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Matter | A Wisdom Archive on Matter | | Matter A selection of articles related to Matter | |
| We recommend this article: Matter - 1, and also this: Matter - 2. |
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matter, Matter, Matter - Matter in Science, Antimatter, Materialism, Particle physics (provides a historical background), Phases of matter
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Matter | | | |  Matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - DefinitionEven though the concept of phases is widely-used in the physical sciences, it is not easy to define precisely. Before presenting the general definition, we will provide two common examples of phase phenomena: firstly, the ordinary solid, liquid, and gas phases of matter; secondly, the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials.
Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases.
Water (H2O) is composed of water molecules, each of which is an oxygen atom attached to two hydrog ...
See also:Phase matter, Phase matter - Definition, Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases, Phase matter - Example 2: Magnetic phases, Phase matter - General definition of phases, Phase matter - Other examples of phases, Phase matter - Phase diagrams, Phase matter - Metastable phases, Phase matter - Phase equilibrium, Phase matter - Emergence and universality Read more here: » Phase matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Definition |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Law of conservation of matter - Atoms According to atomic theory, we could use the number of atoms, not mass, as a measure of matter.
This way, the Law can expressed as a stoichometric balance, that is:
The number of atoms of a particular element in the reactants must equal the number of those atoms in the products.
If we believe that each atom has a specific mass, and that the sum of the atoms' masses is the equal to the total mass of the atoms; then this is the same as Lavoisier's law. This rule applies to classical mechanics. However, it does not apply to relativistic physics. At relativistic energies at ...
See also:Law of conservation of matter, Law of conservation of matter - Atoms, Law of conservation of matter - Nuclear Processes, Law of conservation of matter - Matter and Antimatter Read more here: » Law of conservation of matter: Encyclopedia II - Law of conservation of matter - Atoms |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Raising Awareness Democracy Matters members raise awareness and educate others on their campuses and communities by organizing campaigns that link Clean Elections (CE) to other important issues such as the environment, civil rights, foreign policy, and rising college tuition.
The slogans for Democracy Matters are Change Elections, Change America as well as Taking Money Out of Politics and Putting People Back In.
Clean Elections, also know as "Voter-Owned Elections," provide an alternative for a candidate to be publicly funded if sh ...
See also:Democracy Matters, Democracy Matters - Origins, Democracy Matters - Adonal Foyle, Democracy Matters - Tackling Corruption, Democracy Matters - Cleaning Up Our Elections, Democracy Matters - Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Clean Elections, Democracy Matters - Differences Between CFR & CE, Democracy Matters - Opponents of Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Raising Awareness, Democracy Matters - Growth Read more here: » Democracy Matters: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Raising Awareness |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - QCD matter - Thermodynamics QCD contains many flavours of quarks and no flavour changing interactions. Therefore quark flavours are conserved charges. As a result, one can use a chemical potential with respect to each flavour charge. At temperatures below and in the vicinity of the QCD scale, one needs only the chemical potentials for the up (u), down (d) and strange (s) flavours, because the remaining quark flavours are too heavy to participate in the dynamics. The physics implications are sometimes clearer if one instead uses chemical potentials for ba ...
See also:QCD matter, QCD matter - Thermodynamics, QCD matter - Order parameters, QCD matter - The phase diagram, QCD matter - The equation of state, QCD matter - Useful theoretical fictions, QCD matter - The quenched approximation, QCD matter - The chiral limit, QCD matter - The AdS/CFT limit, QCD matter - Weak coupling theory Read more here: » QCD matter: Encyclopedia II - QCD matter - Thermodynamics |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Tackling Corruption In broad terms, political corruption is the misuse of public (governmental) power for illegitimate, usually secret private advantage.
All forms of government are susceptible in practice to political corruption. Degrees of corruption vary greatly, from minor uses of influence and patronage to do and return favors, to institutionalised bribery and even extortion, influence peddling, and fraud. While corruption often facilitates criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and criminal prostitution, it is not re ...
See also:Democracy Matters, Democracy Matters - Origins, Democracy Matters - Adonal Foyle, Democracy Matters - Tackling Corruption, Democracy Matters - Cleaning Up Our Elections, Democracy Matters - Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Clean Elections, Democracy Matters - Differences Between CFR & CE, Democracy Matters - Opponents of Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Raising Awareness, Democracy Matters - Growth Read more here: » Democracy Matters: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Tackling Corruption |
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| | | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Degenerate matter - Degenerate gases Degenerate gases are gases composed of fermions that have a particular configuration which usually forms at high densities. Fermions are subatomic particles with half-integer spin. Their behaviour is regulated by a set of quantum mechanical rules called the Fermi-Dirac statistics. One particular rule is the Pauli exclusion principle that states that there can be only one fermion occupying each quantum state which also applies to electrons that are not bound to a nucleus but merely confined to a fixed volume, such as the deep interior of a star. Such particles as electrons, protons, neutrons, and neutr ...
See also:Degenerate matter, Degenerate matter - Degenerate gases, Degenerate matter - Electron degeneracy, Degenerate matter - Proton degeneracy, Degenerate matter - Neutron degeneracy, Degenerate matter - Quark degeneracy, Degenerate matter - Preon degeneracy Read more here: » Degenerate matter: Encyclopedia II - Degenerate matter - Degenerate gases |
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| | | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - The Heart of the Matter - Plot summary Major Henry Scobie is a longtime police inspector in a British colonial town on the West Coast of Africa during the World War II, responsible for providing both local and wartime security as well as controlling smuggling. He is married to Louise, a solitary woman who loves literature and poetry but struggles to form social relationships, but he does not love her. He feels responsible for her happiness, but is unable to love anyone, including himself. They had a daughter, Catherine, who died at school in England several years before. Louise c ...
See also:The Heart of the Matter, The Heart of the Matter - Title, The Heart of the Matter - Plot summary, The Heart of the Matter - Film adaptations Read more here: » The Heart of the Matter: Encyclopedia II - The Heart of the Matter - Plot summary |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - What's the Matter with Kansas? - Criticisms Although widely praised in progressive circles, Frank’s work, What's the Matter with Kansas?, is not without its critics. Some, like Steven Malanga, point out that while Frank portrays the electorate in Kansas as voting against its self interests, the state’s economy has actually fared better than average for years. Kansas has had a consistently lower unemployment rate, higher employment growth, and has fared better in recessions. They also argue that while income may be lower than in more progressive areas, the lower cost of living in m ...
See also:What's the Matter with Kansas?, What's the Matter with Kansas? - Title, What's the Matter with Kansas? - History of the idea that Democrats are defecting to conservatives, What's the Matter with Kansas? - Criticisms, What's the Matter with Kansas? - Audio, What's the Matter with Kansas? - Footnotes Read more here: » What's the Matter with Kansas?: Encyclopedia II - What's the Matter with Kansas? - Criticisms |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - QCD matter - Useful theoretical fictions Exact theoretical studies of quark matter need to use lattice QCD. However, in various parts of the phase diagram, its use is hampered by the fermion doubling problem and the fermion sign problem. Since the study of quark matter is so complicated, theorists like to change the quark mass to create simpler models of quark matter which (they hope) still capture crucial aspects of the physics.
...
See also:QCD matter, QCD matter - Thermodynamics, QCD matter - Order parameters, QCD matter - The phase diagram, QCD matter - The equation of state, QCD matter - Useful theoretical fictions, QCD matter - The quenched approximation, QCD matter - The chiral limit, QCD matter - The AdS/CFT limit, QCD matter - Weak coupling theory Read more here: » QCD matter: Encyclopedia II - QCD matter - Useful theoretical fictions |
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| | | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Emergence and universality Phases are emergent phenomena produced by the self-organization of a macroscopic number of particles. Typical samples of matter, for example, contain around 1023 particles (of the order of Avogadro's number). In systems that are too small -- even, say, a thousand atoms -- the distinction between phases disappears, since the appearance of non-analyticity in the free energy requires a huge, formally infinite, number of particles to be present.
One might ask why real systems exhibit phases, since they are not actually infinite ...
See also:Phase matter, Phase matter - Definition, Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases, Phase matter - Example 2: Magnetic phases, Phase matter - General definition of phases, Phase matter - Other examples of phases, Phase matter - Phase diagrams, Phase matter - Metastable phases, Phase matter - Phase equilibrium, Phase matter - Emergence and universality Read more here: » Phase matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Emergence and universality |
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| | | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Phase diagrams Main article: Phase diagram
The different phases of a system may be represented using a phase diagram. The axes of the diagrams are the relevant thermodynamic variables. For simple mechanical systems, we generally use the pressure and temperature. The following figure shows a phase diagram for a typical material exhibiting solid, liquid and gaseous phases.
The markings on the phase diagram show the points where the free energy is non-analytic. The open spaces, where the free energy is analytic, correspond to the phases. The phases are separated by lines of non-analyticity, where phase transitions o ...
See also:Phase matter, Phase matter - Definition, Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases, Phase matter - Example 2: Magnetic phases, Phase matter - General definition of phases, Phase matter - Other examples of phases, Phase matter - Phase diagrams, Phase matter - Metastable phases, Phase matter - Phase equilibrium, Phase matter - Emergence and universality Read more here: » Phase matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Phase diagrams |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Metastable phases Sometimes a substance or mixture can be heated, compressed, etc., beyond the point at which it would normally exhibit a phase change, but without actually triggering the change. Examples include supercooling, superheating, and supersaturation.
Such metastable states may sometimes be considered as phases, although strictly speaking they are not because they are unstable. For example, each polymorph of a given substance is usually only stable over a specific range of conditions. For example, diamond is only stable at extremely high pres ...
See also:Phase matter, Phase matter - Definition, Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases, Phase matter - Example 2: Magnetic phases, Phase matter - General definition of phases, Phase matter - Other examples of phases, Phase matter - Phase diagrams, Phase matter - Metastable phases, Phase matter - Phase equilibrium, Phase matter - Emergence and universality Read more here: » Phase matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Metastable phases |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Phase equilibrium The distribution of kinetic energy among molecules is not uniform, and it changes randomly. This means that at, say, the surface of a liquid, there may be an individual molecule with enough kinetic energy to jump into the gas phase. Likewise, individual gas molecules may have low enough kinetic energy to join other molecules in the liquid phase. This phenomena means that at any given temperature and pressure, multiple phases may co-exist.
For example, under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, conditions, a bowl of liquid ...
See also:Phase matter, Phase matter - Definition, Phase matter - Example 1: Solid liquid and gas phases, Phase matter - Example 2: Magnetic phases, Phase matter - General definition of phases, Phase matter - Other examples of phases, Phase matter - Phase diagrams, Phase matter - Metastable phases, Phase matter - Phase equilibrium, Phase matter - Emergence and universality Read more here: » Phase matter: Encyclopedia II - Phase matter - Phase equilibrium |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Cleaning Up Our Elections
Democracy Matters - Campaign Finance Reform.
Main Article: Campaign Finance Reform
Campaign finance reform is the common term for the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns.
Although attempts to regulate campaign finance by legislation date back to 1867, the first successful attempts nationally to regulate and enforce campaign finance originated in the 1970s. The Federal Election Campaign Act ( ...
See also:Democracy Matters, Democracy Matters - Origins, Democracy Matters - Adonal Foyle, Democracy Matters - Tackling Corruption, Democracy Matters - Cleaning Up Our Elections, Democracy Matters - Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Clean Elections, Democracy Matters - Differences Between CFR & CE, Democracy Matters - Opponents of Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Raising Awareness, Democracy Matters - Growth Read more here: » Democracy Matters: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Cleaning Up Our Elections |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Matter of Britain - Characters and subjects
Matter of Britain - Legendary kings and founders.
Brutus of Britain
Corineus
Old King Cole
Cymbeline
Leir of Britain (King Lear)
Cassibelanus
Caradocus
Aurelius Ambrosius
Uther Pendragon
Cadwallader
Matter of Britain - Arthur and his entourage.
King Arthur
the Round Table
Guinevere, wife of Arthur
Excalibur, Arthur's magic sword
Uther Pendragon, father of Arthur
Camelot, Arthur's capital
Mordred, Arthur's ...
See also:Matter of Britain, Matter of Britain - Themes and subjects, Matter of Britain - Legendary history of Britain, Matter of Britain - The Arthurian cycle, Matter of Britain - Characters and subjects, Matter of Britain - Legendary kings and founders, Matter of Britain - Arthur and his entourage, Matter of Britain - Knights of the Round Table, Matter of Britain - Other important figures, Matter of Britain - Noteworthy authors, Matter of Britain - Medieval, Matter of Britain - Modern, Matter of Britain - Anonymous, Matter of Britain - References and sources Read more here: » Matter of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Matter of Britain - Characters and subjects |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Matter of Britain - Noteworthy authors
Matter of Britain - Medieval.
Béroul
Chrétien de Troyes
Geoffrey of Monmouth
Hartmann von Aue
Layamon
Sir Thomas Malory
Marie de France
Nennius
Robert de Boron
Taliesin
Thomas of England
Wace
Wolfram von Eschenbach
Matter of Britain - Modern.
René Barjavel
Marion Zimmer Bradley
Michael Drayton
Hal Foster
Raphael Ho ...
See also:Matter of Britain, Matter of Britain - Themes and subjects, Matter of Britain - Legendary history of Britain, Matter of Britain - The Arthurian cycle, Matter of Britain - Characters and subjects, Matter of Britain - Legendary kings and founders, Matter of Britain - Arthur and his entourage, Matter of Britain - Knights of the Round Table, Matter of Britain - Other important figures, Matter of Britain - Noteworthy authors, Matter of Britain - Medieval, Matter of Britain - Modern, Matter of Britain - Anonymous, Matter of Britain - References and sources Read more here: » Matter of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Matter of Britain - Noteworthy authors |
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| | | | | Matter: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Opponents of Campaign Finance Reform Most opponents claim that CFR infracts on free speech and is violates the First Amendment rights. The argument states that money is a form of free speech, and if one has more money than others, they should not be regulated as to one may use their funds.
Others argue that money can never be separated from political influence. This basis is derived from the notion that money will always find its way to influence government officials, whether directly or indirectly. This has become painfully true with the influence and power exhibitted i ...
See also:Democracy Matters, Democracy Matters - Origins, Democracy Matters - Adonal Foyle, Democracy Matters - Tackling Corruption, Democracy Matters - Cleaning Up Our Elections, Democracy Matters - Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Clean Elections, Democracy Matters - Differences Between CFR & CE, Democracy Matters - Opponents of Campaign Finance Reform, Democracy Matters - Raising Awareness, Democracy Matters - Growth Read more here: » Democracy Matters: Encyclopedia II - Democracy Matters - Opponents of Campaign Finance Reform |
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