Nadolol non-selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors mainly in the heart, inhibiting the effects of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and decreasing heart rate and blood pressure. It also blocks beta-2 adrenergic receptors located in bronchiole smooth muscle, causing vasoconstriction. By binding beta-2 receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, nadolol inhibits the production of renin, thereby inhibiting angiotensin II and aldosterone production. Nadolol therefore inhibits the vasoconstriction and water retention due to angiotensin II and aldosterone, respectively. The drug impai ...

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Nadolol, Nadolol - Chemistry and pharmacokinetics, Nadolol - Mechanism of action, Nadolol - Indications, Nadolol - Contraindications, Nadolol - Side effects

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Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase. The active form inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid in the mycobacterial cell wall. Isoniazid reaches therapeutic concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and within caseous granulomas. Isoniazid is metabolized in the liver via acetylation. There are two forms of the enzyme responsible for acetylation, so that some patients metabolize the drug quicker than others. Hence, the half-life is bimodal with peaks at 1 hour and 3 hours in the US population. The metabolites are excreted in the urine. Doses do not usua ...

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Isoniazid, Isoniazid - Mechanism of action, Isoniazid - Side effects, Isoniazid - Reference

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The exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, but it is thought that the primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory/antipyretic/analgesic action is inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). Diclofenac, it seems, may also be a unique member of the NSAIDs. There is some evidence that diclofenac inhibits the lipooxygenase pathways, thus reducing formation of the leukotrienes (also pro-inflammatory autacoids). There is also speculation that diclofenac may inhibit phospholipase A2 ...

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Diclofenac, Diclofenac - Mechanism of action, Diclofenac - Common uses, Diclofenac - Off label/investigational uses, Diclofenac - Contraindications, Diclofenac - Side effects, Diclofenac - Veterinary information, Diclofenac - Interactions, Diclofenac - Dosage, Diclofenac - Animal toxicity and human overdose, Diclofenac - Environmental problems, Diclofenac - Reference

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Clonidine is a centrally-acting alpha-2 agonist. It selectively stimulates receptors in the brain that monitor catecholamine levels in the blood. These receptors close a feedback loop that begins with descending sympathetic nerves from the brain that control the production of catecholamines (epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, and norepinephrine) in the adrenal medulla. By fooling the brain into believing that catecholamine levels are higher than they really are, clonidine causes the brain to reduce its signals to the adrenal medulla, whi ...

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Clonidine, Clonidine - Mechanism of action, Clonidine - Administration

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Chlorpromazine - Central. Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-receptors (subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4 - different antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms), on serotonergic-receptors (5-HT1 and 5-HT2, with anxiolytic, antidepressive and antiaggressive properties as well as an attenuation of extrapypramidal side-effects, but also leading to weight gain, fall in blood pressure, sedation and ejaculation difficulties), on hi ...

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Chlorpromazine, Chlorpromazine - Chemistry, Chlorpromazine - Mechanism of action, Chlorpromazine - Central, Chlorpromazine - Peripheral, Chlorpromazine - History, Chlorpromazine - Side effects, Chlorpromazine - Interactions, Chlorpromazine - Cancer risk carcinogenecity, Chlorpromazine - Uses, Chlorpromazine - Common uses, Chlorpromazine - Off-label and controversial uses, Chlorpromazine - Veterinary uses, Chlorpromazine - Dosage, Chlorpromazine - Necessary examinations and laboratory checks during treatment, Chlorpromazine - Discontinuation of treatment, Chlorpromazine - Sources

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Adefovir works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that is crucial for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to reproduce in the body. It is approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevations in serum aminotransferases (primarily ALT) or histologically active disease. Adefovir is a failed treatment for HIV due to the severity and frequency of kidney toxicity when dosed at 60 or 120mg. However, trials have found the 10mg dose of adefov ...

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Adefovir, Adefovir - History, Adefovir - Mechanism of action

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Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses.[3] Vigabatrin is a racemic compound, and its [S]-enantiomer is pharmacologically active.[4],^{See also:}

Vigabatrin, Vigabatrin - Mechanism of action, Vigabatrin - Pharmacokinetics, Vigabatrin - Uses, Vigabatrin - Approved/clinically proven, Vigabatrin - Unapproved/Investigational, Vigabatrin - Adverse effects, Vigabatrin - Central nervous system, Vigabatrin - Gastrointestinal, Vigabatrin - Body as a Whole, Vigabatrin - Teratogenicity, Vigabatrin - More on abnormal vision, Vigabatrin - Drug interactions, Vigabatrin - Brand names, Vigabatrin - References and end notes

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Didanosine (ddI) is a nucleoside analogue of adenosine. It differs from other nucleoside analogues, because it does not have any of the regular bases, instead it has hypoxanthine attached to the sugar ring. Within the cell, ddI is, by cellular enzymes, phosphorylated to active metabolite of dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, ddATP. Like other anti-HIV nucleside analogs, it acts as a chain terminator by incorporation and inhibits viral rev ...

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Didanosine, Didanosine - History, Didanosine - Mechanism of action, Didanosine - Adverse affects

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Flecainide works by blocking the Nav1.5 sodium channel in the heart, causing prolongation of the cardiac action potential.6 This thereby slows conduction of the electrical impulse within the heart. The greatest effect is on the His-Purkinje system and ventricular myocardium. The effect of flecainide on the ventricular myocardium causes decreased contractility of the muscle, which leads to a decrease in the ejection fraction. The effect of flecainide on the sodium channels of the heart increases as the heart rate increases.< ...

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Flecainide, Flecainide - Uses, Flecainide - Dosing, Flecainide - Mechanism of action, Flecainide - Metabolism and drug interactions, Flecainide - Serious adverse reactions, Flecainide - Toxicity, Flecainide - Long term effects

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The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal opening. The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter muscle and velocity of the gas being propelled, as well as other factors such as moisture and body fat. Flatus is brought to the anus in the same peristalsis method as feces, causing a similar feeling of urgency and discomfort. Nerve endings in the rectum learn to distinguish between flatus and feces, although loose stool can confuse these nerve ...

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Flatulence, Flatulence - Amount and constituents, Flatulence - Causes, Flatulence - Mechanism of action, Flatulence - Remedies, Flatulence - Dietary, Flatulence - Pharmacological, Flatulence - Cosmetic, Flatulence - Health effects, Flatulence - In animals, Flatulence - Environmental impact, Flatulence - Social context, Flatulence - Literature and the arts, Flatulence - Curiosities

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Phentermine, as many other prescription drugs, works with neurotransmitters in the brain. It is a centrally-acting stimulant chemically related to the amphetamines. It stimulates neuron bundles to release a particular group of neurotransmitters known as catecholamines; these include dopamine, epinephrine (also known as adrenalin), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). This is the same mechanism of action as other stimulant appetite suppresants such as ...

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Phentermine, Phentermine - History, Phentermine - Mechanism of action, Phentermine - Clinical use, Phentermine - Side effects, Phentermine - Contraindications

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The burning and painful sensations associated with capsaicin result from capsaicin's chemical interaction with sensory neurons. Capsaicin, as a member of the vanilloid family, binds to a receptor called the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1). First cloned in 1997, VR1 is an ion channel-type receptor. VR1, which can also be stimulated with heat and physical abrasion, permits positively-charged ions (i.e. cations) to pass through the cell membrane and into the cell from outside when activated. The resulting "depolarization" of the neuron stimu ...

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Capsaicin, Capsaicin - Capsaicinoids, Capsaicin - Uses, Capsaicin - Food, Capsaicin - Medical, Capsaicin - Non-lethal force, Capsaicin - Pest deterrent, Capsaicin - Mechanism of action, Capsaicin - Capsaicin high

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Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the α-subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased am ...

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Digoxin, Digoxin - Actions, Digoxin - Mechanism of action, Digoxin - Clinical use, Digoxin - Side effects, Digoxin - Other, Digoxin - In the news

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The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal opening. The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter muscle and velocity of the gas being propelled, as well as other factors such as moisture and body fat. Flatus is brought to the anus in the same peristalsis method as feces, causing a similar feeling of urgency and discomfort. Nerve endings in the rectum learn to distinguish between flatus and feces, although loose stool can confuse these nerves, and sometimes slips o ...

See also:

Flatulence, Flatulence - Amount and constituents, Flatulence - Causes, Flatulence - Mechanism of action, Flatulence - Remedies, Flatulence - Dietary, Flatulence - Pharmacological, Flatulence - Cosmetic, Flatulence - Health effects, Flatulence - In animals, Flatulence - Environmental impact, Flatulence - Social context, Flatulence - Literature and the arts, Flatulence - Curiosities

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Several different types of 'the Pill' exist. Generally, they all have different synthetic estrogens and progestins, chemical analogues of the natural hormones, estradiol (an estrogen) and progesterone (a progestagen). Most common brands use 20 to 40 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol as the estrogen component and either a fixed or varying (the bi- and triphasic pills) amount of either levonorgestrel or norethindrone as the progestagen component. Please see Progesterone only pills which, lacking any estrogen, have generall ...

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Oral contraceptive, Oral contraceptive - Principles, Oral contraceptive - Use, Oral contraceptive - Mechanism of action, Oral contraceptive - Effectiveness, Oral contraceptive - Packaging, Oral contraceptive - Drug interactions, Oral contraceptive - Side-effects, Oral contraceptive - Formulations, Oral contraceptive - Effects on sexuality, Oral contraceptive - Cautions and contraindications, Oral contraceptive - Benefits, Oral contraceptive - History, Oral contraceptive - Invention, Oral contraceptive - France, Oral contraceptive - Japan

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Amiodarone is categorized as a class III antiarrhythmic agent, and prolongs phase 3 of the cardiac action potential. It has numerous other effects however, including actions that are similar to those of antiarrhythmic classes Ia, II, and IV. Amiodarone shows beta blocker-like and calcium channel blocker-like actions on the SA and AV nodes, increases the refractory period via sodium- and potassium-channel effects, and slows intra-cardiac conduction of the car ...

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Amiodarone, Amiodarone - History, Amiodarone - Dosing, Amiodarone - Mechanism of action, Amiodarone - Indications for use, Amiodarone - Ventricular fibrillation, Amiodarone - Ventricular tachycardia, Amiodarone - Atrial fibrillation, Amiodarone - Contraindications, Amiodarone - Metabolism, Amiodarone - Interactions with other drugs, Amiodarone - Excretion, Amiodarone - Side effects, Amiodarone - Thyroid, Amiodarone - Eye, Amiodarone - Gastrointestinal system, Amiodarone - Skin, Amiodarone - Lung, Amiodarone - Related topics

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Paracetamol has long been suspected of having a similar mechanism of action to aspirin because of the similarity in structure. That is, it has been assumed that paracetamol acts by reducing production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the pain and fever processes, by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. However, there are important differences between the effects of aspirin and those of paracetamol. Prostaglandins participate in the inflammatory response, but paracetamol has no appreciable anti-inflammatory action. Furth ...

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Paracetamol, Paracetamol - History, Paracetamol - Available forms, Paracetamol - Mechanism of action, Paracetamol - Metabolism, Paracetamol - Toxicity, Paracetamol - Overview, Paracetamol - Mechanism of toxicity, Paracetamol - Risk factors for toxicity, Paracetamol - Natural history, Paracetamol - Diagnosis, Paracetamol - Treatment

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Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine, that is, a benzodiazepine with a triazolo-ring attached to its structure. Alprazolam binds to the GABAA subtype of the GABA receptor, increasing inhibitory effects of GABA within the central nervous system. The binding site for benzodiazepines is distinct from the binding site for GABA on the GABA receptor. Unlike other benzodiazepines, alprazolam may also have some antidepressant activi ...

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Alprazolam, Alprazolam - Indications, Alprazolam - Narcotic regulations, Alprazolam - Mechanism of action, Alprazolam - Pharmacokinetics, Alprazolam - Recreational use

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Gefitinib is the first selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. The target protein (tyrosine kinase) is also sometimes referred to as Her1 or ErbB-1 depending on the literature source. EGFR is overexpressed in the cells of certain types of human carcinomas - for example in lung and breast cancers. This leads to inappropriate activation of the apoptotic Ras signal transduction cascade, eventually leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Research on gefitinib-sensitive non-small cell lung cancer ...

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Gefitinib, Gefitinib - Mechanism of action, Gefitinib - Clinical uses, Gefitinib - Genzyme test, Gefitinib - Adverse effects, Gefitinib - Common, Gefitinib - Infrequent

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Heparin works by potentiating the action of antithrombin III, as it is similar to the heparan sulfate proteoglycans which are naturally present on the cell membrane of the endothelium. Because antithrombin III inactivates many coagulation proteins, the process of coagulation will slow down. The effects of heparin are measured in the lab by the partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), (the time it takes the blood plasma to clot). ...

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Heparin, Heparin - History, Heparin - Mechanism of action, Heparin - Administration, Heparin - Medical use, Heparin - Other uses, Heparin - Treatment of overdose, Heparin - Adverse reactions

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Within the cells, small-molecule neurotransmitter molecules are usually packaged in vesicles. When an action potential travels to the synapse, the rapid depolarization causes calcium ion channels to open. Calcium then stimulates the transport of vesicles to the synaptic membrane; the vesicle and cell membrane fuse, leading to the release of the packaged neurotransmitter, a mechanism called exocytosis. The neurotransmitters then diffuse across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors. The receptors are broadly classified into ionotropic ...

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Neurotransmitter, Neurotransmitter - Types of neurotransmitters, Neurotransmitter - Mechanism of action, Neurotransmitter - Post-synaptic effect, Neurotransmitter - Specific actions, Neurotransmitter - Common neurotransmitters, Neurotransmitter - Amino acids, Neurotransmitter - Biogenic amines, Neurotransmitter - Monoamines, Neurotransmitter - Polypeptides neuropeptides

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