The Mau movement was the name given to the popular nonviolent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule. Mau means "opinion" or "testimony" in Samoan. The Mau had its origins, in 1908, in a dispute between the German colonial administration and the Maloa o Samoa, or Samoan Council of Chiefs, over the establishment of a copra business owned and controlled by native Samoans. The dispute led to the formation of a resistance movement on the island of Savai'i by Mamoe, one of the chiefs deposed by the ...

Including:

• Mau movement - Influenza epidemic
• Mau movement - O.F. Nelson
• Mau movement - Civil disobedience
• Mau movement - Black Saturday
• Mau movement - Moving towards independence
• Mau movement - An American Samoa Mau

Read more here: » Mau movement: Encyclopedia - Mau movement

Samoans of mixed parentage, facing discrimination from both cultures but with the advantage of cross-cultural knowledge, would play a key role in the new movement. Olaf Frederick Nelson, one of the leaders of the new Mau movement, was a successful merchant of mixed Swedish and Samoan heritage. Wealthy and well-travelled, Nelson was frustrated by the colonial administration's exclusion of native and part-Samoans from governance. Notably, he was one of many who had los ...

See also:

Mau movement, Mau movement - Influenza epidemic, Mau movement - O.F. Nelson, Mau movement - Civil disobedience, Mau movement - Black Saturday, Mau movement - Moving towards independence, Mau movement - An American Samoa Mau

Read more here: » Mau movement: Encyclopedia II - Mau movement - O.F. Nelson

Dr. Wilhelm Heinrich Solf (October 5, 1862 - February 6, 1936) was a German diplomat, jurist and statesman. Wilhelm Solf - Early life. Wilhelm Solf was born into a wealthy and liberal family in Berlin. He attended university in Anklam (Pommern) and in Mannheim, where he graduated in 1881. Afterwards he took up the study of Oriental languages, in particular Sanskrit in Berlin, Göttingen and Halle, earning his doctorate in philology in the winter of 1885; under the influence of one of his teachers, the well- ...

Including:

• Wilhelm Solf - Early life
• Wilhelm Solf - Early Diplomatic Career
• Wilhelm Solf - Governor of Samoa
• Wilhelm Solf - Later Career

Read more here: » Wilhelm Solf: Encyclopedia - Wilhelm Solf

Nonviolent resistance - A list of current and recent nonviolent resistance organizations. Kifaya (Egypt) Kmara (Georgia) Otpor (Serbia) Parihaka (New Zealand) Pora (Ukraine) Zubr (Belarus) Gandhi (India) Nonviolent resistance - Early nonviolent resistance. One of the earliest incidents of nonviolent resistance known to history is found in the works of Flavius Josephus, who relates in both The Wars of the Jews ...

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Nonviolent resistance, Nonviolent resistance - Examples of nonviolent resistance, Nonviolent resistance - A list of current and recent nonviolent resistance organizations, Nonviolent resistance - Early nonviolent resistance, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in the first stage of the American Revolution, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in nineteenth-century Trinidad, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in colonial India, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in communist Poland, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in the United States, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in segregated South Africa, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in Denmark during World War II, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent Resistance in Germany during World War II, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent Resistance in Norway during World War II, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent Resistance in the British Mandate of Palestine, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance of the farmers of Larzac France, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance against nuclear weapons, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in the Pacific, Nonviolent resistance - Nonviolent resistance in the Middle-East, Nonviolent resistance - Publications

Read more here: » Nonviolent resistance: Encyclopedia II - Nonviolent resistance - Examples of nonviolent resistance

After his return from Samoa, Solf became Secretary (Staatssekretär) to the German Colonial Office (Reichskolonialamt) to 1918, travelling to Namibia and Geman East Africa in 1912, and to Cameroon and Togo in 1913. Unfortunately for Solf's ambitions the outbreak of World War I diminished Germany's colonial empire, her possessions in Africa given to Britain while her Pacific colonies given to Japan. As a result Solf lobbied for a negotiated peace settlement in 1917 and 1918, preparing to cede Germany's annexations in the ...

See also:

Wilhelm Solf, Wilhelm Solf - Early life, Wilhelm Solf - Early Diplomatic Career, Wilhelm Solf - Governor of Samoa, Wilhelm Solf - Later Career

Read more here: » Wilhelm Solf: Encyclopedia II - Wilhelm Solf - Later Career

Wilhelm Solf was born into a wealthy and liberal family in Berlin. He attended university in Anklam (Pommern) and in Mannheim, where he graduated in 1881. Afterwards he took up the study of Oriental languages, in particular Sanskrit in Berlin, Göttingen and Halle, earning his doctorate in philology in the winter of 1885; under the influence of one of his teachers, the well-known Indologist Richard Pischel, ...

See also:

Wilhelm Solf, Wilhelm Solf - Early life, Wilhelm Solf - Early Diplomatic Career, Wilhelm Solf - Governor of Samoa, Wilhelm Solf - Later Career

Read more here: » Wilhelm Solf: Encyclopedia II - Wilhelm Solf - Early life

The Mau movement had not gone unnoticed by the population of New Zealand, and the treatment of Samoans at the hands of the administration had become a contentious issue in some New Zealand electorates during the 1929 election. 1936 marked a turning point for Samoa, with the election of a Labour Government in New Zealand and the subsequent relaxation of repression by the Samoan administration. Under the new Government, there was slow movement towards greater involv ...

See also:

Mau movement, Mau movement - Influenza epidemic, Mau movement - O.F. Nelson, Mau movement - Civil disobedience, Mau movement - Black Saturday, Mau movement - Moving towards independence, Mau movement - An American Samoa Mau

Read more here: » Mau movement: Encyclopedia II - Mau movement - Moving towards independence

The new administrator, Stephen Allen, replaced the marines with a special force of New Zealand police, and began to target the leaders of the movement. Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III, who had lad the movement following the exile of Nelson, was arrested for non-payment of taxes and imprisoned for six months. On 28 December, 1929 – which would be know thereafter as "Black Saturday" – Tamasese III and ten other Samoan Mau leaders were killed when the police force fired upon a peaceful demonstration which had assembled to welcome home A.G. Smyth, a European movement l ...

See also:

Mau movement, Mau movement - Influenza epidemic, Mau movement - O.F. Nelson, Mau movement - Civil disobedience, Mau movement - Black Saturday, Mau movement - Moving towards independence, Mau movement - An American Samoa Mau

Read more here: » Mau movement: Encyclopedia II - Mau movement - Black Saturday

The Samoan independence movement would not gain strength again until after New Zealand forces, unopposed by the German rulers, annexed Western Samoa in 1914, at the beginning of World War I. Military rule continued after the war ended, and in 1919, some 8,500 Samoans – around 22 per cent of the population – died during an influenza epidemic. Many Samoans blamed the New Zealand controlled administration, which had allowed a ship carrying the ...

See also:

Mau movement, Mau movement - Influenza epidemic, Mau movement - O.F. Nelson, Mau movement - Civil disobedience, Mau movement - Black Saturday, Mau movement - Moving towards independence, Mau movement - An American Samoa Mau

Read more here: » Mau movement: Encyclopedia II - Mau movement - Influenza epidemic

The Mau remained true to this sentiment, and despite the exile of Nelson, continued to use civil disobedience to oppose the New Zealand administration. They boycotted imported products, refused to pay taxes and formed their own "police force", picketing stores in Apia to prevent the payment of customs to the authorities. Village committees established by the administration ceased to meet and government officials were ignored when the went on tour. Births and deaths went unregistered. Coconuts went unha ...

See also:

Mau movement, Mau movement - Influenza epidemic, Mau movement - O.F. Nelson, Mau movement - Civil disobedience, Mau movement - Black Saturday, Mau movement - Moving towards independence, Mau movement - An American Samoa Mau

Read more here: » Mau movement: Encyclopedia II - Mau movement - Civil disobedience