(8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – other millennia) 7th millennium BC - Events. Circa 7000 BC – Agriculture and settlement at Mehrgarh in South Asia. Circa 6300 BC – The approximate date man reappears in the area New York. Circa 6000 BC – Neolithic Age in Korea. Circa 6000 BC – First traces of habitation of the Svarthola cave in Norway. 7th millennium BC - Environmental changes. Circa 65 ...

Including:

• 7th millennium BC - Events
• 7th millennium BC - Environmental changes
• 7th millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 7th millennium BC - Cultural landmarks

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See also:

Dentistry, Dentistry - Specialties, Dentistry - History, Dentistry - Dentistry throughout the world, Dentistry - Dentistry in Australia, Dentistry - Dentistry in Canada, Dentistry - Dentistry in Hong Kong, Dentistry - Dentistry in India, Dentistry - Dentistry in Pakistan, Dentistry - Dentistry in Slovakia, Dentistry - Dentistry in the United Kingdom, Dentistry - Dentistry in the United States, Dentistry - Related dental topics, Dentistry - Organizations

Read more here: » Dentistry: Encyclopedia II - Dentistry - History

Balochistan was the site of the earliest known farming settlements between South Asia and the Iranian plateau, the earliest of which was Mehrgarh dated at 6500 BCE. Balochistan was sparsely populated by various Elamo-Dravidian and Indo-Iranian tribes for centuries following the decline of the nearby Harappa-Mohenjo-daro civilisation to the east. Over time, Balochistan was invaded by various Eurasian groups including the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Mughals, Afghans, and the British. Aryan invasions appear ...

See also:

Balochistan Pakistan, Balochistan Pakistan - History, Balochistan Pakistan - Geography, Balochistan Pakistan - Demographics and society, Balochistan Pakistan - Economy and education, Balochistan Pakistan - Social issues, Balochistan Pakistan - Districts

Read more here: » Balochistan Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - History

(7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – other millennia) 6th millennium BC - Events. c. 5760 BC – The volcano Puy-de-Dôme erupts. c. 5600 BC – Beginning of the desertification of north Africa, which ultimately lead to the creation of the Sahara desert. It's possible this process pushed some natives into migrating to the region of the Nile in the east, thereby laying the groundwork for the rise of Egyptian civilization. c. 5600 BC – The Red Paint Peop ...

Including:

• 6th millennium BC - Events
• 6th millennium BC - Environmental changes
• 6th millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 6th millennium BC - Cultural landmarks

Read more here: » 6th millennium BC: Encyclopedia - 6th millennium BC

(5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) 4th millennium BC - Events. Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the invention of writing, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potter's wheel, 4000–2000 BCE. Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. Epoch of the modern Hebrew Calendar occurred on 7 October 3761 BC. < ...

Including:

• 4th millennium BC - Events
• 4th millennium BC - Cultures
• 4th millennium BC - Environmental changes
• 4th millennium BC - Significant persons
• 4th millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 4th millennium BC - Centuries
• 4th millennium BC - External references

Read more here: » 4th millennium BC: Encyclopedia - 4th millennium BC

The Neolithic, (Greek νέος (neos) = new + λίθος (lithos) = stone, or "New" Stone Age) was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age. The name was invented by John Lubbock in 1865 as a refinement of the three-age system. The term is more commonly used in the Old World and its application to cultures in the Americas and Oceania is problematic. It follows the terminal Pleistocene Epipalaeolithic and early Holocene Mesolithic periods, beginning ...

Including:

• Neolithic - Origins and regional development
• Neolithic - Social organization
• Neolithic - Farming
• Neolithic - Technology

Read more here: » Neolithic: Encyclopedia - Neolithic

The Indus Valley Civilization, 3300 BCE–1700 BCE, was an ancient civilization thriving along the lower Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. Among other names for this civilization is the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa. Indus Valley Civilization - Overview. The Indus Civilization is among the world's earliest civilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia and Anci ...

Including:

• Indus Valley Civilization - Overview
• Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements
• Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors
• Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization
• Indus Valley Civilization - Cities
• Indus Valley Civilization - Science
• Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture
• Indus Valley Civilization - Trade
• Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture
• Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System
• Indus Valley Civilization - Geography
• Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy
• Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia - Indus Valley Civilization

The nature of the Indus civilization's agricultural system is still largely a matter of conjecture due to the limited amount of information surviving through the ages. Some speculation is possible, however. Earlier studies (prior to 1980) often assumed that food production was imported to the Indus Valley by a single linguistic group ("Aryans") and/or from a single area. But recent studies indicate that food production was largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. Already the Mehrgarh people used domesticated wheats and barley and the m ...

See also:

Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture

The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley. The best-known site of this culture is Mehrgarh, established around 6500 BCE. These early farmers domesticated wheat and a variety of animals, including cattle. Pottery was in use by around 5500 BCE. The Indus civilization grew out of this culture's technological base, as well as its geographic expansion into the alluvial plains of what are now the provinces of Sin ...

See also:

Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors

The Indus civilization was predated by the first farming cultures in south Asia, which emerged in the hills of what is now called Balochistan, to the west of the Indus Valley. The best-known site of this culture is Mehrgarh, established around 7000 BCE. These early farmers domesticated wheat and a variety of animals, including cattle. Pottery was in use by around 5500 BCE. The Indus civilization grew out of this culture's technological base, as well as its geographic expansion into the alluvial plains of what are now the provinces of Sin ...

See also:

Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors

Sindh - Ancient history. The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh to the west expanded into Sindh. The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh, and other regions of Pakistan, were the aborigine tribes speaking languages related to Munda languages. The Dravidians invaded from the Iranian plateau and settled in the Indus valley around 4000 BCE. The Dravidian culture blossomed over the centuries and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan around ...

See also:

Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Vegetation And Animal Life, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After creation of Pakistan, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - History

Balochistan Pakistan - Ancient History. Balochistan was the site of the earliest known farming settlements between South Asia and the Iranian plateau, the earliest of which was Mehrgarh dated at 6500 BCE. Balochistan was sparsely populated by various Elamo-Dravidian and Indo-Iranian tribes for centuries following the decline of the nearby Harappa-Mohenjo-daro civilisation to the east. Over time, Balochistan was invaded by various Eurasian groups including the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Arabs, Turks ...

See also:

Balochistan Pakistan, Balochistan Pakistan - Geography, Balochistan Pakistan - Climate, Balochistan Pakistan - Demographics and society, Balochistan Pakistan - History, Balochistan Pakistan - Ancient History, Balochistan Pakistan - British Era, Balochistan Pakistan - Post Independance, Balochistan Pakistan - Administrative division, Balochistan Pakistan - Economy, Balochistan Pakistan - Education, Balochistan Pakistan - Social issues, Balochistan Pakistan - Personalities

Read more here: » Balochistan Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Balochistan Pakistan - History

Sindh - Ancient history. The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh to the west expanded into Sindh. The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh, and other regions of Pakistan, were the aborigine tribes speaking languages related to Munda languages. The Dravidians invaded from the Iranian plateau and settled in the Indus valley around 4000 BCE. The Dravidian culture blossomed over the centuries and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization of Pakistan around ...

See also:

Sindh, Sindh - Geography, Sindh - Climate, Sindh - Demographics and Society, Sindh - History, Sindh - Ancient history, Sindh - Arrival of Arabs, Sindh - British Era, Sindh - After Independence, Sindh - Administrative division, Sindh - Economy, Sindh - Vegetation, Sindh - Wildlife, Sindh - Education, Sindh - Art and culture, Sindh - Major attractions, Sindh - Personalities

Read more here: » Sindh: Encyclopedia II - Sindh - History

The early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Mehrgarh culture which began in 7000 BC, now in Baluchistan, Pakistan. The Mehrgarh community were mostly pastoral, lived in mud houses, wove baskets and tended to goats and their farms. By 5500 BC, pottery began to appear and later chalcolithic implements began to appear. By 2000 BC, the settlement was abandoned. Late Neolithic cultures sprang up in the Indus Valley region between 6000 BC and 2000 BC (see belo ...

See also:

History of India, History of India - The Paleolithic era, History of India - The Neolithic era, History of India - The Bronze age, History of India - Indus Valley Civilization, History of India - Vedic civilization, History of India - The Mahajanapadas, History of India - Persian and Greek invasion, History of India - Achaemenid Empire, History of India - Alexander the Great, History of India - Greco-Buddhist period, History of India - The Magadha Empire, History of India - Shishunaga dynasty, History of India - Nanda Dynasty, History of India - Maurya dynasty, History of India - Shunga dynasty, History of India - Early Middle Kingdoms - the golden age, History of India - Satavahana Empire, History of India - Kushan Empire, History of India - Gupta dynasty, History of India - Huna invasion, History of India - Indo-Sassanians, History of India - Late Middle Kingdoms - the classical age, History of India - Harsha's empire, History of India - The Chalukyas and Pallavas, History of India - Chola empire, History of India - The Pratiharas Palas and Rashtrakutas, History of India - The Rajputs, History of India - Vijayanagar Empire, History of India - The Islamic Sultanates, History of India - Delhi Sultanate, History of India - The Mughal era, History of India - Mughal Empire, History of India - The Maratha confederacy, History of India - The Kingdom of Mysore, History of India - The Punjab, History of India - Durrani Empire, History of India - Colonial era, History of India - Company rule, History of India - The British Raj, History of India - The independence movement, History of India - Republic of India, History of India - Textbooks and surveys

Read more here: » History of India: Encyclopedia II - History of India - The Neolithic era

History of India - Indus Valley Civilization. The transition of settlements from agricultural to complex urban communities occurred sometime between the early settlements at Mehrgarh, and c. 3000 BC. This period marked the beginning of the earliest urban society in India, known as the Indus Valley Civilization, also called the Harappan civilization, which thrived between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. It was centred along the Indus Rivers and its tributaries, including the Ghaggar-Hakra Saraswati, and extended into the Gan ...

See also:

History of India, History of India - The Paleolithic era, History of India - The Neolithic era, History of India - The Bronze age, History of India - Indus Valley Civilization, History of India - Vedic civilization, History of India - The Mahajanapadas, History of India - The Magadha empire, History of India - Shishunaga dynasty, History of India - Nanda dynasty, History of India - Maurya dynasty, History of India - Shunga dynasty, History of India - Early Middle Kingdoms - the golden age, History of India - Satavahana empire, History of India - Kushan empire, History of India - Gupta dynasty, History of India - Late Middle Kingdoms - the classical age, History of India - Harsha's empire, History of India - The Chalukyas and Pallavas, History of India - Chola empire, History of India - The Pratiharas Palas and Rashtrakutas, History of India - The Rajputs, History of India - The Islamic Sultanates, History of India - Vijayanagar empire, History of India - The Mughal era, History of India - The Maratha confederacy, History of India - The Kingdom of Mysore, History of India - The Punjab, History of India - Company rule, History of India - The British Raj, History of India - The independence movement, History of India - Independent India, History of India - Textbooks and Surveys

Read more here: » History of India: Encyclopedia II - History of India - The Bronze age

4th millennium BC - Environmental changes. Based on studies by glaciologist Lonnie Thompson (professor at Ohio State University and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center) [1] a number of indicators shows there were a global change in climate 5,200 years ago: The climate was altered suddenly with severe impacts. Plants buried in the Quelccaya ice cap in the Peruvian Andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now. ...

See also:

4th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC - Events, 4th millennium BC - Cultures, 4th millennium BC - Environmental changes, 4th millennium BC - Significant persons, 4th millennium BC - Inventions discoveries introductions, 4th millennium BC - Centuries, 4th millennium BC - External references

Read more here: » 4th millennium BC: Encyclopedia II - 4th millennium BC - Cultures

At the closing of the initiation, the guru gave a solemn address to the students where the guru directed the students to a life of chastity, honesty, and vegetarianism. The student was to strive with all his being for the health of the sick. He was not to betray patients for his own advantage. He was to dress modestly and avoid strong drink. He was to be collected and self-controlled, measured in speech at all times. He was to constantly improve his knowledge and technical skill. In the home of the patient he was to be courteous and modest, ...

See also:

Ayurveda, Ayurveda - Brhat Trayi The greater triad, Ayurveda - Basic concepts and methodology, Ayurveda - Qualities, Ayurveda - The Five Elements, Ayurveda - Doshas, Ayurveda - Vata, Ayurveda - Pitta, Ayurveda - Kapha, Ayurveda - Herbs and Minerals in Ayurvedic Medicine, Ayurveda - Historically, Ayurveda - Today, Ayurveda - Ayurvedic Herbs in Western Medicine, Ayurveda - Partial Bibliography

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Shaktism (Shakta): (Sanskrit) "Doctrine of power."

The religion followed by those who worship the Supreme as the Divine Mother - Shakti or Devi - in Her many forms, both gentle and fierce. Shaktism is one of the four primary sects of Hinduism. Shaktism's first historical signs are thousands of female statuettes dated ca 5500 bce recovered at the Mehrgarh village in India.

In philosophy and practice, Shaktism greatly resembles Saivism, both faiths promulgating, for example, the same ultimate goals of advaitic union with Siva and moksha. But Shaktas worship Shakti as the Supreme Being exclusively, as the dynamic aspect of Divinity, while Siva is considered solely transcendent and is not worshiped. There are many forms of Shaktism, with endless varieties of practices which seek to capture divine energy or power for spiritual transformation.

Geographically, Shaktism has two main forms, the Srikula "family of the Goddess Sri (or Lakshmi)," which respects the brahminical tradition (a mainstream Hindu tradition which respects caste and purity rules) and is strongest in South India; and the Kalikula, "family of Kali," which rejects brahminical tradition and prevails in Northern and Eastern India.

Four major expressions of Shaktism are evident today: folkshamanism, yoga, devotionalism and universalism. Among the eminent mantras of Shaktism is: Aum Hrim Chandikayai Namah, "I bow to Her who tears apart all dualities." There are many varieties of folk Shaktism gravitating around various forms of the Goddess, such as Kali, Durga and a number of forms of Amman. Such worship often involves animal sacrifice and fire-walking, though the former is tending to disappear.

See: Amman, Goddess, Ishta Devata, Kali, Shakti, tantrism.

(See also: Shaktism, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

Neolithic peoples were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tool and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilising mud-brick to construct houses and villages ...

See also:

Neolithic, Neolithic - Origins and regional development, Neolithic - Social organization, Neolithic - Farming, Neolithic - Technology

Read more here: » Neolithic: Encyclopedia II - Neolithic - Technology

The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. Their measurements were extremely precise. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 1.704mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measure ...

See also:

Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Science