor is considered malignant if it penetrates the basal lamina and is considered benign if it does not. As people get older, they accumulate more mutations in their DNA. This means that the prevalence of tumors increases strongly ...

See also:

Tumor, Tumor - Tumor Types: Malignant vs. benign, Tumor - Tumor Types, Tumor - Causes, Tumor - Similar structures

Read more here: » Tumor: Encyclopedia II - Tumor - Tumor Types: Malignant vs. benign

In contrast to tumors originating elsewhere in the body, differentiating primary "brain tumors"—these are the true brain tumors, arising exclusively from cells normally present in the brain itself—into benign and malignant is of relative and limited clinical value, since even histologically-benign tumors grow by infiltration of healthy brain tissue and, in time, tend to transform into malignant forms (anaplastic degeneration). True benign intracranial tumors arise mainly from the meninges (meningiomas; about 95% are benign), pituitary gland (pituitary adenomas) and the myelin sheath of cranial nerves (n ...

See also:

Brain tumor, Brain tumor - Causes, Brain tumor - Classification, Brain tumor - Symptoms, Brain tumor - Diagnosis, Brain tumor - Treatment and Prognosis

Read more here: » Brain tumor: Encyclopedia II - Brain tumor - Classification