Glass is a common piercing material which has been used for thousands of years. For example, earplugs made of glass have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs. If correctly shaped and manufactured, glass is an excellent material: comfortable to wear, tough, and safe for the body. However, cheaper glass beads that are not covered in a metal shell can easily break into shards. If you drop glass jewelry on the floor, you probably won't be able to use it again. Also if you have a cheap bead in a tongue piercing and accidentally chew on it, it can ...

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Body piercing materials, Body piercing materials - Metals, Body piercing materials - Surgical steel, Body piercing materials - Implantatium, Body piercing materials - Titanium, Body piercing materials - Blackline, Body piercing materials - Zircon Gold / Zircontwo, Body piercing materials - Niobium, Body piercing materials - Bronze, Body piercing materials - Silver, Body piercing materials - Gold, Body piercing materials - Glass, Body piercing materials - Plastics, Body piercing materials - PTFE, Body piercing materials - Acrylic plexiglas, Body piercing materials - Plastastic, Body piercing materials - Gems, Body piercing materials - Materials of biological origin, Body piercing materials - Wood, Body piercing materials - Animalic, Body piercing materials - Amber, Body piercing materials - Sources

Read more here: » Body piercing materials: Encyclopedia II - Body piercing materials - Glass

Where the stress is high enough for plastic deformation to occur, the account in terms of stress is less useful and the strain in the material offers a simpler description. Low-cycle fatigue is usually characterised by the Coffin-Manson relation (popularised by L. F. Coffin in 1979 based on S. S. Manson's 1960 work): -where: Δεp /2 is the plastic strain amplitude; εf' is an empirical constant known as the fatigue ductility coefficient, the failure ...

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Fatigue material, Fatigue material - Characteristics of fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Timeline of fatigue history, Fatigue material - High-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - The S-N curve, Fatigue material - Probabilistic nature of fatigue, Fatigue material - Complex loadings, Fatigue material - Miner's rule, Fatigue material - Low-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - Fatigue and fracture mechanics, Fatigue material - Factors that affect fatigue-life, Fatigue material - Design against fatigue, Fatigue material - Famous fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Versailles accident, Fatigue material - De Havilland Comet, Fatigue material - Others

Read more here: » Fatigue material: Encyclopedia II - Fatigue material - Low-cycle fatigue

Fatigue material - Versailles accident. On May 8, 1842 one of the trains carrying revellers on their return from Versailles to Paris, having witnessed the celebrations of the birthday of Louis Philippe, derailed and caught fire. Though the resulting conflagration mutilated the dead beyond recognition or enumeration, it is estimated that 53 perished and around 40 were seriously injured. The derailment had been the result of a broken locomotive axle and Rankine's investigation highlighted the importance of stress concentration for the first time. ...

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Fatigue material, Fatigue material - Characteristics of fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Timeline of fatigue history, Fatigue material - High-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - The S-N curve, Fatigue material - Probabilistic nature of fatigue, Fatigue material - Complex loadings, Fatigue material - Miner's rule, Fatigue material - Low-cycle fatigue, Fatigue material - Fatigue and fracture mechanics, Fatigue material - Factors that affect fatigue-life, Fatigue material - Design against fatigue, Fatigue material - Famous fatigue failures, Fatigue material - Versailles accident, Fatigue material - De Havilland Comet, Fatigue material - Others

Read more here: » Fatigue material: Encyclopedia II - Fatigue material - Famous fatigue failures

Gems or gemstones are mostly used as inlays in plugs and as beads in BCR:s. The quality varies widely with different gems, and it can be hard to find stones big enough without cracks and scratches. Some stones may affect the body such as malachite which contains copper that can discolor the skin. Others may contain lead or arsenic or other hazardous materials. However, stones are generally not a problem for the body as long as they don't have sharp or pointy edges or are very heavy. They can most of the time be autoclaved, but some stones, such as opals and corals can't stand the heat and should ...

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Body piercing materials, Body piercing materials - Metals, Body piercing materials - Surgical steel, Body piercing materials - Implantatium, Body piercing materials - Titanium, Body piercing materials - Blackline, Body piercing materials - Zircon Gold / Zircontwo, Body piercing materials - Niobium, Body piercing materials - Bronze, Body piercing materials - Silver, Body piercing materials - Gold, Body piercing materials - Glass, Body piercing materials - Plastics, Body piercing materials - PTFE, Body piercing materials - Acrylic plexiglas, Body piercing materials - Plastastic, Body piercing materials - Gems, Body piercing materials - Materials of biological origin, Body piercing materials - Wood, Body piercing materials - Animalic, Body piercing materials - Amber, Body piercing materials - Sources

Read more here: » Body piercing materials: Encyclopedia II - Body piercing materials - Gems

Plastics have been used for a long time for both implants and piercings. Early piercers often used it as a healing jewelry. After the piercing was done, a product resembling a thick fishing line was inserted in the hole and its end was rivetted together. When the piercing was healed, the plastic was cut and pulled out, and then a real jewelry was inserted. The method is still in use today, but to a much smaller ...

See also:

Body piercing materials, Body piercing materials - Metals, Body piercing materials - Surgical steel, Body piercing materials - Implantatium, Body piercing materials - Titanium, Body piercing materials - Blackline, Body piercing materials - Zircon Gold / Zircontwo, Body piercing materials - Niobium, Body piercing materials - Bronze, Body piercing materials - Silver, Body piercing materials - Gold, Body piercing materials - Glass, Body piercing materials - Plastics, Body piercing materials - PTFE, Body piercing materials - Acrylic plexiglas, Body piercing materials - Plastastic, Body piercing materials - Gems, Body piercing materials - Materials of biological origin, Body piercing materials - Wood, Body piercing materials - Animalic, Body piercing materials - Amber, Body piercing materials - Sources

Read more here: » Body piercing materials: Encyclopedia II - Body piercing materials - Plastics

Asphalt (specifically, asphalt concrete) has been widely used since 1920-1930, though in ancient times asphalt was already used for road-building. The viscous nature of the bitumen binder allows asphalt concrete to sustain significant plastic deformation, although fatigue from repeated loading over time is the most common failure mechanism. Most asphalt pavements are built on an imported gravel base which is generally at least as thick as the asphalt layer, although some 'full depth' pavements are built directly on the native subgrade ...

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Pavement material, Pavement material - Metalling, Pavement material - Asphalt paving, Pavement material - Concrete paving, Pavement material - Bituminous Surface Treatment BST, Pavement material - Other paving methods, Pavement material - Pavement deterioration

Read more here: » Pavement material: Encyclopedia II - Pavement material - Asphalt paving

Pavers, generally in the form of pre-cast concrete blocks, are often used for aesthetic purposes, or sometimes at port facilities that see long-duration pavement loading. Pavers are rarely used in areas that see high-speed vehicle traffic. Brick, cobblestone and wood plank pavements were once common in urban areas throughout the world, but due to their high manual labor requirements they are in some countries typically only maintained for historical reasons, while in other countries they are still common in local streets. They make maint ...

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Pavement material, Pavement material - Metalling, Pavement material - Asphalt paving, Pavement material - Concrete paving, Pavement material - Bituminous Surface Treatment BST, Pavement material - Other paving methods, Pavement material - Pavement deterioration

Read more here: » Pavement material: Encyclopedia II - Pavement material - Other paving methods

Unlike hardness, which only denotes resistance to scratching, diamond's toughness or tenacity is only fair to good. Toughness relates to its ability to resist breakage from falls or impacts: due to diamond's perfect and easy cleavage, it is vulnerable to breakage. Ballas and carbonado diamond are exceptional, as they are polycrystalline and therefore much tougher than single-crystal diamond; they are used for deep-drilling bits and other demanding industrial applications. Particular cuts of diamonds are more prone to breakage—such as marqu ...

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Material properties of diamond, Material properties of diamond - Hardness and crystal structure, Material properties of diamond - Toughness, Material properties of diamond - Optical properties, Material properties of diamond - Electrical properties, Material properties of diamond - Thermal properties, Material properties of diamond - Composition and color

Read more here: » Material properties of diamond: Encyclopedia II - Material properties of diamond - Toughness

His Dark Materials has been made into a radio drama on BBC Radio 4 starring Terence Stamp as Lord Asriel and Lulu Popplewell as Lyra. The play was broadcast in 2003 and is now published by the BBC on CD and cassette. In the same year, a radio drama of Northern Lights was made by RTE (Irish public radio). A theatrical version of the books was produced by Nicholas Hytner as a two-part, six-hour performance for London's Royal National Theatre in Q1 of 2004. The play returned for ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Adaptations

His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming. To enhance the feeling of being in a parallel universe, Pullman renames various common objects of our world with historic terms or new words of his own, often reflecting the power of the Church in Lyra's world. The alternative names he chooses often follow alternate etymologies, while making it possible to guess what everyday object or person he is referring to. Below are some of the significant renamings. Anbaric: Electric. From amber, which the ancient ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Terminology

His Dark Materials has been made into a radio drama on BBC Radio 4 starring Terence Stamp as Lord Asriel and Lulu Popplewell as Lyra. The play was broadcast in 2003 and is now published by the BBC on CD and cassette. In the same year, a radio drama of Northern Lights was made by RTÉ (Irish public radio). A theatrical version of the books was produced by Nicholas Hytner as a two-part, six-hour performance for London's Royal National Theatre in Q1 of 2004. The play returned for ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Adaptations

His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming. To enhance the feeling of being in a parallel universe, Pullman renames various common objects of our world with historic terms or new words of his own, often reflecting the power of the Church in Lyra's world. The alternative names he chooses often follow alternate etymologies, while making it possible to guess what everyday object or person he is referring to. Below are some of the significant renamings. Anbaric: Electric. From amber, which the ancient ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Terminology

Material Force (ch'I, chi, qi or ki): Neo-Confucian term used by writers such as Chu Hsi who see it as a metaphysical principal in contrast with structural form (li).

 (See also: Material Force, Eastern Philosophy, Body Mind and Soul)

Lyra Belacqua is a savage 12-year-old girl who was brought up in the fictional Jordan College, Oxford. She prides herself on her own mischief, especially her ability to lie and invent complex stories with "bare faced conviction." Because of this ability, she was given the surname Silvertongue by Iorek Byrnison. Her constant companion is her dæmon Pantalaimon, who settles upon the pine ma ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Characters

The Amber Spyglass won the 2002 Whitbread Book of the Year award, a prestigious British literature award. This is the first time that such an award has been bestowed on a book from their "children's literature" category. The first volume, Northern Lights, won the Carnegie Medal for children's fiction in the UK in 1995. On May 19, 2005, Pullman was invited to the British Library in London to be formally congratulated for his work by culture secretary Tessa Jowell "on behalf of the government"; he is to receive the ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Awards

Lyra Belacqua is a savage 12-year-old girl who was brought up in the fictional Jordan College, Oxford. She prides herself on her own mischief, especially her ability to lie and invent complex stories with "bare faced conviction." Because of this ability, she was given the surname Silvertongue by Iorek Byrnison. Her constant companion is her dæmon Pantalaimon, who settles upon the pine ma ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Characters

The Amber Spyglass won the 2002 Whitbread Book of the Year award, a prestigious British literature award. This is the first time that such an award has been bestowed on a book from their "children's literature" category. The first volume, Northern Lights, won the Carnegie Medal for children's fiction in the UK in 1995. On May 19, 2005, Pullman was invited to the British Library in London to be formally congratulated for his work by culture secretary Tessa Jowell "on behalf of the government"; he is to receive the ...

See also:

His Dark Materials, His Dark Materials - Plot summary, His Dark Materials - Northern Lights, His Dark Materials - The Subtle Knife, His Dark Materials - The Amber Spyglass, His Dark Materials - Characters, His Dark Materials - Influences and criticism, His Dark Materials - Awards, His Dark Materials - Adaptations, His Dark Materials - Terminology, His Dark Materials - Esoteric renaming, His Dark Materials - Pronunciation, His Dark Materials - Notes

Read more here: » His Dark Materials: Encyclopedia II - His Dark Materials - Awards

Materialism In the rigid philosophical sense, any theory which considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained by the existence and nature of matter. A familiar form of this is what has been called the atomo-mechanical theory, which derives all phenomena from the movements of material atoms in space. The philosophical definition of materialism differs according to the meaning of the word matter; as for instance, when we limit matter by no physical attributes or implications alone, but

See in it the sevenfold prakritis or pradhanas of Hindu philosophers and mystics, matter is then seen to be but a name for the veil or shadow of spirit -- the other side of spirit as it were. This distinction makes materialism but a synonym for spiritualism -- i.e., the profound philosophic theory that the universe is built throughout, from and of the substances and attributes of spirit, which become matter in its innumerable and manifold forms and phases on the lower cosmic planes. What physicists have been calling matter is a percept derived from the interaction of the physical senses with the physical plane of prakriti or nature.

Matter is one of the twin aspects of universal life, coeternal with spirit and indeed spirit's veil or vehicle, and hence is present on every plane of manifestation, from the highest to the lowest. When the manifested One of a universe is considered as a unit or unity, it is called the First or Unmanifest Logos; when it is considered as a duality it is called the Manifest-Unmanifested or Second Logos, and is spirit-matter or life, spirit being its positive pole and matter its negative. Matter is everywhere the vehicle of spirit, and in matter inhere the attributes which spirit expresses in it. Hence materialism, in this sense, would define the whole theosophic philosophy.

The history of philosophy presents a rivalry of schools where materialism is contrasted with idealism, but all these rival schools originated outside of the Mysteries of the sanctuary, although many if not all contain substantial elements of occult verities. The attempt entirely to separate the notions of spirit and matter, of mind and body, of noumenon and phenomenon, results in futility and confusion; a purely ideal world is as unreal as a purely material one.

Materialism, however, stands commonly for an attitude of mind which exalts sense-life, together with its appropriate species of intellectualism, into a summum bonum; and which strives to devise a philosophy that will justify such an attitude. It is an attitude towards life consisting of mental and emotional attachment to externals, to the senses, and to reasoning based on sensory perceptions; and a corresponding neglect and denial of real values. This kind of materialism undermines morals by substituting self-interest or expediency for an innate moral sense, as the basis for conduct. It places illusory power in the hands of man, while at the same time depriving him of his real power of penetrating discrimination, and hence of his ability while under this illusion to use the powers of nature aright.

(See also: Materialism, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Concrete pavements (specifically, Portland cement concrete) are created using a concrete mix of Portland cement, gravel, and sand. The material is applied in a freshly-mixed slurry, and worked mechanically to compact the interior and force some of the thinner cement slurry to the surface to produce a smoother, denser surface free from honeycombing. Cement concrete can be either reinforced or non-reinforced. Non-reinforced pavements will typically have joints at a 5 meter interval. Reinforced concrete pavements can have a much longer joint spacing, or no built-in joints at all. Typical reinforcement used inclu ...

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Pavement material, Pavement material - Metalling, Pavement material - Asphalt paving, Pavement material - Concrete paving, Pavement material - Bituminous Surface Treatment BST, Pavement material - Other paving methods, Pavement material - Pavement deterioration

Read more here: » Pavement material: Encyclopedia II - Pavement material - Concrete paving

Disruptive Pattern Material, or DPM, is a camouflage pattern used by British forces as well many other armies worldwide, particulalry in former colonies. Direct copies or variations of DPM have been used by: Canada, Jordan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, to name but a few. The main variant is a four-colour woodland pattern with olive, tan, brown and black, there is also a two-colour desert variant in tan and brown. DPM has been criticised for its use of black, as â ...

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Disruptive Pattern Material, Disruptive Pattern Material - Disruptive Pattern Material DPM, Disruptive Pattern Material - History

Read more here: » Disruptive Pattern Material: Encyclopedia II - Disruptive Pattern Material - Disruptive Pattern Material DPM

The development of new and improved types of ammunition requires a continuous program of research and development. Adoption of an explosive for a particular use is based upon both proving ground and service tests. Before these tests, however, preliminary estimates of the characteristics of the explosive are made. The principles of thermochemistry are applied for this process. Thermochemistry is concerned with the changes in internal energy, principally as heat, in chemical reactions. An explosion consists of a series of reactions, hig ...

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Explosive material, Explosive material - Chemical explosives, Explosive material - Explosive compatibility groupings, Explosive material - Low Explosives, Explosive material - High Explosives, Explosive material - Composition of the material, Explosive material - Chemical explosive reaction, Explosive material - Formation of gases, Explosive material - Evolution of heat, Explosive material - Rapidity of reaction, Explosive material - Initiation of reaction, Explosive material - Sensitiser, Explosive material - Military explosives, Explosive material - Availability and cost, Explosive material - Sensitivity, Explosive material - Stability, Explosive material - Power, Explosive material - Brisance, Explosive material - Density, Explosive material - Volatility, Explosive material - Hygroscopicity, Explosive material - Toxicity, Explosive material - Measurement of chemical explosive reaction, Explosive material - Oxygen balance OB%, Explosive material - Heat of explosion, Explosive material - Balancing chemical explosion equations, Explosive material - Volume of products of explosion, Explosive material - Explosive strength, Explosive material - Example of thermochemical calculations

Read more here: » Explosive material: Encyclopedia II - Explosive material - Measurement of chemical explosive reaction

In power engineering, a conductor is a piece of metal used to conduct electricity, known colloquially as an electrical wire. Conductor material - Conductor size. In United States, conductors are measured by American wire gauge for smaller ones, and circular mils for larger ones. For example, a '4/0' conductor is about a half inch in diameter, while a '795 000' conductor is about an inch in diameter. In other places, conductors are often measured by their cross section in square millimeters. See also:

Conductor material, Conductor material - Power engineering, Conductor material - Conductor size, Conductor material - Conductor materials, Conductor material - Conductor voltage, Conductor material - Conductor ampacity

Read more here: » Conductor material: Encyclopedia II - Conductor material - Power engineering