Zolpidem Zolpidem is a prescription drug used for the short-term treatment of insomnia (sleeping pill). It works quickly (usually within 15 minutes) and has a short half-life (2-3 hours), but will last longer in patients with hepatic failure. Some trade names of zolpidem are Ambien®, Stilnox®, Stilnoct®, or Myslee®.[1] Its sedative effects are similar to those of the benzodiazepines, but i ...

Including:

• Zolpidem - Uses
• Zolpidem - Mechanism of action
• Zolpidem - Abuse
• Zolpidem - Side-effects
• Zolpidem - References and notes

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Alprazolam Anxiety Panic attacks Abuse: Benzodiazepines are widely used for non-medical (i.e., recreational) purposes, and have occasionally been used as "date-rape" drugs Myasthenia gravis Sensitivity to benzodiazepines Acute angle closure glaucoma History of drug dependance or abuse (increased likelihood of dependence) Severe: jaundice (rare) A ...

Including:

• Alprazolam - Indications
• Alprazolam - Narcotic regulations
• Alprazolam - Mechanism of action
• Alprazolam - Pharmacokinetics
• Alprazolam - Recreational use

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Paracetamol (INN) or acetaminophen (USAN) is a popular analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. It is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications and many prescription analgesics. It is remarkably safe in standard doses, but, because of its wide availability, deliberate or accidental overdoses are not uncommon. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) 4-(Acetylam ...

Including:

• Paracetamol - History
• Paracetamol - Available forms
• Paracetamol - Mechanism of action
• Paracetamol - Metabolism
• Paracetamol - Toxicity
• Paracetamol - Overview
• Paracetamol - Mechanism of toxicity
• Paracetamol - Risk factors for toxicity
• Paracetamol - Natural history
• Paracetamol - Diagnosis
• Paracetamol - Treatment

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Amobarbital Amobarbital is a barbiturate with sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties . It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. Amobarbital - Mechanism of Action. According to an in vitro conducted at the University of British Columbia, amobarbital works by activating GABAA receptors, which decreases input resistance, depresses burst and tonic firing, especially in ventrobasal and intralaminar neurons, while at the same time increa ...

Including:

• Amobarbital - Mechanism of Action
• Amobarbital - Metabolism
• Amobarbital - Uses
• Amobarbital - Approved
• Amobarbital - Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label
• Amobarbital - Dependence
• Amobarbital - Overdose
• Amobarbital - Drug Interactions
• Amobarbital - References and End Notes

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Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), skin and skin structure infections, and, in HIV and AIDS patients to prevent, and to treat, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex or MAC. In a ...

Including:

• Clarithromycin - History
• Clarithromycin - Available forms
• Clarithromycin - Mechanism of action
• Clarithromycin - Pharmacokinetics
• Clarithromycin - Metabolism
• Clarithromycin - Side effects
• Clarithromycin - Special Precautions
• Clarithromycin - Contraindications

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Anti-obesity drugs include all pharmacological treatments intended to reduce or control weight. Because these drugs are intended to alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, anti-obesity drugs are medically prescribed only in cases of morbid obesity, where weight loss is life-saving. Anti-obesity drug - Mechanisms of action. Anti-obesity drugs operate through one or more of the following mechanisms: Suppression of the appetite. Increase of the body's metabolism. Including:

• Anti-obesity drug - Mechanisms of action
• Anti-obesity drug - Side effects
• Anti-obesity drug - Limitations of current knowledge
• Anti-obesity drug - Future developments
• Anti-obesity drug - Reference

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Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the catabolism of GABA. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist.[2] Vigabatrin - Mechanism of Action. Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses.^Including:

• Vigabatrin - Mechanism of Action
• Vigabatrin - Pharmacokinetics
• Vigabatrin - Uses
• Vigabatrin - Approved/Clinically Proven
• Vigabatrin - Unapproved/Investigational
• Vigabatrin - Adverse Effects
• Vigabatrin - Central Nervous System
• Vigabatrin - Gastrointestinal
• Vigabatrin - Body as a Whole
• Vigabatrin - Teratogenicity
• Vigabatrin - More on Abnormal Vision
• Vigabatrin - Drug Interactions
• Vigabatrin - Brand Names
• Vigabatrin - References and End Notes

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There are hundreds of secondary metabolites in the plant kingdom, and many are known to be phytotoxic (Einhellig, 2002). Allelopathic effects of these compounds are often observed to occur early in the life cycle, causing inhibition of seed germination and/or seedling growth. The compounds exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action, from affects on DNA (alkaloids), photosynthetic and mitochondrial function (quinones), phytohormone activity, ion uptake, and water balance (phenolics). Interpretations of mechanisms of action are complicated by the fact that individual compounds can ...

See also:

Allelopathy, Allelopathy - Mechanisms of action, Allelopathy - Demonstrating allelopathy in nature, Allelopathy - Role of plant stress, Allelopathy - Examples of allelopathy

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For the alleviation of flatulence, an antifoaming agent such as simethicone may be taken orally. This agent will coalesce the smalller gas bubbles into larger bubbles, thereby easing the release of gas within the gastrointestinal tract via burping or flatulence. For the prevention of flatulence, an enzyme-based dietary supplement may be helpful. Substances indigestible by humans are usually present in foods associated with flatulence. When these substances reach the large intestine intact, they may be fermented by intest ...

See also:

Antiflatulent, Antiflatulent - Mechanisms of Action, Antiflatulent - Members, Antiflatulent - Antifoaming Agents, Antiflatulent - Enzyme-based Dietary Supplements

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As with most anticonvulsants, the precise mechanism is unknown. It has been shown to have anticonvulsant effects on its own. It can prevent the reuptake of GABA and inhibit its metabolism. It also improves the effectiveness of many other anticonvulsants, possibly due to it inhibiting certain enzymes. This slows the drug's metabolism, increasing blood plasma levels. ...

See also:

Stiripentol, Stiripentol - Mechanism of Action, Stiripentol - Approval History, Stiripentol - E.U., Stiripentol - Indications & Usage, Stiripentol - Dosing, Stiripentol - Side Effects, Stiripentol - Drug Interactions

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Action potential - Resting membrane potential. The membrane voltage changes that take place during an action potential result from changes in the permeability of the membrane to specific ions (particularly sodium and potassium), the internal and external concentrations of which cells maintain in an imbalance. This imbalance makes possible not only action potentials but also the resting cell potential arises through the work of pumps (eg, the sodium-potassium exchanger) as well as ion channels (eg, the potassium l ...

See also:

Action potential, Action potential - Overview, Action potential - Underlying mechanism, Action potential - Resting membrane potential, Action potential - Action potential phases, Action potential - Threshold and initiation, Action potential - Circuit model, Action potential - Propagation, Action potential - Speed of propagation, Action potential - Saltatory conduction, Action potential - Refractory period, Action potential - Why an action potential?

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Ribavirin's carboxamide group can resemble adenine or guanosine, depending on its rotation, and for this reason when ribavirin is incorporated into RNA, it pairs equally well with either cytosine or uridine, inducing mutations in RNA-dependent replication in RNA viruses. Such hypermutation can be lethal to RNA viruses. Ribavirin 5' mono- di- and tri-phosphates, in addition, are all inhibitors of certain viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases which are ...

See also:

Ribavirin, Ribavirin - History, Ribavirin - Future: Other Viral Activities, Ribavirin - Chemistry, Ribavirin - Derivatives, Ribavirin - Viramidine, Ribavirin - Mechanisms of Action, Ribavirin - Pharmacology

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In 1976, Lippman and Pugsley reported that viloxazine, like imipramine, inhibited norepinephrine reuptake in the hearts of rats and mice; unlike imipramine, (or desipramine or amitriptyline, for that matter) it did not block reuptake of norepinephrine in neither the medullae nor the hypothalami of rats. As for serotonin, while its reuptake inhibition was comparable to that of desipramine (i.e., very weak), viloxazine did potentiate serotonin-mediated brain functions in a manner similar to amitriptyline and imipramine, which are relatively po ...

See also:

Viloxazine, Viloxazine - Uses, Viloxazine - Approved, Viloxazine - Unapproved/Off-Label/Investigational, Viloxazine - Mechanism of Action, Viloxazine - Side Effects, Viloxazine - Drug Interactions

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Newton's laws of motion can be stated in various ways. One of them is the Lagrangian formalism, also called Lagrangian mechanics. If we denote the trajectory of a particle as a function of time t as x(t), with a velocity x′(t), then the Lagrangian is a function dependent on these quantities and possibly also explicitly on time: The action integral S is the integral of the Lagrangian over time between a given starting point x(t1) at time t1 and a given end point xSee also:

Action physics, Action physics - Some applications of the action principle, Action physics - History, Action physics - Action principle in classical mechanics, Action physics - Euler-Lagrange equations for the action integral, Action physics - Example: Free particle in polar coordinates, Action physics - Einstein-Hilbert action, Action physics - Literature

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Clobazam, like other 1,5-benzodiazepines, has less affinity for the ω1-allosteric binding site on the GABAA receptor compared to the 1,4-benzodiazepines, and it has selective affinity for the ω2 site, where it has agonistic activity.[5] In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial published in 1990 comparing it to clonazepam, 10 or 20 mg of clobazam was shown to be much less sedating than either 0.5 or 1 mg of clonazepam.< ...

See also:

Clobazam, Clobazam - Mechanism of Action, Clobazam - Metabolism, Clobazam - Uses, Clobazam - Approved, Clobazam - Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label, Clobazam - Adverse Effects, Clobazam - Rare, Clobazam - Contraindications, Clobazam - Preexisting Conditions, Clobazam - Drug Interactions, Clobazam - End Notes

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Although auxins and their effects have been known for a long time, mechanisms of action in plants have remained unknown for a long time. In 2005 it was demonstrated that the F-box protein TIR1, which is part of the ubiquitin ligase complex SCFTIR1, is an auxin receptor. Upon auxin binding TIR1 recruit specific transcriptional repressors (the Aux/IAA repressors) for ubiquitination by the SCF complex. This marking process leads to the degradation of the repressors by the proteasome, alleviating repression and leading to specific gene expression in reponse to auxins. Another protein called ABP1 (Auxin Bindi ...

See also:

Auxin, Auxin - Overview, Auxin - Hormonal activity, Auxin - On a cellular level, Auxin - Organ patterns, Auxin - Organization of the plant, Auxin - Locations, Auxin - Effects, Auxin - Molecular mechanisms of auxin action, Auxin - Herbicide manufacture, Auxin - Sources

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Anti-obesity drugs operate through one or more of the following mechanisms: Suppression of the appetite. Increase of the body's metabolism. Interference with the body's ability to absorb specific nutrients in food. For example, orlistat blocks fat breakdown and thereby prevents fat absorption. Anorectics (also known as anorexigenics) are primarily intended to suppress the appetite, but most of the drugs in this class also act as stimulants (dexedrine, e.g.), and patients have abu ...

See also:

Anti-obesity drug, Anti-obesity drug - Mechanisms of action, Anti-obesity drug - Side effects, Anti-obesity drug - Limitations of current knowledge, Anti-obesity drug - Future developments, Anti-obesity drug - Reference

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Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses.[3] Vigabatrin is a racemic compound, and its [S]-enantiomer is pharmacologically active.[4],^{See also:}

Vigabatrin, Vigabatrin - Mechanism of Action, Vigabatrin - Pharmacokinetics, Vigabatrin - Uses, Vigabatrin - Approved/Clinically Proven, Vigabatrin - Unapproved/Investigational, Vigabatrin - Adverse Effects, Vigabatrin - Central Nervous System, Vigabatrin - Gastrointestinal, Vigabatrin - Body as a Whole, Vigabatrin - Teratogenicity, Vigabatrin - More on Abnormal Vision, Vigabatrin - Drug Interactions, Vigabatrin - Brand Names, Vigabatrin - References and End Notes

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Another differing point among semi-automatic pistols are their trigger and ignition systems. Early designs used so-called "single-action" mechanisms whereby a hammer had to be manually cocked to fire the first shot (though for subsequent shots the hammer was cocked by the energy associated with the recoil from the preceding shot). This was usually somewhat mitigated, however, as racking the slide to chamber the first round would initially cock the hammer. Then, when the trigger was pulled, the hammer would hit the firing pin which would then ...

See also:

Semi-automatic self-loading pistol, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Technology, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Actions blowback vs. breechlock, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Trigger mechanisms double vs. single action, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - History, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Famous semi-automatic handguns

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Another differing point among semi-automatic pistols are their trigger and ignition systems. Early designs used so-called "single-action" mechanisms whereby a hammer had to be manually cocked to fire the first shot (though for subsequent shots the hammer was cocked by the energy associated with the recoil from the preceding shot). This was usually somewhat mitigated, however, as racking the slide to chamber the first round would initially cock the hammer. Then, when the trigger was pulled, the hammer would hit the firing pin which would then ...

See also:

Semi-automatic self-loading pistol, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Technology, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Actions, blowback vs. breechlock, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Trigger mechanisms, double vs. single action, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - History, Semi-automatic self-loading pistol - Famous semi-automatic handguns

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Although equivalent in classical mechanics with Newton's laws, the action principle is better suited for generalizations and plays an important role in modern physics. Indeed, this principle is one of the great generalizations in physical science. In particular, it is fully appreciated and best understood within quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman's path integral formulation of quantum mechanics is based on a stationary-action principle, using path integ ...

See also:

Action physics, Action physics - Some applications of the action principle, Action physics - History, Action physics - Action principle in classical mechanics, Action physics - Euler-Lagrange equations for the action integral, Action physics - Example: Free particle in polar coordinates, Action physics - Einstein-Hilbert action, Action physics - Literature

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These are mechanics that control how the players play the game. Game mechanic - Action points. These control what players may do on their turns in the game by allocating each player a budget of action points each turn. These points may be spent performing various actions according to the game rules, such as moving pieces, drawing cards, collecting money, etc. This type of mechanic is common in many German-style board games. ...

See also:

Game mechanic, Game mechanic - Game play mechanics, Game mechanic - Action points, Game mechanic - Auction or bidding, Game mechanic - Cards, Game mechanic - Capture, Game mechanic - Dice, Game mechanic - Movement, Game mechanic - Resource management, Game mechanic - Role-playing, Game mechanic - Tile-laying, Game mechanic - Victory condition mechanics, Game mechanic - Goals, Game mechanic - Piece elimination, Game mechanic - Puzzle guessing, Game mechanic - Races, Game mechanic - Structure building, Game mechanic - Territory control, Game mechanic - Victory points, Game mechanic - Gameplay vs. game mechanics in video games

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