Planck was musically gifted: he took voice lessons in addition to playing the piano, organ and cello, and composing songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised him against going into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." Planck replied that he didn't wish to discover new things, only to understand the known fundamentals of the field and began his studies in 1874 in Munic ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

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Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen, his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich, and his paternal uncle was a judge. Max Planck was born in Kiel on April 23, 1858 to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, where Planck at ...

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Max Planck, Max Planck - Origin and youth, Max Planck - Education, Max Planck - Academic career, Max Planck - Family, Max Planck - Professor at Berlin University, Max Planck - Black-body radiation, Max Planck - Einstein and the Theory of Relativity, Max Planck - World War and Weimar Republic, Max Planck - Quantum Mechanics, Max Planck - Nazi dictatorship and Second World War, Max Planck - Final years, Max Planck - Honours and medals

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Valentino Braitenberg is a cyberneticist and former director at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany. He is most famous for the book 'Vehicles: Experiments in Synthetic Psychology' in which he describes how hypothetical 'vehicles' (commonly known as Braitenberg Vehicles), a combination of sensors, actuators and their interconnections, whilst being simple in design could produce behaviours that could

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Christof Koch (born November 13, 1956, Kansas City) is an American neuroscientist educated in North Africa and Europe. He received a PhD in nonlinear information processing from the Max Planck Institute in Tübingen, Germany in 1982. He currently holds the position of Lois and Victor Troendle Professor of Cognitive and Behavioral Biology, California Institute of Technology, where he has been since 1986. He is the executive officer of the Co ...

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Christof Koch - Publications

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Victor Frederick Weisskopf (September 19, 1908 – April 22, 2002) was an Austrian-American physicist. During World War II he worked at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Weisskopf was a co-founder and board member of the Union of Concerned Scientists. Weisskopf was awarded the Max Planck medal in 1956. Victor Frederick Weisskopf - Quotes. "Human existence is based upon two pillars: Compassion and ...

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Victor Frederick Weisskopf - Quotes

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Some theoreticians and experimentalists have conjectured that some physical "constants" might actually change over time, a proposition that introduces many difficult questions. A few such questions that are relevant here might be: How would such a change make a noticeable operational difference in physical measurement or, more basically, our perception of reality? If some physical constant had changed, would we even notice it? How would physical reality be different? ...

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Planck units, Planck units - Base Planck units, Planck units - Derived Planck units, Planck units - Discussion, Planck units - Planck units and the invariant scaling of nature, Planck units - Max Planck's discovery of the natural units, Planck units - External link

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Some theoreticians and experimentalists have conjectured that some physical "constants" might actually change over time, a proposition that introduces many difficult questions. A few such questions that are relevant here might be: How would such a change make a noticeable operational difference in physical measurement or, more basically, our perception of reality? If some physical constant had changed, would we even notice it? How would physical reality be different? ...

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Planck units, Planck units - Nondimensionalization of some physical equations by conversion to Planck units, Planck units - Base Planck units, Planck units - Derived Planck units, Planck units - Discussion, Planck units - Planck units and the invariant scaling of nature, Planck units - Max Planck's discovery of the natural units, Planck units - External link

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In the early 1920s Satyendra Nath Bose was intrigued by Einstein's theory of light waves being made of particles called photons. Bose was interested in deriving Planck's radiation formula, which Planck obtained largely by guessing. In 1900 Max Planck had derived his formula by manipulating the math to fit the empirical evidence. Using the particle picture of Einstein, Bose was able to derive the radiation formula by systematically developing a statistics of massless particles without the constraint of particle number conservation. Bose deriv ...

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Bose-Einstein statistics, Bose-Einstein statistics - Derivation of the Bose-Einstein distribution, Bose-Einstein statistics - History

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Reichenbach is best known for having been a founder of the Berlin circle and for his ideas on logical positivism (or neopositivism, or logical empiricism). He studied physics, mathematics and philosophy at various universities, including those of Berlin, Erlangen, Göttingen and Munich. Among his teachers were Ernst Cassirer, David Hilbert, Max Planck, Max Born and Albert Einstein. Reichenbach received a degree in philosophy from the University of Erlangen in 1915 and his dissertation on the theory of probability was published in 1916 ...

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Hans Reichenbach, Hans Reichenbach - Life and work, Hans Reichenbach - Selected publications

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Quantum theory, the branch of physics based on quantization, began in 1900 when Max Planck published his theory explaining the emission spectrum of black bodies. In that paper Planck used the Natural system of units invented by him the previous year. The consequences of the differences between classical and quantum mechanics quickly became obvious. But it was not until 1926, by the work of Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, and others, that quantum mechanics became correctly formulated and understood mathematically. Despite tremendous experimental success, the philosophical inte ...

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Quantum, Quantum - Discovery of quantum theory, Quantum - The quantum black-body radiation formula, Quantum - The birthday of quantum mechanics, Quantum - Quantization in antiquity

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It is often claimed, for instance by Max Planck in his influential textbook on thermodynamics, that this law proves that we can define a temperature function, or more informally, that we can 'construct a thermometer'. Whether this is true is a subject in the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics. We will look at it in a formal way. Definition: If we can assign to the state spaces of all thermodynamical systems functions such that , where sX is the state of syst ...

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Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Zeroth law of thermodynamics - Description, Zeroth law of thermodynamics - Temperature and the zeroth law, Zeroth law of thermodynamics - The name

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Max Planck first listed his set of units (and gave values for them remarkably close to those used today) in May of 1899 in a paper presented to the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Max Planck: 'Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge'. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 5, p. 479 (1899) At the time he presented the units, quantum mechanics had not been invented. He had not yet discovered the theory of black-body radiation (first published December 1900) in which the Planck's Constant made its first ...

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Planck units, Planck units - Base Planck units, Planck units - Derived Planck units, Planck units - Discussion, Planck units - Planck units and the invariant scaling of nature, Planck units - Max Planck's discovery of the natural units, Planck units - External link

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In 1900, Max Planck introduced the idea that energy is quantized in order to derive a formula that could predict the observed frequency dependence of the energy emitted by a black body. In 1905, Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by postulating that light energy comes in quanta called photons. In 1913, Bohr explained the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom, again by using quantization. In 1924, Louis ...

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Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum electrodynamics - Physical interpretation of QED, Quantum electrodynamics - History, Quantum electrodynamics - Mathematics

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Max Planck first listed his set of units (and gave values for them remarkably close to those used today) in May of 1899 in a paper presented to the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Max Planck: 'Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge'. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 5, p. 479 (1899) At the time he presented the units, quantum mechanics had not been invented. He had not yet discovered the theory of black-body radiation (first published December 1900) in which the Planck's Constant made its first ...

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Planck units, Planck units - Nondimensionalization of some physical equations by conversion to Planck units, Planck units - Base Planck units, Planck units - Derived Planck units, Planck units - Discussion, Planck units - Planck units and the invariant scaling of nature, Planck units - Max Planck's discovery of the natural units, Planck units - External link

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Light is made up of particles called photons and hence inherently is "grainy" (quantized); quantum optics is the study of the nature and effects of this. The first indication that light might be quantized came from Max Planck in 1899 when he correctly modelled blackbody radiation by assuming that the exchange of energy between light and matter only occurred in discrete amounts he called quanta. It was unknown whether the source of this discreteness was the matter or the light. In 1905, Albert Einstein published the theory of the photoelectri ...

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Quantum optics, Quantum optics - History of quantum optics, Quantum optics - Concepts of quantum optics

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At the "Planck scales" in length, time, density, or temperature, one must consider both the effects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Unfortunately this requires a theory of quantum gravity which does not yet exist. Most of the Planck units are either too small or too large for practical use, unless prefixed with large powers of ten. They also suffer from uncertainties in the measurement of some of the constants on which they are based, especially of the gravitational constan ...

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Planck units, Planck units - Base Planck units, Planck units - Derived Planck units, Planck units - Discussion, Planck units - Planck units and the invariant scaling of nature, Planck units - Max Planck's discovery of the natural units, Planck units - External link

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(The factors remain because the Coulomb force constant is normalized rather than the permittivity of free space .) ...

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Planck units, Planck units - Nondimensionalization of some physical equations by conversion to Planck units, Planck units - Base Planck units, Planck units - Derived Planck units, Planck units - Discussion, Planck units - Planck units and the invariant scaling of nature, Planck units - Max Planck's discovery of the natural units, Planck units - External link

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Before Max Planck suggested that light is quantized, optics consisted mainly of the application of electromagnetism and its high frequency approximations to light. Classical optics divides into two main branches: geometric optics and physical optics. Geometric optics, or ray optics, describes light propagation in terms of "rays". Rays are bent at the interface between two dissimilar media, and may be curved in a medium in which the refractive index is a function of position. The "ray" in geometric optics is an abstract o ...

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Optics, Optics - Classical optics, Optics - Topics related to classical optics, Optics - Modern optics, Optics - Topics related to modern optics, Optics - Other optical fields, Optics - Everyday optics, Optics - Wikibooks modules

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At the "Planck scales" in length, time, density, or temperature, one must consider both the effects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Unfortunately this requires a theory of quantum gravity which does not yet exist. Most of the Planck units are either too small or too large for practical use, unless prefixed with large powers of ten. They also suffer from uncertainties in the measurement of some of the constants on which they are based, especially of the gravitational constan ...

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Planck units, Planck units - Nondimensionalization of some physical equations by conversion to Planck units, Planck units - Base Planck units, Planck units - Derived Planck units, Planck units - Discussion, Planck units - Planck units and the invariant scaling of nature, Planck units - Max Planck's discovery of the natural units, Planck units - External link

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