Encyclopedia - Reflex Action: Encyclopedia Ii - Reflex Action - Mechanism
A reflex mechanism involves a receptor organ, an effector organ, and some type of communication network. Ivan Pavlov unintentionally laun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Piroxicam: Encyclopedia Ii - Piroxicam - Mechanism Of Action
Piroxicam is an NSAID and, as such, is a non-selective COX inhibitor. Main article: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ... See also:P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bolt Action: Encyclopedia Ii - Bolt Action - Mechanics
Typically, the bolt consists of a tube of metal inside of which the firing mechanism is housed, and which has at the front or rear of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clonidine: Encyclopedia Ii - Clonidine - Mechanism Of Action
Clonidine is a centrally-acting alpha-2 agonist. It selectively stimulates receptors in the brain that monitor catecholamine levels in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tramadol: Encyclopedia Ii - Tramadol - Mechanism Of Action
The mechanism of action of tramadol has yet to be fully elucidated, but it is believed to work through modulation of the GABAergic, norad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroquine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chloroquine - Mechanism Of Action
Inside the red blood cells, the parasite must degrade the hemoglobin for the acquisition of all the nutrients the parasite needs to survi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pemetrexed: Encyclopedia Ii - Pemetrexed - Mechanism Of Action
Pemetrexed is chemically similar to folic acid and is in the class of chemotherapy drugs called folate antimetabolites. It works by inhib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Riluzole: Encyclopedia Ii - Riluzole - Mechanism Of Action
Riluzole has several actions: Sodium channel blockade High-voltage calcium channel blockade N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)/glutamate recept...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Meloxicam: Encyclopedia Ii - Meloxicam - Mechanism Of Action
Meloxicam is an NSAID and, as such is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. It is generally marketed under the name MOBIC. Meloxicam has been...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dofetilide: Encyclopedia Ii - Dofetilide - Mechanism Of Action
Dofetilide works by selectively blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier outward potassium current (IKr). This causes prolon...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Isoniazid: Encyclopedia Ii - Isoniazid - Mechanism Of Action
Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase. The active form inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid in the mycobac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vancomycin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vancomycin - Mechanism Of Action
Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. The mechanism inhibited, and various factors related ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trastuzumab: Encyclopedia Ii - Trastuzumab - Mechanism Of Action
Amplification of ErbB2 occurs in 30% of early-stage breast cancers (Bange et al 2001). It encodes the transmembrane tyrosine kinase p185-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Endorphin: Encyclopedia Ii - Endorphin - Mechanism Of Action
Beta-endorphin is released into the blood (from the pituitary gland) and into the spinal cord and brain from hypothalamic neurons. The be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adefovir: Encyclopedia Ii - Adefovir - Mechanism Of Action
Adefovir works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that is crucial for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to reproduce in the body. It ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moisturizer: Encyclopedia Ii - Moisturizer - Mechanism Of Action
Moisturizers act on the most external of the skin layers, the so-called corneal stratum (stratum corneum, the anatomical term in Latin), ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Digoxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Digoxin - Mechanism Of Action
Digoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the α-subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Didanosine: Encyclopedia Ii - Didanosine - Mechanism Of Action
Didanosine (ddI) is a nucleoside analogue of adenosine. It differs from other nucleoside analogues, because it does not have any of the r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosuvastatin: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosuvastatin - Mechanism Of Action
See the article on statins for more details. Rosuvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, having a mechanism ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sirolimus: Encyclopedia Ii - Sirolimus - Mechanism Of Action
Despite its similar name, it is not a calcineurin inhibitor like tacrolimus or cyclosporine. However, it has a similar suppressive effect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Teriparatide: Encyclopedia Ii - Teriparatide - Mechanism Of Action
Teriparatide is the portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH),amino acid sequence 1 through 34 of the complete molecule which contains a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phentermine: Encyclopedia Ii - Phentermine - Mechanism Of Action
Phentermine, as many other prescription drugs, works with neurotransmitters in the brain. It is a centrally-acting stimulant chemically r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ketorolac: Encyclopedia Ii - Ketorolac - Mechanism Of Action
The primary mechanism of action responsible for Ketorolac's anti-inflammatory/antipyretic/analgesic effects is the inhibition of prostagl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paracetamol: Encyclopedia Ii - Paracetamol - Mechanism Of Action
Paracetamol has long been suspected of having a similar mechanism of action to aspirin because of the similarity in structure. That is, i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neurotransmitter: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurotransmitter - Mechanism Of Action
Within the cells, small-molecule neurotransmitter molecules are usually packaged in vesicles. When an action potential travels to the syn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alprazolam: Encyclopedia Ii - Alprazolam - Mechanism Of Action
Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine, that is, a benzodiazepine with a triazolo-ring attached to its structure. Alprazolam binds to the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diclofenac: Encyclopedia Ii - Diclofenac - Mechanism Of Action
The exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, but it is thought that the primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory/a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heparin: Encyclopedia Ii - Heparin - Mechanism Of Action
Heparin works by potentiating the action of antithrombin III, as it is similar to the heparan sulfate proteoglycans which are naturally p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nadolol: Encyclopedia Ii - Nadolol - Mechanism Of Action
Nadolol non-selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors mainly in the heart, inhibiting the effects of the catecholamines epinephrine ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gefitinib: Encyclopedia Ii - Gefitinib - Mechanism Of Action
Gefitinib is the first selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. The target protein (tyrosine kinas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flecainide: Encyclopedia Ii - Flecainide - Mechanism Of Action
Flecainide works by blocking the Nav1.5 sodium channel in the heart, causing prolongation of the cardiac action potential.6 This thereby ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ibuprofen: Encyclopedia Ii - Ibuprofen - Mechanism Of Action
Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX); thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. As w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorpromazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorpromazine - Mechanism Of Action
Chlorpromazine - Central. Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sildenafil: Encyclopedia Ii - Sildenafil - Mechanism Of Action
Part of the physiological process of erection involves the release of nitric oxide (NO) in the corpus cavernosum. This then activates the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indomethacin: Encyclopedia Ii - Indomethacin - Mechanism Of Action
Indomethacin is a nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, enzymes that participate in prostaglandin synthesis from arachi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - General Anaesthetic: Encyclopedia Ii - General Anaesthetic - Mechanism Of Action
Researchers agree that ion channels are the ultimate site of action of general anaesthetics, and are now determining the exact molecular ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Capsaicin: Encyclopedia Ii - Capsaicin - Mechanism Of Action
The burning and painful sensations associated with capsaicin result from capsaicin's chemical interaction with sensory neurons. Capsaicin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chlorpromazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Chlorpromazine - Mechanism Of Action
Chlorpromazine - Central. Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amiodarone: Encyclopedia Ii - Amiodarone - Mechanism Of Action
Amiodarone is categorized as a class III antiarrhythmic agent, and prolongs phase 3 of the cardiac action potential. It has numerous othe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Folinic Acid: Encyclopedia Ii - Folinic Acid - Mechanism Of Action
Folinic acid is a 5-formyl-derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. It is readily converted to other reduced folic acid derivatives (e.g. tetr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ht-0712: Encyclopedia Ii - Ht-0712 - Mechanism Of Action
HT-0712 appears to work by blocking phosphodiesterase 4, thereby increasing cAMP levels. When cAMP levels are increased in neurons, this ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Loop Diuretic: Encyclopedia Ii - Loop Diuretic - Mechanism Of Action
Loop diuretics act on the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption. Because ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flatulence: Encyclopedia Ii - Flatulence - Mechanism Of Action
The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal opening. The sound varies depending on the tightne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Flatulence: Encyclopedia Ii - Flatulence - Mechanism Of Action
The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal opening. The sound varies depending on the tightne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Local Anesthetic: Encyclopedia Ii - Local Anesthetic - Mechanism Of Action
Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane, in part...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proton Pump Inhibitor: Encyclopedia Ii - Proton Pump Inhibitor - Mechanism Of Action
Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the K+/H+-ATPase, or m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Calcium Channel Blocker: Encyclopedia Ii - Calcium Channel Blocker - Mechanism Of Action
Calcium channel blockers work by blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the heart and in the blood vessels. This prevents calcium...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oral Contraceptive: Encyclopedia Ii - Oral Contraceptive - Mechanism Of Action
Several different types of 'the Pill' exist. Generally, they all have different synthetic estrogens and progestins, chemical analogues of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigabatrin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigabatrin - Mechanism Of Action
Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GA...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Physics: Encyclopedia - Action Physics
In physics, the action principle is an assertion about the nature of motion, from which the trajectory of an object subject to forces can...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chloroquine: Encyclopedia - Chloroquine
Chloroquine Chloroquine is a commonly used form of medication against malaria. As it also mildly suppresses the immune system, it is use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clonidine: Encyclopedia - Clonidine
Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive (to lower high blood pressure) agent, used mainly for this purpose in the past. It has f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bacitracin: Encyclopedia - Bacitracin
Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia - Action Potential
An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are used by the body t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Emollient: Encyclopedia - Emollient
Emollients are substances which soften and soothe the skin. They are used to correct dryness and scaling of the skin. The terms 'moisturi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action At A Distance Physics: Encyclopedia - Action At A Distance Physics
For the computer science term, see Action at a distance (computer science). In physics, action at a distance is the interaction of two ob...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bolt Action: Encyclopedia - Bolt Action
A bolt-action firearm is typically a rifle that is manually operated (i.e. by hand), specifically that the opening and closing of the bre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tramadol: Encyclopedia - Tramadol
Tramadol N02AX02 Tramadol is an opioid used as an analgesic for treating moderate to severe pain. It is a synthetic agent, unrelated to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vancomycin: Encyclopedia - Vancomycin
Vancomycin A07AA09 J01XA01 Vancomycin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antiflatulent: Encyclopedia - Antiflatulent
An antiflatulent agent is a drug used for the alleviation or prevention of excessive intestinal gas, i.e. flatulence. Antiflatulent - Mec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amitriptyline: Encyclopedia - Amitriptyline
Amitriptyline N-dimethyl-1-propanamine Amitriptyline hydrochloride is an antidepressant drug from the tricyclic antidepressant group, whi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clindamycin: Encyclopedia - Clindamycin
Clindamycin Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic. Clindamycin is a semisynthetic antibiotic and derived from lincomycin by the addit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Azithromycin: Encyclopedia - Azithromycin
Azithromycin is the first macrolide antibiotic belonging to the azalide group. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin by adding a nitr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zolpidem: Encyclopedia - Zolpidem
Zolpidem Zolpidem is a prescription drug used for the short-term treatment of insomnia (sleeping pill). It works quickly (usually within...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alprazolam: Encyclopedia - Alprazolam
Alprazolam Anxiety Panic attacks Abuse: Benzodiazepines are widely used for non-medical (i.e., recreational) purposes, and have occas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paracetamol: Encyclopedia - Paracetamol
Paracetamol (INN) or acetaminophen (USAN) is a popular analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amobarbital: Encyclopedia - Amobarbital
Amobarbital Amobarbital is a barbiturate with sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties . It is a white crystalline powder with no odor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clarithromycin: Encyclopedia - Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-obesity Drug: Encyclopedia - Anti-obesity Drug
Anti-obesity drugs include all pharmacological treatments intended to reduce or control weight. Because these drugs are intended to alter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigabatrin: Encyclopedia - Vigabatrin
Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant that inhibits the catabolism of GABA. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist.[2] Viga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Allelopathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Allelopathy - Mechanisms Of Action
There are hundreds of secondary metabolites in the plant kingdom, and many are known to be phytotoxic (Einhellig, 2002). Allelopathic eff...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antiflatulent: Encyclopedia Ii - Antiflatulent - Mechanisms Of Action
For the alleviation of flatulence, an antifoaming agent such as simethicone may be taken orally. This agent will coalesce the smalller ga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stiripentol: Encyclopedia Ii - Stiripentol - Mechanism Of Action
As with most anticonvulsants, the precise mechanism is unknown. It has been shown to have anticonvulsant effects on its own. It can preve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Underlying Mechanism
Action potential - Resting membrane potential. The membrane voltage changes that take place during an action potential result from chan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ribavirin: Encyclopedia Ii - Ribavirin - Mechanisms Of Action
Ribavirin's carboxamide group can resemble adenine or guanosine, depending on its rotation, and for this reason when ribavirin is incorpo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Viloxazine: Encyclopedia Ii - Viloxazine - Mechanism Of Action
In 1976, Lippman and Pugsley reported that viloxazine, like imipramine, inhibited norepinephrine reuptake in the hearts of rats and mice;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Physics - Action Principle In Classical Mechanics
Newton's laws of motion can be stated in various ways. One of them is the Lagrangian formalism, also called Lagrangian mechanics. If we d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clobazam: Encyclopedia Ii - Clobazam - Mechanism Of Action
Clobazam, like other 1,5-benzodiazepines, has less affinity for the ω1-allosteric binding site on the GABAA receptor compared to the 1,4...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Auxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Auxin - Molecular Mechanisms Of Auxin Action
Although auxins and their effects have been known for a long time, mechanisms of action in plants have remained unknown for a long time. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-obesity Drug: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-obesity Drug - Mechanisms Of Action
Anti-obesity drugs operate through one or more of the following mechanisms: Suppression of the appetite. Increase of the body's metaboli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vigabatrin: Encyclopedia Ii - Vigabatrin - Mechanism Of Action
Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GA...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semi-automatic Self-loading Pistol: Encyclopedia Ii - Semi-automatic Self-loading Pistol - Trigger Mechanisms Double Vs. Single Action
Another differing point among semi-automatic pistols are their trigger and ignition systems. Early designs used so-called "single-action"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semi-automatic Self-loading Pistol: Encyclopedia Ii - Semi-automatic Self-loading Pistol - Trigger Mechanisms, Double Vs. Single Action
Another differing point among semi-automatic pistols are their trigger and ignition systems. Early designs used so-called "single-action"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Physics - Some Applications Of The Action Principle
Although equivalent in classical mechanics with Newton's laws, the action principle is better suited for generalizations and plays an imp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Game Mechanic: Encyclopedia Ii - Game Mechanic - Game Play Mechanics
These are mechanics that control how the players play the game. Game mechanic - Action points. These control what players may do on the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Physics - Euler-lagrange Equations For The Action Integral
The stationary point of an integral along a path is equivalent to a set of differential-equations, called the Euler-Lagrange equations. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Physics - History
The principle of least action was first formulated by Maupertuis [1] in 1746 and further developed (from 1748 onwards) by the mathematici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action At A Distance Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Action At A Distance Physics - Gravity
Action at a distance physics - Newton. Newton's theory of gravity offered no prospect of identifying any mediator of gravitational inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Repeating Rifle: Encyclopedia Ii - Repeating Rifle - Manual Mechanism
Repeating rifle - Revolver Action. While some early long guns were made using the revolver mechanism popular in hand guns, these did no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Game Mechanic: Encyclopedia Ii - Game Mechanic - Victory Condition Mechanics
These mechanics control how a player wins the game. Game mechanic - Goals. This is the most general sort of victory condition, which ca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lamivudine: Encyclopedia Ii - Lamivudine - History
Lamivudine was invented by Bernard Belleau and Nghe Nguyen-Ba at the Montreal-based IAF BioChem International, Inc. laboratories in 1989....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neurotransmitter: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurotransmitter - Post-synaptic Effect
A neurotransmitter's effect is determined by its receptor. For example, GABA can act on both rapid or slow inhibitory receptors (the GABA...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Repeating Rifle: Encyclopedia Ii - Repeating Rifle - Automatic Mechanism
Semi-Automatic is a term used for automatic loading where each firing of the weapon requires a separate pull of the trigger. Full automat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Neurotransmitter: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurotransmitter - Specific Actions
While some neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, glycine) are used very generally throughout the central nervous system, others can have mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Refractory Period
Although the passive transmission of action potentials across myelinated segments would suggest that action potentials propagate in eithe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-obesity Drug: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-obesity Drug - Side Effects
Some anti-obesity drugs have severe and often life-threatening side effects. (See, for example, Fen-phen.) These side effects are often a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Overview
An electrical voltage, or potential, always exists between the inside and outside of a cell. The voltage of an inactive cell stays at a n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Threshold And Initiation
Action potentials are triggered when an initial depolarization reaches threshold. This threshold potential varies, but generally is about...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Action Potential: Encyclopedia Ii - Action Potential - Propagation
In unmyelinated axons, action potentials propagate as an interaction between passively spreading membrane depolarization and voltage-gate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reflex Action: Encyclopedia Ii - Reflex Action - Human Reflexes
Reflex actions seen in adult humans include: Accommodation reflex Achilles reflex Anocutaneous reflex Babinski reflex Biceps stretch ref...   » Read the article