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Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Tramadol - Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of tramadol has yet to be fully elucidated, but it is believed to work through modulation of the GABAergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Tramadol [and its metabolite, known as M1] have been found to bind to μ-opioid receptors (thus exerting its effect on GABAergic transmission), and to inhibit reuptake of 5-HT and noradrenaline. The second mechanism is believed to contribute since the analgesic effects of tramadol are not fully antagonised by the μ-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Although irrelevant to its mechanism of action, tramadol, unlike morphine, ...

See also:

Tramadol, Tramadol - Mechanism of action, Tramadol - Dependence, Tramadol - Proprietary preparations

Read more here: » Tramadol: Encyclopedia II - Tramadol - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Endorphin - Mechanism of action

Beta-endorphin is released into the blood (from the pituitary gland) and into the spinal cord and brain from hypothalamic neurons. The beta-endorphin that is released into the blood cannot enter the brain in large quantities because of the blood-brain barrier. The physiological importance of the beta-endorphin that can be measured in the blood is far from clear: beta-endorphin is a cleavage product of POMC which is the precursor hormone for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), so it will be released whenever ACTH is released. The behevioral ...

See also:

Endorphin, Endorphin - History, Endorphin - Molecular biology, Endorphin - Mechanism of action, Endorphin - Activity

Read more here: » Endorphin: Encyclopedia II - Endorphin - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Trastuzumab - Mechanism of action

Amplification of ErbB2 occurs in 30% of early-stage breast cancers (Bange et al 2001). It encodes the transmembrane tyrosine kinase p185-erbB2 glycoprotein. Although the signaling pathways induced by the erbB2 receptor are incompletely characterized, it is thought that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is important. This pathway is normally associated with mitogenic signaling involving the MAPK pathway. In cancer growth producing signals from erbB2 are constitutively transmitted, promoting invasion, survival and angiogenesis of cells ...

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Trastuzumab, Trastuzumab - Mechanism of action, Trastuzumab - Impact, Trastuzumab - Side effects, Trastuzumab - History

Read more here: » Trastuzumab: Encyclopedia II - Trastuzumab - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Folinic acid - Mechanism of action

Folinic acid is a 5-formyl-derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. It is readily converted to other reduced folic acid derivatives (e.g. tetrahydrofolate). Since it does not require the action of dihydrofolate reductase for its conversion, it will be unaffected by inhibition of this enzyme by drugs such as methotrexate. This, therefore, allows for purine/pyrimidine synthesis to occur; so normal DNA repl ...

See also:

Folinic acid, Folinic acid - Mechanism of action, Folinic acid - Therapeutic use

Read more here: » Folinic acid: Encyclopedia II - Folinic acid - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Riluzole - Mechanism of action

Riluzole has several actions: Sodium channel blockade High-voltage calcium channel blockade N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)/glutamate receptor blockade Riluzole preferentially blocks TTX-S sodium channels, which are associated with damaged neurons. This reduces influx of calcium ions and indirectly prevents stimulation of glutamate receptors. Together with direct glutamate receptor blockade, the effect of the neurotransmitte ...

See also:

Riluzole, Riluzole - Mechanism of action, Riluzole - Studies of efficacy, Riluzole - Clinical use

Read more here: » Riluzole: Encyclopedia II - Riluzole - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action

Loop diuretics act on the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption. Because magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending loop is dependent on sodium and chloride concentrations, loop diuretics also inhibit their reabsorption. This raises the osmotic pressure inside the loop, driving more water into the filtrate causing increased urine volume. Loop diuretics also cause vasodilation of the veins and of the kidney's blood vessel ...

See also:

Loop diuretic, Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action, Loop diuretic - Clinical use, Loop diuretic - Loop diuretic resistance, Loop diuretic - Adverse effects, Loop diuretic - Examples of loop diuretics

Read more here: » Loop diuretic: Encyclopedia II - Loop diuretic - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Meloxicam - Mechanism of action

Meloxicam is an NSAID and, as such is a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. It is generally marketed under the name MOBIC. Meloxicam has been shown, especially at its low therapeutic dose, to selectivly inhibit COX-2 over COX-1. Main article: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ...

See also:

Meloxicam, Meloxicam - Mechanism of action, Meloxicam - Adverse effects, Meloxicam - Approval status

Read more here: » Meloxicam: Encyclopedia II - Meloxicam - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Proton pump inhibitor - Mechanism of action

Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the K+/H+-ATPase, or more commonly just proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell. The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly responsible for secreting H+ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal target for inhibiting acid secretion. Targeting the terminal-step in acid production, as well as the irreversible nature of the inhibition, result in a class of drugs that is significantly more effective than H2 ...

See also:

Proton pump inhibitor, Proton pump inhibitor - Clinical Use, Proton pump inhibitor - Mechanism of action, Proton pump inhibitor - Pharmacokinetics, Proton pump inhibitor - Examples of proton pump inhibitors, Proton pump inhibitor - Adverse effects

Read more here: » Proton pump inhibitor: Encyclopedia II - Proton pump inhibitor - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Calcium channel blocker - Mechanism of action

Calcium channel blockers work by blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the heart and in the blood vessels. This prevents calcium levels from increasing as much in the cells when stimulated, leading to less contraction. This decreases total peripheral resistance by dilating the blood vessels, and decreases cardiac output by lowering the force of contraction. Because resistance and output drop, so does blood pressure. With low blood pressure, the heart does not have to work as hard, t ...

See also:

Calcium channel blocker, Calcium channel blocker - Mechanism of action, Calcium channel blocker - List of calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Phenylalkylamine calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Benzothiazepine calcium channel blockers, Calcium channel blocker - Other, Calcium channel blocker - Other drugs with similar uses

Read more here: » Calcium channel blocker: Encyclopedia II - Calcium channel blocker - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Rosuvastatin - Mechanism of action

See the article on statins for more details. Rosuvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, having a mechanism of action similar to other statins. ...

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Rosuvastatin, Rosuvastatin - Presentation, Rosuvastatin - Mechanism of action, Rosuvastatin - Indications and regulation, Rosuvastatin - Marketing and competition, Rosuvastatin - Marketing, Rosuvastatin - Debate & Criticisms, Rosuvastatin - Myopathy, Rosuvastatin - Renal Effects, Rosuvastatin - Comments Changing Beliefs

Read more here: » Rosuvastatin: Encyclopedia II - Rosuvastatin - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Dofetilide - Mechanism of action

Dofetilide works by selectively blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier outward potassium current (IKr). This causes prolongation of the effective refractory period of accessory pathways (both anterograde and retrograde conduction in the accessory pathway). It is this selective action on accessory pathways that makes dofetilide effective in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Dofetilide does not effect Vmax (The slope of the upstroke of phase 0 depolarization), condu ...

See also:

Dofetilide, Dofetilide - Mechanism of action, Dofetilide - Metabolism, Dofetilide - Side effects, Dofetilide - Clinical use

Read more here: » Dofetilide: Encyclopedia II - Dofetilide - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Moisturizer - Mechanism of action

Moisturizers act on the most external of the skin layers, the so-called corneal stratum (stratum corneum, the anatomical term in Latin), which is largely formed by squamous cells or keratinocytes (an epithelial layer which is quite dynamic, i.e., it is being constantly shed and replaced by the growth of new cells coming from the deeper layers of the skin, therefore its name). Most, if not all, agents present in moisturizers are unable to penetrate ...

See also:

Moisturizer, Moisturizer - Mechanism of action, Moisturizer - Composition, Moisturizer - Adverse effects, Moisturizer - Reference

Read more here: » Moisturizer: Encyclopedia II - Moisturizer - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - General anaesthetic - Mechanism of action

Researchers agree that ion channels are the ultimate site of action of general anaesthetics, and are now determining the exact molecular mechanisms. However, the sites of action of general anaesthetics proved difficult to identify until the last decade. The wide variation in structure, ranging from complex steroids to the inert monatomic gas xenon, led to several now outdated theories of anaesthetic action. It is now known that general anaesthetics act on the central nervous system by modifying the electrical activity of neurons at a ...

See also:

General anaesthetic, General anaesthetic - Mechanism of action

Read more here: » General anaesthetic: Encyclopedia II - General anaesthetic - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - HT-0712 - Mechanism of action

HT-0712 appears to work by blocking phosphodiesterase 4, thereby increasing cAMP levels. When cAMP levels are increased in neurons, this may trigger activation of cAMP response element-binding proteins (CREB). CREBs are transcription factors involved in the formation of long-term memory. The side effects of the drug are not yet fully known. ...

See also:

HT-0712, HT-0712 - Mechanism of action, HT-0712 - Medical Use, HT-0712 - Performance Enhancing Use

Read more here: » HT-0712: Encyclopedia II - HT-0712 - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Piroxicam - Mechanism of action

Piroxicam is an NSAID and, as such, is a non-selective COX inhibitor. Main article: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ...

See also:

Piroxicam, Piroxicam - Mechanism of action, Piroxicam - Adverse effects

Read more here: » Piroxicam: Encyclopedia II - Piroxicam - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Sirolimus - Mechanism of action

Despite its similar name, it is not a calcineurin inhibitor like tacrolimus or cyclosporine. However, it has a similar suppressive effect on the immune system. Sirolimus inhibits the response to IL-2 and thereby blocks activation of T- and B-cells. In contrast, tacrolimus and cyclosporine inhibit the production of IL-2. The mode of action of sirolimus is that it binds to the cytosolic protein FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), in a similar way to tacrolimus. However, unlike the tacrolimus-FKBP12 complex which inhibits calcineurin ...

See also:

Sirolimus, Sirolimus - Mechanism of action, Sirolimus - Use in transplant, Sirolimus - Anti-proliferative effects

Read more here: » Sirolimus: Encyclopedia II - Sirolimus - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Chlorpromazine - Mechanism of action

Chlorpromazine - Central. Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-receptors (subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4 - different antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms), on serotonergic-receptors (5-HT1 and 5-HT2, with anxiolytic, antidepressive and antiaggressive properties as well as an attenuation of extrapypramidal side-effects, but also leading to weight gain, fall in blood pressure, sedation and ejaculation difficulties), on hi ...

See also:

Chlorpromazine, Chlorpromazine - Chemistry, Chlorpromazine - Mechanism of action, Chlorpromazine - Central, Chlorpromazine - Peripheral, Chlorpromazine - History, Chlorpromazine - Side effects, Chlorpromazine - Interactions, Chlorpromazine - Uses, Chlorpromazine - Common uses, Chlorpromazine - Off-label and controversial uses, Chlorpromazine - Veterinary uses, Chlorpromazine - Dosage, Chlorpromazine - Necessary examinations and laboratory checks during treatment, Chlorpromazine - Discontinuation of treatment, Chlorpromazine - Sources

Read more here: » Chlorpromazine: Encyclopedia II - Chlorpromazine - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Teriparatide - Mechanism of action

Teriparatide is the portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH),amino acid sequence 1 through 34 of the complete molecule which contains amino acid sequence 1 to 84. Endogenous PTH is the primary regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism in bone and kidney. Daily injections of teriparatide stimulate new bone formation leading to increased bone mineral density. Teriparatide is the first FDA approved agent for the treatment ...

See also:

Teriparatide, Teriparatide - Administration, Teriparatide - Uses, Teriparatide - Mechanism of action, Teriparatide - FDA approval, Teriparatide - External links

Read more here: » Teriparatide: Encyclopedia II - Teriparatide - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Pemetrexed - Mechanism of action

Pemetrexed is chemically similar to folic acid and is in the class of chemotherapy drugs called folate antimetabolites. It works by inhibiting three enzymes used in purine and pyrimidine synthesis—thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase (GARFT). By inhibiting the formation of precursor purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, pemetrexed prevents the formation of DNA and RNA, which are required for the growth a ...

See also:

Pemetrexed, Pemetrexed - Mechanism of action, Pemetrexed - Clinical use

Read more here: » Pemetrexed: Encyclopedia II - Pemetrexed - Mechanism of action

Mechanism of action: Encyclopedia II - Chloroquine - Mechanism of action

Inside the red blood cells, the parasite must degrade the hemoglobin for the acquisition of all the nutrients the parasite needs to survive and multiplicate inside the cell. During this process, the parasite produces the toxic and soluble molecule heme. To avoid destruction by this molecule, the parasite aggregates heme to form hemozoin, an insoluble and non-toxic molecule. Chloroquine interferes with this process and prevents the formation of hemazoine, which in turn leaves heme in an uncrystallised form. This has a toxic effect to the ...

See also:

Chloroquine, Chloroquine - Pharmacology, Chloroquine - Mechanism of action

Read more here: » Chloroquine: Encyclopedia II - Chloroquine - Mechanism of action

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