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Mehrgarh | A Wisdom Archive on Mehrgarh | | Mehrgarh A selection of articles related to Mehrgarh | |
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mehrgarh, Mehrgarh, Mehrgarh - Common variant spellings, Mehrgarh - Mehrgarh Period I, Mehrgarh - Mehrgarh Period II, Mehrgarh - Mehrgarh Period VII
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Mehrgarh | | | |  Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Civilization - Early civilizationsThe earliest known civilizations (as defined in the traditional sense) arose in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq, the Nile valley of Egypt, the Indus Valley region of modern-day Pakistan, and the Huang He (Yellow River) valley of China, while smaller civilizations arose in Elam in modern-day Iran, and on the island of Crete in the Aegean Sea. The inhabitants of these areas built cities, created writing systems, learned to make pottery and use metals, domesticated animals, and created complex social structures with class systems.
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See also:Civilization, Civilization - Senses of the word, Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions, Civilization - 2: Broader sense, Civilization - 3: Human society as a whole, Civilization - 4: A standard of behavior, Civilization - 5: Superior vs. less complex societies, Civilization - What characterizes civilization, Civilization - Civilization as a cultural identity, Civilization - Civilizations as complex systems, Civilization - The future of civilizations, Civilization - The Fall of Civilizations, Civilization - Negative views of civilization, Civilization - Problems with the term civilization, Civilization - Early civilizations, Civilization - Mesopotamia, Civilization - Egypt, Civilization - India, Civilization - China Read more here: » Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Civilization - Early civilizations |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - Geography Balochistan is located at the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau and in the difficult to define border region between Southwest, Central, and South Asia. It is geographically the largest of the four provinces at 347,190 km² and composes 42% of the total land area of Pakistan. The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. The southern region is known as Makran. A regio ...
See also:Balochistan Pakistan, Balochistan Pakistan - Geography, Balochistan Pakistan - Climate, Balochistan Pakistan - Demographics and society, Balochistan Pakistan - History, Balochistan Pakistan - Ancient History, Balochistan Pakistan - British Era, Balochistan Pakistan - Post Independance, Balochistan Pakistan - Administrative division, Balochistan Pakistan - Economy, Balochistan Pakistan - Education, Balochistan Pakistan - Social issues, Balochistan Pakistan - Personalities Read more here: » Balochistan Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - Geography |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - Economy The economy of the province is largely based upon the production of natural gas, coal and minerals. The province's natural resources significantly help to meet the energy needs of Pakistan as a whole, but mainly benefit Pashtun mine workers as opposed to the more nomadic Baluch. Infrastructure outside of Quetta is still in development as is the province as a whole. Tourism remains limited but has increased due to the exotic appeal of the province. Limited farming in the east as well as fishing along the Arabian Sea coastline are other forms of ...
See also:Balochistan Pakistan, Balochistan Pakistan - Geography, Balochistan Pakistan - Climate, Balochistan Pakistan - Demographics and society, Balochistan Pakistan - History, Balochistan Pakistan - Ancient History, Balochistan Pakistan - British Era, Balochistan Pakistan - Post Independance, Balochistan Pakistan - Administrative division, Balochistan Pakistan - Economy, Balochistan Pakistan - Education, Balochistan Pakistan - Social issues, Balochistan Pakistan - Personalities Read more here: » Balochistan Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - Economy |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Ayurveda - Doshas The 3 main doshas (medical humours) are Vata (resembles the classical element air), Pitta (fire), and Kapha (water).
All bodily processes are believed to be governed by a balance of the 3 doshas. Whichever dosha appears to dominate a person's behavior and physique is called his constitution type. Each constitution type has particular strengths and susceptibilities.
See also four humours
Ayurveda - Vata.
Vata, composed of air, governs all movement in the mind a ...
See also:Ayurveda, Ayurveda - Brhat Trayi The greater triad, Ayurveda - Basic concepts and methodology, Ayurveda - Qualities, Ayurveda - The Five Elements, Ayurveda - Doshas, Ayurveda - Vata, Ayurveda - Pitta, Ayurveda - Kapha, Ayurveda - Herbs and Minerals in Ayurvedic Medicine, Ayurveda - Historically, Ayurveda - Today, Ayurveda - Ayurvedic Herbs in Western Medicine, Ayurveda - Partial Bibliography Read more here: » Ayurveda: Encyclopedia II - Ayurveda - Doshas |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - Social issues The delicate ethnic balance in the province was disrupted by Afghan refugees making the Pashtuns at least numerically equal to the Baloch in recent years. The Baloch tribes have been the most prone to rebellion in Pakistan, in part due to their fiercely independent lifestyle as well as complaints at the lack of development and attention from the central government in Islamabad. These complaints have been partially addressed as the government has set-up schools and improved infrastructure near major settlements. Balochistan remains one of the ...
See also:Balochistan Pakistan, Balochistan Pakistan - Geography, Balochistan Pakistan - Climate, Balochistan Pakistan - Demographics and society, Balochistan Pakistan - History, Balochistan Pakistan - Ancient History, Balochistan Pakistan - British Era, Balochistan Pakistan - Post Independance, Balochistan Pakistan - Administrative division, Balochistan Pakistan - Economy, Balochistan Pakistan - Education, Balochistan Pakistan - Social issues, Balochistan Pakistan - Personalities Read more here: » Balochistan Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - Social issues |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Education Education in the province is quite widespread and the province has a high literacy rate compared to other parts of Pakistan, mainly due to the importance of Karachi as it attracts Pakistan's best and brightest. The Aga Khan University, University of Karachi, Sindh University, IBA, Dow University of Health Sciences, Chandka Medical College and Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture are world renowned academic institutions.
See also: Uni ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After Independence, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Vegetation, Sindh - Wildlife, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Education |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Dentistry - Specialties There are nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association and require 2-6 years of further formal university training after dental school. The specialties are Dental Public Health (study of dental epidemiology and social health policies), Endodontics (root canal therapy), Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (study, diagnosis, and often the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases), Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases), Oral and Maxillofacial S ...
See also:Dentistry, Dentistry - Specialties, Dentistry - History, Dentistry - Dentistry throughout the world, Dentistry - Dentistry in Australia, Dentistry - Dentistry in Canada, Dentistry - Dentistry in Hong Kong, Dentistry - Dentistry in India, Dentistry - Dentistry in Pakistan, Dentistry - Dentistry in Slovakia, Dentistry - Dentistry in the United Kingdom, Dentistry - Dentistry in the United States, Dentistry - Related dental topics, Dentistry - Organizations Read more here: » Dentistry: Encyclopedia II - Dentistry - Specialties |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Ayurveda - Today Ayurvedic physicians were traditionally supported by their patients and the communities they worked in, with a minority gaining royal patronage. Under the centralised governments systems established by the Mughals and subsequent British rule in India, many Ayurvedic physicians were paid small stipends by the state. But when the British government in India began to establish hospitals and organised state-wide healthcare institutions, leading eventually to the Indian Medical Service, Ayurveda was not included. In the early 20th century, Ayurve ...
See also:Ayurveda, Ayurveda - Brhat Trayi The greater triad, Ayurveda - Basic concepts and methodology, Ayurveda - Qualities, Ayurveda - The Five Elements, Ayurveda - Doshas, Ayurveda - Vata, Ayurveda - Pitta, Ayurveda - Kapha, Ayurveda - Herbs and Minerals in Ayurvedic Medicine, Ayurveda - Historically, Ayurveda - Today, Ayurveda - Ayurvedic Herbs in Western Medicine, Ayurveda - Partial Bibliography Read more here: » Ayurveda: Encyclopedia II - Ayurveda - Today |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - City - Introduction In most parts of the world, cities are generally substantial and nearly always have an urban core, but in the United States many incorporated areas which have a very modest population, or a suburban or even mostly rural character, are designated as cities. City can also be a synonym for "downtown" or a "city centre".
A city usually consists of residential, industrial and business areas together with administrative functions which may relate to a wider geographical area. A large share of a city's area is primarily taken up by ho ...
See also:City, City - Introduction, City - The difference between towns and cities, City - Geography, City - History of cities, City - Modern conceptions, City - Traditional approach, City - Shortcomings, City - Modern approach, City - Global cities, City - Environmental effects, City - Inner city, City - Lists, City - Miscellaneous Read more here: » City: Encyclopedia II - City - Introduction |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - City - Environmental effects Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates. This is due to the large clustering of hard surfaces that heat up in sunlight and that channel rainwater into underground ducts. As a result, city weather is often windier and cloudier than the weather in the surrounding countryside. Conversely, because these effects make cities warmer (urban heat shield or urban heat islands) than the surrounding area, tornadoes tend to go around cities. Additionally towns can ...
See also:City, City - Introduction, City - The difference between towns and cities, City - Geography, City - History of cities, City - Modern conceptions, City - Traditional approach, City - Shortcomings, City - Modern approach, City - Global cities, City - Environmental effects, City - Inner city, City - Lists, City - Miscellaneous Read more here: » City: Encyclopedia II - City - Environmental effects |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Overview The Indus Civilization is among the world's earliest civilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. It peaked around 2500 BCE in the western part of South Asia, declined during the mid-2nd millennium BCE and was forgotten until its rediscovery in the 1920s by RD Banerjee.
Geographically, it was spread over an area of some 1,260,000 km², comprising the whole of modern day Pakistan and parts of modern-day India and Afghanistan. Thus there is an Indus Valley site on the Oxus river at Shortu ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Overview |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Hakra-Ghaggar river and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Dholavira, Ganweriwala, Kalibanga, Lothal, and Rakhigarhi.
Additionally, there is some disputed evidence indicative of another large river, now long dried up, running parallel and to the east of the Indus. The dried-up river beds overlap with the Hakra channel in Pakistan, and the seasonal Ghaggar river in Indi ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture Various sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewelry, and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze, steatite have been found at the excavation sites.
A number of bronze, terracotta, and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form. Sir John Marshall is known to have reacted with surprise when he saw the famous Indus bronze statuette of the slender-limbed "dancing girl" in Mohenjo-daro:
"… When I first saw them I found it difficult to believe that they were prehistoric; they s ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Trade The Indus civilization's economy appears to have depended significantly on trade, which was facilitated by major advances in transport technology. These advances included bullock-driven carts that are identical to those seen throughout South Asia today, as well as boats. Most of these boats were probably small, flat-bottomed craft, perhaps driven by sail, similar to those one can see on the Indus River today; however, there is secondary evidence of sea-going craft. Archaeologists have discovered a massive, dredged canal ...
See also:Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Trade |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life Except fot the irrigated Indus Valley, the province is arid and has scant vegetation. The dwarf Palm, Acacia Rupestris (Kher), and Tecoma Undulata (Lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the central valley, the Acacia Nilotica (Babul) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Zizyphys vulgaris (Bir), Tamarix Orientalis (Jujuba Lai) and Capparis ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Climate A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 C (115 F ) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 C (36 F) occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August.The southwesterly monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of Semptember, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during te winte ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Climate |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Demographics and Society The population is approximately 35 million while official source (1998 census) estimated 30.439 million, with over half being urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Larkana. A large section of the population speak Sindhi and Urdu languages. Other languages spoken include Siraiki, Balochi, Brohi, Punjabi, Pakhtu, Rajasthani and Gujarati. Urban areas of Sindh are multi-ethnic c ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Demographics and Society |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Geography Sindh is located at the northeastern corner of South Asia just before the Iranian plateau in the west. It is the third largest province geographically. Its size is about 579 km north-south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) east-west, with an area of 140,915 km². Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the center is the fertile plain where the Indus river runs through. Largely irrigated, the Indus' devast ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After Independence, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Vegetation, Sindh - Wildlife, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Geography |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Demographics and Society The population is approximately 35 million while official source (1998 census) estimated 30.439 million, with over half being urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Larkana. A large section of the population speak Sindhi and Urdu languages. Other languages spoken include Siraiki, Balochi, Brohi, Punjabi, Pakhtu, Rajasthani and Gujarati. Urban areas of Sindh are multi-ethnic c ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After Independence, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Vegetation, Sindh - Wildlife, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Demographics and Society |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Economy Sindh is the backbone of Pakistan economy as it generates approximately 70% of the total national revenue whereas in return federal government pays back just 23% from financial divisible pool. Sindh government considers that the formula of financial resource distribution i.e NFC award is unjust and solely population denominated.
Sindh is in many ways the main province of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy with heavy industry and finance centered in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base a ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After Independence, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Vegetation, Sindh - Wildlife, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Economy |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Vegetation Except fot the irrigated Indus Valley, the province is arid and has scant vegetation. The dwarf Palm, Acacia Rupestris (Kher), and Tecoma Undulata (Lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. In the central valley, the Acacia Nilotica (Babul) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Zizyphys vulgaris (Bir), Tamarix Orientalis (Jujuba Lai) and Capparis Aphylla (Kir ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After Independence, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Vegetation, Sindh - Wildlife, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Vegetation |
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| | | | | Mehrgarh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Wildlife Among the wild animals, the Sindh Ibex (Sareh), Wild Sheep (Urial or gadh) and Black Bear are found in the western rocky range, where the Leopard is now rare. The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing Cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the Striped Hyena (Charakh), Jackal, Fox, Porcupine, common gray Mongoose, and Hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, Ped Lynx or Ca ...
See also:Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After Independence, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Vegetation, Sindh - Wildlife, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - Wildlife |
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