Melilla

Melilla was a Phoenician and later Punic establishment under the name of Rusadir. Later it became a part of the Roman province of Hispania Nova Ulterior Tingitana in Hispania . As centuries passed, it went through Vandal, Byzantine and Hispano-Visigothic hands. Melilla was on the frontier of the Kingdom of Tlemcen and the Kingdom of Fes when the Juan Alfonso Perez de Guzman El Bueno 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia reconquered it in 1497, a few years after Castille had taken control of ...

See also:

Melilla, Melilla - History, Melilla - Architecture

Read more here: » Melilla: Encyclopedia II - Melilla - History

Ceuta is a Spanish exclave in North Africa, located on a northern tip of the Maghreb, on the Mediterranean coast near the Strait of Gibraltar. It is known in Arabic as سبتة (Sabtah in Standard Arabic, Sebta in Morocco). Its area is approximately 28 km². Ceuta is dominated by a hill called Monte Hacho, on which there is a fort occupied by the Spanish army. Monte Hacho is one of the possible locations for the southern Pillars of Hercules of Greek Legend, the other possibility being Jebel Musa. Ceu ...

Including:

• Ceuta - History
• Ceuta - Administration

Read more here: » Ceuta: Encyclopedia - Ceuta

Ceuta's strategic location has made it the crucial waypoint of many cultures' trade and military ventures — beginning with the Carthaginians in the 5th century BC (They called the city Abyla). It wasn't until the Romans took control in about AD 42, however, that the port city (named Septem at the time) assumed an almost exclusive military purpose. Approximately 400 years later, the Vandals ousted the Romans for control, and later it fell to the Visigoths of Spain or to the Byzantines. In 710, as Muslim invade ...

See also:

Ceuta, Ceuta - History, Ceuta - Administration

Read more here: » Ceuta: Encyclopedia II - Ceuta - History

1976 (MCMLXXVI) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). 1976 - Events. January 12 - UN Security Council votes 11-1 to admit the Palestinian Liberation Organization January 15 - Would-be Gerald Ford presidential assassin Sara Jane Moore is sentenced to life in prison January 16 - Trial against jailed members of the Red Army Faction begins in Stuttgart, West Germany January 18 - The Scottish Labour Party ...

Including:

• 1976 - Events
• 1976 - February
• 1976 - March
• 1976 - April
• 1976 - May
• 1976 - June
• 1976 - July
• 1976 - August
• 1976 - September
• 1976 - October
• 1976 - November
• 1976 - December
• 1976 - Unknown dates
• 1976 - Births
• 1976 - January
• 1976 - February
• 1976 - March
• 1976 - April
• 1976 - May
• 1976 - June
• 1976 - July
• 1976 - August
• 1976 - September
• 1976 - October
• 1976 - November
• 1976 - December
• 1976 - Deaths
• 1976 - January
• 1976 - February
• 1976 - March
• 1976 - April
• 1976 - May
• 1976 - June
• 1976 - July
• 1976 - August
• 1976 - September
• 1976 - October
• 1976 - November
• 1976 - December
• 1976 - Nobel Prizes
• 1976 - Templeton Prize

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A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. The definitions used may vary according to which criteria are used (whether purely geographical or, on the other hand, political, economic or cultural criteria). The best example is probably Russia, which has its historical core as well as most of its population (75%), economic activity and political institutions (such as its capital city) in Europe, yet geographically most of the territory (75%) is actually in Asia. By some definitions, Russia straddl ...

Including:

• Transcontinental nation - Definitions of the continents
• Transcontinental nation - Islands
• Transcontinental nation - Europe and Asia
• Transcontinental nation - Africa
• Transcontinental nation - The Americas
• Transcontinental nation - Asia and Oceania
• Transcontinental nation - Definitions of transcontinental nation
• Transcontinental nation - List of geographically transcontinental states
• Transcontinental nation - Methodology of calculation
• Transcontinental nation - Countries in both Asia and Europe
• Transcontinental nation - Countries in both Asia and Africa
• Transcontinental nation - Countries in both Asia and Oceania
• Transcontinental nation - Countries both in North America and South America
• Transcontinental nation - Transcontinental empires in history
• Transcontinental nation - External link

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The Berber languages (or Tamazight) are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. A very sparse population extends into the whole Sahara and the northern part of the Sahel. They belong to the Afro-Asiatic languages phylum. There is a strong movement among Berbers to unify the closely related northern Berber languages into a single standard, Tamazight. Among the Berber languages are Tarifit or Riffi (northern Morocco), Kabyle (Algeria) and Tashelhiyt (central Morocco). Tamazight has ...

Including:

• Berber languages - Nomenclature
• Berber languages - Origin
• Berber languages - Population
• Berber languages - Grammar
• Berber languages - Subclassification

Read more here: » Berber languages: Encyclopedia - Berber languages

The culture of Spain has roots in Iberian and Latin influences, Catholicism, Moorish Islam, tension between the centralized Castilian state and its regions, and its minority peoples. In addition, the history of the nation and its Mediterranean climate and geography have played strong roles in shaping its culture. Culture of Spain - Regionalism. A strong sense of regional identity exists in many regions of Spain. These regions or nationalities — even those that least identify themselves as Spanish — have ...

Including:

• Culture of Spain - Regionalism
• Culture of Spain - Language
• Culture of Spain - Climate and geography
• Culture of Spain - Contemporary culture
• Culture of Spain - Spanish pop culture
• Culture of Spain - Dress Style
• Culture of Spain - Customs
• Culture of Spain - Modern subcultures
• Culture of Spain - Art
• Culture of Spain - Old Masters
• Culture of Spain - Modern art
• Culture of Spain - Architecture
• Culture of Spain - Dance
• Culture of Spain - Ethnic groups
• Culture of Spain - Festivals
• Culture of Spain - Food and drink
• Culture of Spain - Literature and poetry
• Culture of Spain - Music
• Culture of Spain - Film
• Culture of Spain - Sport

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Air Nostrum is a regional airline based in Valencia, Spain, operating as an Iberia Regional partner. It operates a very extensive domestic network in Spain and a large network in Europe, as well as private charter flights. Its main base is Valencia Airport, with hubs at Barcelona International Airport and Madrid Barajas International Airport. Air Nostrum - Code Data. IATA Code: YW ICAO Code: ANS Callsign: Nostrum Air Air Nostrum - HistoryIncluding:

• Air Nostrum - Code Data
• Air Nostrum - History
• Air Nostrum - Services
• Air Nostrum - Fleet

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Spain's fifty provinces (provincias) are grouped into seventeen autonomous communities (comunidades autónomas), in addition to two African autonomous cities (ciudades autónomas) (Ceuta and Melilla). Autonomous communities of Spain - Formation and powers. Centralism, nationalism and separatism played an important role in the Spanish transition. For fear that separatism would lead to instability and a dictatorial backlash, a compromise was struck among the moderate political part ...

Including:

• Autonomous communities of Spain - Formation and powers
• Autonomous communities of Spain - List
• Autonomous communities of Spain - Plazas de soberanía
• Autonomous communities of Spain - External link

Read more here: » Autonomous communities of Spain: Encyclopedia - Autonomous communities of Spain

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30,370,000 km² (11,730,000 sq mi) including its adjacent islands, it covers 5.9% of the Earth's total surface area, and 20.3% of the total land area. With over 840,000,000 people (as of 2005) in 57 territories, it accounts for more than 12% of the world's human population. Africa - Etymology. The name Africa came into Western use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra — "land of the Afr ...

Including:

• Africa - Etymology
• Africa - Geography
• Africa - History
• Africa - Politics
• Africa - Precolonial Africa
• Africa - Colonial Africa
• Africa - Post-colonial Africa
• Africa - Modern Africa
• Africa - Economy
• Africa - Demographics
• Africa - Languages
• Africa - Culture
• Africa - Religion
• Africa - Territories
• Africa - Independent states
• Africa - Territories possessions départements
• Africa - Disputed territories
• Africa - Table of territories and regions

Read more here: » Africa: Encyclopedia - Africa

Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the south by the Mediterranean and Black Seas and the Caucasus. Europe's boundary to the east is vague, but has traditionally been given as the Ural Mountains and Caspian Se ...

Including:

• Europe - Etymology
• Europe - History
• Europe - Geography and extent
• Europe - Physical features
• Europe - Biodiversity
• Europe - Demographics
• Europe - Territories and divisions
• Europe - Political divisions
• Europe - Linguistic and cultural regions
• Europe - Lists and tables

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Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal plain of what is now Lebanon, between the Lebanon Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of Tyre seems to have been the southernmost. Sarepta between Sidon and Tyre, is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Ph ...

Including:

• Phoenicia - Origins
• Phoenicia - The cultural and economic empire
• Phoenicia - Phoenician trade
• Phoenicia - Decline
• Phoenicia - Persian and Hellenistic Phoenicia
• Phoenicia - Important Phoenician cities and colonies
• Phoenicia - Language and literature
• Phoenicia - External links
• Phoenicia - Phoenicians in the Bible

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Value added tax (VAT) is a sales tax levied on the sale of goods and services. In some countries, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, this tax is known as "goods and services tax" or GST. VAT is an indirect tax, in that the tax is collected from someone other than the person who actually bears the cost of the tax (namely the seller rather than the consumer). VAT was invented by Maurice Lauré, joint director of the French tax authority, the Direction générale des impôts, as taxe sur la va ...

Including:

• Value added tax - VAT in the European Union
• Value added tax - Rules on pricing within the EU
• Value added tax - Comparison with a sales tax
• Value added tax - Example
• Value added tax - Without any sales tax
• Value added tax - With a VAT
• Value added tax - With a U.S.-style sales tax
• Value added tax - Limitations to Example & VAT
• Value added tax - VAT criticisms
• Value added tax - VAT Rates
• Value added tax - Non-EU countries
• Value added tax - EU countries

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Ancient communities of African Jews, in one of the meanings above, would include the Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews of North Africa, as well as a number of Black African groups, specifically the Lemba of Malawi, Zimbabwe, and the South African region of Venda who claim descent from King Solomon, as well as the Beta Israel of Ethiopia claim descent from the Tribe of Dan, although their actual history is controversial. The Igbos a Maghrebi (West African) Jewish community in Nigeria also claim descent from ...

Including:

• African Jew - Ancient Jewish communities
• African Jew - North Africa
• African Jew - Ethiopia
• African Jew - The Lemba
• African Jew - Igbo Ibo Jews
• African Jew - Medieval arrivals
• African Jew - Emergent modern communities
• African Jew - Modern communities of European descent
• African Jew - Resources
• African Jew - General
• African Jew - Northern Africa
• African Jew - Nigeria
• African Jew - Cape Verde & Guinea Coast
• African Jew - Ethiopia

Read more here: » African Jew: Encyclopedia - African Jew

The Arab world consists of twenty-three countries stretching from Western Sahara and Mauritania in the west to Oman in the east. They have a combined population of 300 million people and their combined economies surpass one trillion U.S. dollars annually. Arab world - Language politics and religion. The Arabic language forms a unifying feature of the Arab world: though different areas use local dialects of Arabic, all share in the use of the standard classical language. This contrasts with the situation in ...

Including:

• Arab world - Language politics and religion
• Arab world - Non-Arab peoples in the Arab world
• Arab world - States
• Arab world - Geography
• Arab world - Historical boundaries

Read more here: » Arab world: Encyclopedia - Arab world

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is an Iberian Romance language, and the fourth most-widely spoken language in the world according to some sources, while other sources list it as the second or third most spoken language. It is spoken as a first language by about 352 million people, or by 417 million including non-native speakers (according to 1999 estimates). Some assert that, after English, Spanish can now be considered the second most important language in the world (probably replacing even French), ...

Including:

• Spanish language - Spanish or Castilian
• Spanish language - Classification and related languages
• Spanish language - History
• Spanish language - Geographic distribution
• Spanish language - Variations
• Spanish language - Grammar
• Spanish language - Sounds
• Spanish language - Lexical stress
• Spanish language - Writing system
• Spanish language - Examples of Spanish
• Spanish language - Local varieties

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EA, Ea, or ea can signify several things. Geographical places Ea, Spain is a town in the north of Spain Fictional worlds Eä, the World that IS of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe Éa, of Ursula K. LeGuin's Earthsea fictional universe Abbreviation of an English word ea. is short for "each" Other things named Ea ...

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The Kingdom of Morocco (Arabic المملكة المغربية) is a country in northwest Africa. It has a long coastline on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Algeria to the east, though the Algerian border is closed, Western Sahara to the south, the Mediterranean Sea and Spain to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to its west. Morocco claims ownership of Western Sahara and has administered most of the territory since 1975. Its status is disputed, pending a United ...

Including:

• Morocco - Name
• Morocco - History
• Morocco - Politics
• Morocco - Provinces
• Morocco - Geography
• Morocco - Economy
• Morocco - Demographics
• Morocco - Culture

Read more here: » Morocco: Encyclopedia - Morocco

Ceuta is known officially in Spanish as Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta, the Autonomous City of Ceuta, having a rank between a standard Spanish city and an autonomous community. Before the Statute of Autonomy, Ceuta was administratively part of the Cádiz province. Ceuta forms part of the territory of the European Union. The city was a free port before Spain joined the European Union in 1986. Now it has a low-taxes system inside the European Monetary Syste ...

See also:

Ceuta, Ceuta - History, Ceuta - Administration

Read more here: » Ceuta: Encyclopedia II - Ceuta - Administration

The area of modern Morocco has been inhabited since Neolithic times, at least 8000 BC, as attested by signs of the Capsian culture, in a time when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today. Many theorists believe the Berber language probably arrived at roughly the same time as agriculture (see Berber), and was adopted by the existing population as well as the immigrants that brought it. Modern genetic analyses have confirmed that various populations have contributed to the present-day population, including, in addition to the main ethnic gr ...

See also:

Morocco, Morocco - Name, Morocco - History, Morocco - Roman and sub-Roman Morocco, Morocco - Early Islamic Morocco, Morocco - Morocco 1666-1912, Morocco - European Influence, Morocco - Independence, Morocco - Politics, Morocco - Provinces, Morocco - Geography, Morocco - Economy, Morocco - Demographics, Morocco - Culture

Read more here: » Morocco: Encyclopedia II - Morocco - History