Loop diuretics act on the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption. Because magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending loop is dependent on sodium and chloride concentrations, loop diuretics also inhibit their reabsorption. This raises the osmotic pressure inside the loop, driving more water into the filtrate causing increased urine volume. Loop diuretics also cause vasodilation of the veins and of the kidney's blood vessel ...

See also:

Loop diuretic, Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action, Loop diuretic - Clinical use, Loop diuretic - Loop diuretic resistance, Loop diuretic - Adverse effects, Loop diuretic - Examples of loop diuretics

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The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal opening. The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter muscle and velocity of the gas being propelled, as well as other factors such as moisture and body fat. Flatus is brought to the anus in the same peristalsis method as feces, causing a similar feeling of urgency and discomfort. Nerve endings in the rectum learn to distinguish between flatus and feces, although loose stool can confuse these nerves, and sometimes slips o ...

See also:

Flatulence, Flatulence - Amount and constituents, Flatulence - Causes, Flatulence - Mechanism of action, Flatulence - Remedies, Flatulence - Dietary, Flatulence - Pharmacological, Flatulence - Cosmetic, Flatulence - Health effects, Flatulence - In animals, Flatulence - Environmental impact, Flatulence - Social context, Flatulence - Literature and the arts, Flatulence - Curiosities

Read more here: » Flatulence: Encyclopedia II - Flatulence - Mechanism of action

The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal opening. The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter muscle and velocity of the gas being propelled, as well as other factors such as moisture and body fat. Flatus is brought to the anus in the same peristalsis method as feces, causing a similar feeling of urgency and discomfort. Nerve endings in the rectum learn to distinguish between flatus and feces, although loose stool can confuse these nerve ...

See also:

Flatulence, Flatulence - Amount and constituents, Flatulence - Causes, Flatulence - Mechanism of action, Flatulence - Remedies, Flatulence - Dietary, Flatulence - Pharmacological, Flatulence - Cosmetic, Flatulence - Health effects, Flatulence - In animals, Flatulence - Environmental impact, Flatulence - Social context, Flatulence - Literature and the arts, Flatulence - Curiosities

Read more here: » Flatulence: Encyclopedia II - Flatulence - Mechanism of action

Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane, in particular the so-called voltage-gated sodium channels. When the influx of sodium is interrupted, an action potential cannot arise and signal conduction is thus inhibited. The receptor site is thought to be located at the cytoplasmic (inner) portion of the sodium channel. Local anesthetic drugs selectively bind to activated and inactivated sodium channel (without binding to sodium channel in resting membrane ...

See also:

Local anesthetic, Local anesthetic - Mechanism of action, Local anesthetic - Undesired effects, Local anesthetic - Central nervous system, Local anesthetic - Cardiovascular system, Local anesthetic - Hypersensitivity/Allergy, Local anesthetic - Methemoglobinemia, Local anesthetic - Clinically used local anesthetics

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Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the K+/H+-ATPase, or more commonly just proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell. The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H+ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion. Targeting the terminal-step in acid production, as well as the irreversible nature of the inhibition, result in a class of drugs that is significantly more effective than H2 ...

See also:

Proton pump inhibitor, Proton pump inhibitor - Clinical Use, Proton pump inhibitor - Mechanism of action, Proton pump inhibitor - Pharmacokinetics, Proton pump inhibitor - Examples of proton pump inhibitors, Proton pump inhibitor - Adverse effects

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Calcium channel blockers work by blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the heart and in the blood vessels. This prevents calcium levels from increasing as much in the cells when stimulated, leading to less contraction. This decreases total peripheral resistance by dilating the blood vessels, and decreases cardiac output by lowering the force of contraction. Because resistance and output drop, so does blood pressure. With low blood pressure, the heart does not have to work as hard, t ...

See also:

Calcium channel blocker, Calcium channel blocker - Mechanism of action, Calcium channel blocker - List of calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Phenylalkylamine calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Benzothiazepine calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Other, Calcium channel blocker - Other drugs with similar uses

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Several different types of 'the Pill' exist. Generally, they all have different synthetic estrogens and progestins, chemical analogues of the natural hormones, estradiol (an estrogen) and progesterone (a progestagen). Most common brands use 20 to 40 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol as the estrogen component and either a fixed or varying (the bi- and triphasic pills) amount of either levonorgestrel or norethindrone as the progestagen component. Please see Progesterone only pills which, lacking any estrogen, have generall ...

See also:

Oral contraceptive, Oral contraceptive - Principles, Oral contraceptive - Use, Oral contraceptive - Mechanism of action, Oral contraceptive - Effectiveness, Oral contraceptive - Packaging, Oral contraceptive - Drug interactions, Oral contraceptive - Side-effects, Oral contraceptive - Formulations, Oral contraceptive - Effects on sexuality, Oral contraceptive - Cautions and contraindications, Oral contraceptive - Benefits, Oral contraceptive - History, Oral contraceptive - Invention, Oral contraceptive - France, Oral contraceptive - Japan

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Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses.[3] Vigabatrin is a racemic compound, and its [S]-enantiomer is pharmacologically active.[4],^{See also:}

Vigabatrin, Vigabatrin - Mechanism of action, Vigabatrin - Pharmacokinetics, Vigabatrin - Uses, Vigabatrin - Approved/clinically proven, Vigabatrin - Unapproved/Investigational, Vigabatrin - Adverse effects, Vigabatrin - Central nervous system, Vigabatrin - Gastrointestinal, Vigabatrin - Body as a Whole, Vigabatrin - Teratogenicity, Vigabatrin - More on abnormal vision, Vigabatrin - Drug interactions, Vigabatrin - Brand names, Vigabatrin - References and end notes

Read more here: » Vigabatrin: Encyclopedia II - Vigabatrin - Mechanism of action

In physics, the action principle is an assertion about the nature of motion, from which the trajectory of an object subject to forces can be determined. The path of an object is the one that yields a stationary value for a quantity called the action. Thus, instead of thinking about an object accelerating in response to applied forces, one might think of them picking out the path with a stationary action. The principle is also called the principle of stationary action and also Hamilton's principle. Other sta ...

Including:

• Action physics - Some applications of the action principle
• Action physics - History
• Action physics - Action principle in classical mechanics
• Action physics - Euler-Lagrange equations for the action integral
• Action physics - Example: Free particle in polar coordinates
• Action physics - Einstein-Hilbert action
• Action physics - Literature

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Chloroquine Chloroquine is a commonly used form of medication against malaria. As it also mildly suppresses the immune system, it is used in some autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine - Pharmacology. It has a very high volume of distribution, as it diffuses into the body's adipose tissue. Primaquine Chloroquine - Mechanism of action. Inside the red blood cells, the parasite must degrad ...

Including:

• Chloroquine - Pharmacology
• Chloroquine - Mechanism of action

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Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive (to lower high blood pressure) agent, used mainly for this purpose in the past. It has found new uses, including treatment of some types of neuropathic pain, opioid detoxification, and, off-label, to counter the side effects of stimulant medication such as Methylphenidate. It is also increasingly becoming a more accepted alternative to fight insomnia as the drug is less addictive than most prescription sleep aids. Because of the above effects, Clonidine is increasingly used in conjuncti ...

Including:

• Clonidine - Mechanism of action
• Clonidine - Administration

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Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. As a toxic and difficult-to-use antibiotic, bacitracin doesn't work well orally. However, it is very effective topically. Bacitracin - Mechanism of action. Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule which carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the i ...

Including:

• Bacitracin - Mechanism of action
• Bacitracin - Clinical use

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An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are used by the body to communicate fast internal messages between its tissues making them an essential feature of animal life at the microscopic level. They can be created by many types of body cells, but are used most extensively by the nervous system to send messages between nerve cells and from nerve ...

Including:

• Action potential - Overview
• Action potential - Underlying mechanism
• Action potential - Resting membrane potential
• Action potential - Action potential phases
• Action potential - Threshold and initiation
• Action potential - Circuit model
• Action potential - Propagation
• Action potential - Speed of propagation
• Action potential - Saltatory conduction
• Action potential - Refractory period
• Action potential - Why an action potential?

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Emollients are substances which soften and soothe the skin. They are used to correct dryness and scaling of the skin. The terms 'moisturiser' (to add moisture) and 'emollient' (to soften) are interchangeable as they describe different effects of these agents on the skin. Emollient - Mechanism of action. Emollients have two basic actions: Occlusion - providing a layer of oil on the surface of the skin to slow water loss and thus increase the moisture content of the stratum ...

Including:

• Emollient - Mechanism of action

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For the computer science term, see Action at a distance (computer science). In physics, action at a distance is the interaction of two objects which are separated in space with no known mediator of the interaction. This term was used most often with early theories of gravity and electromagnetism to describe how an object could "know" the mass (in the case o ...

Including:

• Action at a distance physics - Electricity
• Action at a distance physics - Gravity
• Action at a distance physics - Newton
• Action at a distance physics - Einstein
• Action at a distance physics - Quantum mechanics

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A bolt-action firearm is typically a rifle that is manually operated (i.e. by hand), specifically that the opening and closing of the breech is controlled manually by a bolt. The term "action" references the means by which a firearm operates. Bolt action - Mechanics. Typically, the bolt consists of a tube of metal inside of which the firing mechanism is housed, and which has at the front or rear of the tube several metal knobs, or "lugs", which serve to lock the bolt in place. The operation can be done via ...

Including:

• Bolt action - Mechanics
• Bolt action - Loading
• Bolt action - History

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Tramadol N02AX02 Tramadol is an opioid used as an analgesic for treating moderate to severe pain. It is a synthetic agent, unrelated to other opioids, and appears to have actions on the GABAergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Tramadol was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH and marketed under the trade name Tramal®. Grünenthal has also cross licensed the drug to many other pharmaceutical companies that market it under ...

Including:

• Tramadol - Mechanism of action
• Tramadol - Dependence
• Tramadol - Proprietary preparations

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Vancomycin A07AA09 J01XA01 Vancomycin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It is a branched tricyclic glycosylated nonribosomal peptide produced by the fermentation of the Actinobacteria species Amycolatopsis orientalis (formerly Nocardia orientalis). It is often reserved as the "drug of last resort", used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed. With the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant-bacter ...

Including:

• Vancomycin - Mechanism of action
• Vancomycin - Therapeutic considerations
• Vancomycin - Clinical indications
• Vancomycin - Resistance

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An antiflatulent agent is a drug used for the alleviation or prevention of excessive intestinal gas, i.e. flatulence. Antiflatulent - Mechanisms of Action. For the alleviation of flatulence, an antifoaming agent such as simethicone may be taken orally. This agent will coalesce the smalller gas bubbles into larger bubbles, thereby easing the release of gas within the gastrointestinal tract via burping or flatulence. For the prevention of flatulence, an enzyme-based dietary supplement may ...

Including:

• Antiflatulent - Mechanisms of Action
• Antiflatulent - Members
• Antiflatulent - Antifoaming Agents
• Antiflatulent - Enzyme-based Dietary Supplements

Read more here: » Antiflatulent: Encyclopedia - Antiflatulent

Amitriptyline N-dimethyl-1-propanamine Amitriptyline hydrochloride is an antidepressant drug from the tricyclic antidepressant group, which is sold under the trade names Elavil®, Tryptanol® or Endep®. It is a white, odorless, crystalline compound which is freely soluble in water. It is usually dispensed in tablet form. The empirical formula of its hydrochloride salt is C20H23N·HCl. Amitriptyline - Mechanism of Action. Amitript ...

Including:

• Amitriptyline - Mechanism of Action
• Amitriptyline - Uses
• Amitriptyline - Approved
• Amitriptyline - Unapproved/Off-Label/Investigational

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Clindamycin Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic. Clindamycin is a semisynthetic antibiotic and derived from lincomycin by the addition of chloride. Clindamycin is sold under brand names such as Dalacin and Cleocin. It is most effective against infections involving the following types of organisms: Aerobic gram-positive cocci, including some members of the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (eg. pneumococcus) genera. Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, including some members of the Bacte ...

Including:

• Clindamycin - Available forms
• Clindamycin - Mechanism of action
• Clindamycin - Pharmacokinetics
• Clindamycin - Metabolism
• Clindamycin - Side effects

Read more here: » Clindamycin: Encyclopedia - Clindamycin

Azithromycin is the first macrolide antibiotic belonging to the azalide group. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin by adding a nitrogen atom into the lactone ring of erythromycin A, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax and Sumamed, and is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics. Azithromycin is used for the treatment of respiratory-tract, soft-tissue and genitourinary infections. Azithromycin - Etymology. Azithromycin's name i ...

Including:

• Azithromycin - Etymology
• Azithromycin - History
• Azithromycin - Available forms
• Azithromycin - Mechanism of action
• Azithromycin - Pharmacokinetics
• Azithromycin - Metabolism
• Azithromycin - Side effects

Read more here: » Azithromycin: Encyclopedia - Azithromycin