medium format

A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective (the lens that takes the picture), while the other is used for the waist-level viewfinder system. In addition to the objective, the viewfinder consists of a 45-degree mirror (the reason for the word reflex in the name), a matte focusing screen at the top of the camera, and a pop-up hood surrounding it. The two objectives are connected, so that the focus shown on the focusing screen will be exactly the same as on th ...

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Proponents of the Apollo moon landing hoax accusations allege that the Apollo Moon Landings never took place, and were faked by NASA with possible CIA support. According to a 1999 Gallup poll, about 6 percent of the population of the U.S. has doubts that the Apollo astronauts walked on the moon. "Although, if taken literally, 6 percent translates into millions of individuals," Gallup said of this, "it is not unusual to find about that many people in the typical poll agreeing with almost any question that is asked of them -- so the best inter ...

Including:

• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Conspiracy theory
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Motives
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues cited in accusations
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues of photographs
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Ionizing radiation and heat
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Transmission issues
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Mechanical issues
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Moon rocks
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - People claimed to be included in the hoax
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Stanley Kubrick
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Deaths of key people involved with the Apollo program
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Observing the landing sites
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - NASA's rebuttal cancelled
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Flat Earth Society
• Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Pop culture

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120 is a film format for still photography introduced by Kodak for their Brownie No. 2 in 1901, and still very popular, as the surviving medium format. The 120 film allows several image formats, the most common being the 6 × 6 cm (120 square format), or more exactly 56 × 56 mm. It is sometimes referred to as 2¼ × 2¼ inch film, though this is less common. Rectangular formats 6 × 9 cm (120 full-frame format) and 6 × 4.5 cm (120 half-frame format) are also standard. Additionally 6 × 7 cm, and even 6 × 8 cm are used ...

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The bellows is a device for delivering pressured air in a controlled quantity to a controlled location. At its most simple terms a bellows is a container which is deformable in such a way as to alter its volume which has an outlet or outlets where one wishes to blow air. A bellows differs from a fan in that it exerts much greater control in where it delivers the air. Several metallurgical processes require such heat that they could only be developed after the invention of the bellows. See also sylphon for uses of metal be ...

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The word panorama was coined by the Scottish painter Robert Barker in 1792 to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh shown on a cylindrical surface viewed from the inside, which he soon was exhibiting in London, as "The Panorama". Today "panorama" signifies any high aspect ratio or wide screen image or film format, especially suitable for landscapes, where a lot of scenery can be taken in at a glance. Panorama - Panoramic painting. Main article: Panoramic painting Panoramic ...

Including:

• Panorama - Panoramic painting
• Panorama - Panoramic photography
• Panorama - Panoramic cinema

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There are two primary types of photographic film: Print film, when developed, turns into a negative with the colors (or black and white values, in black and white film) inverted. This type of film must be "printed" — either projected through a lens or placed in contact — to photographic paper in order to be viewed as intended. Print films are available in both black & white and color. Color reversal film after development is called a transparency and can be viewed directly ...

See also:

Photographic film, Photographic film - Film basics, Photographic film - History of film, Photographic film - Special films, Photographic film - Common sizes of film, Photographic film - Companies that manufacture photographic film

Read more here: » Photographic film: Encyclopedia II - Photographic film - Film basics

Mamiya - 6x4.5cm format. The Mamiya 645 manual focus series The M645 (discontinued) was manufactured from 1975 to 1987. Non-interchangeable back. The M645 1000S (discontinued) was manufactured from 1976 to 1990. Non-interchangeable back. The M645J (discontinued) was manufactured from 1979 to 1982. Basic entry-level camera, non-interchangeable back. The Mamiya 645 Super (discontinued) was manufactured from 1985 to 1993. The Mamiya 645 Pro (discontinued) was m ...

See also:

Mamiya, Mamiya - Camera products as of 2004, Mamiya - 6x4.5cm format, Mamiya - 6x7cm format, Mamiya - History

Read more here: » Mamiya: Encyclopedia II - Mamiya - Camera products as of 2004

The camera has a following among toy camera enthusiasts and LOMO photographers. The low-fidelity 60mm f/8 plastic lens exhibits many serious faults including soft focus, vignetting, and chromatic aberrations. The plastic camera body is no less prone to fault, often allowing light leaks and failing to hold the 120 size film flat against the film plane when used in its 6x6cm aspect ratio mode, without its 6x4.5cm frame insert. Also, multiple exposures are possible as there is no shutter interlock. In other words, the film advance and shutter a ...

See also:

Holga, Holga - Characteristics, Holga - Modifications / Hacks

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Panoramic photography - Short rotation. Short rotation is a term used to define cameras that have a lens that rotates around the camera's rear nodal point (the optical point from which the focal length is measured) opposite a curved film plane. As the photograph is taken, the lens pivots around its nodal point while, at the same time, a slit exposes the vertical strip of film that is aligned with the axis of the lens. The entire exposure usually takes only a fraction of a second.and the camera's function i ...

See also:

Panoramic photography, Panoramic photography - History, Panoramic photography - Panoramic cameras and methods, Panoramic photography - Short rotation, Panoramic photography - Full rotation, Panoramic photography - Fixed lens, Panoramic photography - Segmented

Read more here: » Panoramic photography: Encyclopedia II - Panoramic photography - Panoramic cameras and methods

A brief treatment of some of the arguments and counter-arguments is given below. For more detail and discussion see the external links. Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues of photographs. Believers in the hoax have alleged various issues with photographs apparently taken on the Moon. Claims and rebuttals 1. Crosshairs on some photos appear to be behind objects, rather than in front of them where they should be, as if the photos were altered. In photo ...

See also:

Apollo moon landing hoax accusations, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Introduction, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Conspiracy theory, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Falsifiability - a case study, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - NASA's rebuttal cancelled, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues and controversies, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues of photographs, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Ionizing radiation and heat, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Transmission issues, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Mechanical issues, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Moon rocks, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Individuals featuring in the controversy, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Stanley Kubrick, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Deaths of key people involved with the Apollo program, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Motives

Read more here: » Apollo moon landing hoax accusations: Encyclopedia II - Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues and controversies

Since it is much easier to manufacture a high-quality linear CCD array that has only a few thousand pixels than a CCD matrix that has millions of them, very high resolution linear CCD camera backs were available much earlier than their CCD matrix counterparts. For example, you could buy an expensive camera back with an over 7,000-pixel horizontal resolution in the mid-1990s. However, as of 2004, you can still hardly ...

See also:

Digital camera back, Digital camera back - Uses, Digital camera back - Technical features, Digital camera back - Sensor size and angle of view

Read more here: » Digital camera back: Encyclopedia II - Digital camera back - Technical features

Rolleiflex - Original Rolleiflex. This first Rolleiflex was produced in 1928, and was the first medium format roll-film camera. It was a twin-lens reflex camera. Rolleiflex - Rolleiflex Automat. Introduced an automatic film counter; this counter senses the thickness of the film backing to accurately begin counting frames, obviating the need for the ruby window that forced the photographer to read the frame number off the back of the film itself. This model won th ...

See also:

Rolleiflex, Rolleiflex - Notable models, Rolleiflex - Original Rolleiflex, Rolleiflex - Rolleiflex Automat, Rolleiflex - Rolleiflex 2.8A, Rolleiflex - Tele Rolleiflex, Rolleiflex - Wide Rolleiflex, Rolleiflex - Rolleiflex SL66, Rolleiflex - Rolleiflex SL 35, Rolleiflex - List of models, Rolleiflex - TLRs, Rolleiflex - Medium format SLRs, Rolleiflex - 35mm SLRs

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Arbus came from a wealthy Jewish family, in which she was overshadowed by her older brother, the poet Howard Nemerov. At age fourteen, she fell in love with actor Allan Arbus, and as soon as she became eighteen, she married him despite objections from her parents. A few years later Allan started to work as a photographer for the US Army, at night teaching Diane what he learned by day; she also learned about photography through Lisette Model. She ran a successful fashion photography studio for twenty years with her husband, before they separated in 1959. The Arbuses had two children, photographer Amy ...

See also:

Diane Arbus, Diane Arbus - Life and work, Diane Arbus - Famous photographs, Diane Arbus - Arbus quotes, Diane Arbus - Feature films, Diane Arbus - External link

Read more here: » Diane Arbus: Encyclopedia II - Diane Arbus - Life and work

At Fotokina in 1986, Nikon revealed a prototype analog electronic still SLR camera, the Nikon SVC, a precursor to the digital SLR (Pierre J., "Nikon SLR-type digital Cameras", [1]). The prototype design lead to the Nikon N8008 two years later which is capable of 0.3 megapixel (ibid [2]). In 1991, Kodak released the first comercially available digital SLR, the Kodak DCS-100. It consisted of a modified Nikon F3 SLR body, modified drive unit, and an external storage unit connected via cable. The camera was capable of producing 1.3 megapi ...

See also:

Digital single-lens reflex camera, Digital single-lens reflex camera - History, Digital single-lens reflex camera - Digital SLR versus Digital compactsDigital Range Finders

Read more here: » Digital single-lens reflex camera: Encyclopedia II - Digital single-lens reflex camera - History

Digital photography - Advantages of digital: consumer cameras. The advantages of digital photography over traditional film include: Instant review of pictures, with no wait for the film to be developed: if there's a problem with a picture, the photographer can immediately correct the problem and take another picture. Only successful pictures need to be printed. This means you can take many shots of the same scene but with slightly different settings, then choose the best one. Doing this with ...

See also:

Digital photography, Digital photography - Sensors, Digital photography - Multifunctionality and connectivity, Digital photography - Performance metrics, Digital photography - Pixel counts, Digital photography - Possible problems, Digital photography - Applications and considerations, Digital photography - Sensor size and angle of view, Digital photography - File types and data storage formats, Digital photography - Digital camera backs, Digital photography - Comparison with film cameras, Digital photography - Advantages of digital: consumer cameras, Digital photography - Advantages of digital: professional cameras, Digital photography - Disadvantages of digital cameras, Digital photography - Equivalent features, Digital photography - A comparison of frame aspect ratios, Digital photography - Market impact, Digital photography - Social impact

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The history of Carl Zeiss AG begins in Jena before World War II, then the world's largest location of camera production. Zeiss Ikon represented a significant part of the production along with dozens of other brands and factories. The destruction of the war caused many companies to divide into smaller subcompanies and others to merge together. Nevertheless, there was an enormous amount of respect for the innovation and engineering that came out of Dresden—before the war, Dresden had been responsible for the world's first SLR camera (the Kine Exakta) and the first ...

See also:

Zeiss, Zeiss - Zeiss Ikon history, Zeiss - Innovations, Zeiss - Reputation

Read more here: » Zeiss: Encyclopedia II - Zeiss - Zeiss Ikon history

Kodak has produced a wide variety of digital cameras for both professional and consumer use. List of products manufactured by Kodak - Kodak Professional Imaging Solutions. Kodak was a leader in professional-grade digital photography products, although in recent years it has retreated from this market. Since Kodak did not have its own line of lenses, Kodak digital SLRs have all taken either Canon EOS or Nikon F-mount lenses; most have either been based on Canon or Nikon 135 film SLRs. DC220 Pro ...

See also:

List of products manufactured by Kodak, List of products manufactured by Kodak - Computer printers, List of products manufactured by Kodak - Printer paper, List of products manufactured by Kodak - Digital cameras, List of products manufactured by Kodak - Kodak Professional Imaging Solutions, List of products manufactured by Kodak - Consumer digital cameras, List of products manufactured by Kodak - Photographic Film

Read more here: » List of products manufactured by Kodak: Encyclopedia II - List of products manufactured by Kodak - Digital cameras

A brief treatment of some of the arguments and counter-arguments is given below. For more detail and discussion see the external links. Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues of photographs. Believers in the hoax have alleged various issues with photographs claimed to have been taken on the Moon. Claims and rebuttals 1. Crosshairs on some photos appear to be behind objects, rather than in front of them where they should be, as if the photos were altered. < ...

See also:

Apollo moon landing hoax accusations, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Conspiracy theory, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Motives, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues cited in accusations, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues of photographs, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Ionizing radiation and heat, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Transmission issues, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Mechanical issues, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Moon rocks, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - People claimed to be included in the hoax, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Stanley Kubrick, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Deaths of key people involved with the Apollo program, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Observing the landing sites, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - NASA's rebuttal cancelled, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Flat Earth Society, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Pop culture

Read more here: » Apollo moon landing hoax accusations: Encyclopedia II - Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues cited in accusations

Especially in panoramic photography, the panoramic format can be taken to extremes, as in this example showing Riddarfjärden in Stockholm: Panoramic images such as the above may be taken using specialized cameras or they may be pieced together from multiple digitized photographs in a process called stitching. However, the most common method of producing panoramic photos is to simply crop away the top and bottom portions an exceptionally wide angle photograph taken on a standard camera (such as 35mm or medium format) so that the aspec ...

See also:

Panorama, Panorama - Panoramic painting, Panorama - Panoramic photography, Panorama - Panoramic cinema

Read more here: » Panorama: Encyclopedia II - Panorama - Panoramic photography

Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Stanley Kubrick. It has been claimed, without any evidence, that in early 1968 (while 2001: A Space Odyssey, which includes scenes taking place on the Moon, was in post-production), NASA secretly approached Kubrick to direct the first three Moon landings. In this scenario the launch and splashdown would be real but the spacecraft would h ...

See also:

Apollo moon landing hoax accusations, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Conspiracy theory, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Motives, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues cited in accusations, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Issues of photographs, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Ionizing radiation and heat, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Transmission issues, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Mechanical issues, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Moon rocks, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - People claimed to be included in the hoax, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Stanley Kubrick, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Deaths of key people involved with the Apollo program, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Observing the landing sites, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - NASA's rebuttal cancelled, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Flat Earth Society, Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - Pop culture

Read more here: » Apollo moon landing hoax accusations: Encyclopedia II - Apollo moon landing hoax accusations - People claimed to be included in the hoax