Encyclopedia - Jewish Principles Of Faith: Encyclopedia - Jewish Principles Of Faith
There are a number of basic Jewish principles of faith that one is expected to uphold in order to be said to be in consonance with the Je...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text
The Masoretic Text (MT) is the Hebrew text of the Tanakh approved for general use in Judaism. It is also widely used in translations of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia - Tanakh
Tanakh [תנ״ך] (also Tanach or Tenach) is an acronym that identifies the Hebrew Bible. The acronym is based on the initial Hebrew lett...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of God In Judaism: Encyclopedia - Names Of God In Judaism
Adonis | Anat | Asherah | Astarte | Ba'al | Berith | Dagon | El | Elyon | Elohim | Hadad | Mot | Salem | Shaddai | Yaw Adonai | El | Eloh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Documentary Hypothesis: Encyclopedia - Documentary Hypothesis
The documentary hypothesis is a hypothesis proposed by many historians and academics in the field of linguistics and source criticism tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia - Tetragrammaton
Adonis | Anat | Asherah | Astarte | Ba'al | Berith | Dagon | El | Elyon | Elohim | Hadad | Moloch | Mot | Salem | Shaddai | Yaw Adonai | ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language
1United States Census 2000 PHC-T-37. Ability to Speak English by Language Spoken at Home: 2000. Table 1a. Hebrew is a Semitic language of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dagesh: Encyclopedia - Dagesh
The dagesh (דגש) or daghesh is a diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. It is part of the Masoretes system of niqqud (vowel points), a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masorah: Encyclopedia - Masorah
Masorah or Mesora, (Hebrew מסורה) refers either to the transmission of a (religious) tradition, or to the tradition itself. In a br...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Niqqud: Encyclopedia - Niqqud
In Hebrew orthography, Niqqud or Nikkud (Standard Hebrew נִקּוּד, Biblical Hebrew נְקֻדּוֹת, Tiberian Hebrew Nəquddôṯ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aaron Ben Moses Ben Asher: Encyclopedia - Aaron Ben Moses Ben Asher
Aaron ben Moses ben Asher (10th century) developed the Tiberian system for writing down vowel sounds in Hebrew. For over a thousand years...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia - Bible
The Bible (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Good Book, Word of God, The Word, or Scripture), from Greek (τα) βιβλια, (ta) bibl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1st Century: Encyclopedia - 1st Century
The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 AD to 100 AD, or from 0 to 99 in a more scientific notation (using a year zero), as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dagesh: Encyclopedia Ii - Dagesh - Dagesh Kal
Dagesh Kal (sometimes referred to as "dagesh lene") may be placed inside the letters bet ב, kaf כ & ך, pe פ & ף gimel ג, da...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - History
While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extrem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Documentary Hypothesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Documentary Hypothesis - History Of The Hypothesis
Documentary hypothesis - Traditional Jewish and Christian beliefs. The traditional Jewish view is that God revealed his will to Moses a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Books Of The Tanakh
The Hebrew text originally consisted only of consonants, together with some inconsistently applied letters used as vowels (matres lection...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - History
While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extrem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aaron Ben Moses Ben Asher: Encyclopedia Ii - Aaron Ben Moses Ben Asher - Was Ben Asher A Karaite?
Most scholars conclude that Aaron ben Asher was indeed a Karaite Jew, though there is evidence against this view (see suggestions for fur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Study Of The Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Study Of The Hebrew Language - Non-jewish Scholars Of Hebrew
The first major non-Jewish grammarian was John Reuchlin (16th century), but it was not until the early 19th century that Hebrew linguisti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Bible - The Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Hammer (also known as the Jewish Bible, or תנ"ך, Tanakh in Hebrew) consists of 24 books. Tanakh is an acronym for the three...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Principles Of Faith: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Principles Of Faith - Jewish Principles Of Faith
Jewish principles of faith - Monotheism. Judaism is based on a strict unitarian monotheism, the belief in one God. The prayer par excel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Bible - The Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible (also known as the Jewish Bible, or תנ"ך, Tanakh in Hebrew) consists of 24 books. Tanakh is an acronym for the three ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetragrammaton - Meaning
According to one Jewish tradition, the Tetragrammaton is related to the causative form, the imperfect state, of the Hebrew verb הוה (h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of God In Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of God In Judaism - Names Of God
Names of God in Judaism - The Tetragrammaton. The most important name of God in Judaism is the Tetragrammaton, the four-letter name of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - Fixing Of The Text
The earliest labors of the Masoretes included standardizing division of the text into books, sections, paragraphs, verses, and clauses (p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Chapters And Verse Numbers, Book Divisions
The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - Differences Between Babylonia And Palestine
In the course of time, differences in spelling and pronunciation had developed not only between the schools of Palestine and of Babylonia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - History Of The Masorah
The history of the Masorah may be divided into three periods: (1) creative period, from its beginning to the introduction of vowel-signs;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetragrammaton - Jewish Use Of The Word
In Judaism, pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is a taboo; it is widely considered forbidden to utter it and the pronunciation of the na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - Ben Asher And Ben Naphtali
In the first half of the tenth century Aaron ben Moses ben Asher and Ben Naphtali were the leading Masoretes in Tiberias. Their names hav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - The Middle Ages
The two rival authorities, Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali, practically brought the Masorah to a close. Very few additions were made by the la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of God In Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of God In Judaism - Miracles Of The Divine Names
In the Haggadah (the traditional Hebrew Passover text) it is written that the divine names of God could be used to perform miracles if on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetragrammaton - The Scholarly Reconstructed Pronunciation יַהְוֶה I.e. Yahweh
The vowelized [ i.e. vocalized ] Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton "יַהְוֶה" ( i.e. Yahweh ) (see picture to the right) starte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - Critical Study
Jacob ben Hayyim ibn Adonijah, having collated a vast number of manuscripts, systematized his material and arranged the Masorah in the se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - Origin
The Talmud (and also Karaite mss.) state that a standard copy of the Hebrew Bible was kept in the court of the Temple in Jerusalem for th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Masoretic Text: Encyclopedia Ii - Masoretic Text - Language And Form
The language of the Masoretic notes is partly Hebrew and partly Palestinian Aramaic. The Masoretic annotations are found in various forms...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Sounds
Hebrew has two kinds of stress: on the last syllable (milra‘) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, mil‘el). T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Grammar
See main article Hebrew grammar Hebrew grammar is mostly analytical, expressing such forms as dative, ablative, and accusative using prep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Writing System
Modern Hebrew is written from right to left using the Hebrew alphabet. Modern scripts are based on the "square" letter form. A similar sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Languages Strongly Influenced By Hebrew
See main article Jewish languages Yiddish, Ladino, Karaim, and Judaeo-Arabic were all highly influenced by Hebrew. Although none are comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Dialects
According to Ethnologue, dialects of Hebrew include Standard Hebrew (General Israeli, Europeanized Hebrew), Oriental Hebrew (Arabized Heb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Bible - The Christian Bible
History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity of God God t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetragrammaton - Possible Origins
A common suggestion, as articulated by biblical scholar Mark S. Smith in The Origins of Biblical Monotheism, is that the Israelite Yahweh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of God In Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of God In Judaism - Laws Of Writing Divine Names
According to Jewish tradition, the sacredness of the divine names must be recognized by the professional scribe who writes the Scriptures...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Bible - The Canonization Of Scripture
In Judaism it is commonly thought that the canonical status of some books was discussed between 200 BC and AD 100, though it is unclear a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Documentary Hypothesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Documentary Hypothesis - The Hypothesis
Documentary hypothesis - Background to the hypothesis. The main areas considered by these critics when supporting the Documentary Hypot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dagesh: Encyclopedia Ii - Dagesh - Dagesh Hazak
Dagesh Hazak (sometimes referred to as "dagesh forte") may be placed in almost any letter to indicate a doubling of that letter in pronun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dagesh: Encyclopedia Ii - Dagesh - Unicode Encodings
In computer typography there are two ways to use a dagesh with Hebrew text. Here are Unicode examples: Combining characters: bet + dag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Writing System
Modern Hebrew is written from right to left using the Hebrew alphabet. Modern scripts are based on the "square" letter form. A similar sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Grammar
See main article Hebrew grammar Hebrew grammar is mostly analytical, expressing such forms as dative, ablative, and accusative using prep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Dialects
According to Ethnologue, dialects of Hebrew include Standard Hebrew (General Israeli, Europeanized Hebrew), Oriental Hebrew (Arabized Heb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Languages Strongly Influenced By Hebrew
See main article Jewish languages Yiddish, Ladino, Karaim, and Judaeo-Arabic were all highly influenced by Hebrew. Although none are comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Sounds
Hebrew has two kinds of stress: on the last syllable (milra‘) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, mil‘el). T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Terminology
The threefold division reflected in the acronym Tanakh is well attested to in documents from the Second Temple period and in Rabbinic lit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - The Canon
According to the Jewish tradition, the Tanakh consists of twenty-four books (enumerated below). The Torah has five books, Nevi'im contain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Bible - Bible Versions And Translations
In scholarly writing, ancient translations are frequently referred to as "versions", with the term "translation" being reserved for medie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Bible - The Christian Bible
History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Fath...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tetragrammaton: Encyclopedia Ii - Tetragrammaton - Alternative Names
In an analogue to the euphemism HaShem for God, the euphemism HaShem HaMeforash (literally, the explicit name) is sometimes used to refer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bible: Encyclopedia Ii - Bible - The Introduction Of Chapters And Verses
; see Tanakh for the Jewish textual tradition. The Hebrew Masoretic text contains verse endings as an important feature. According to the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Chapters And Verse Numbers Book Divisions
The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Documentary Hypothesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Documentary Hypothesis - Opponents Of The Hypothesis
Fundamentalist Jews and Christians reject the documentary hypothesis entirely and accept the traditional view that the whole Torah is ess...   » Read the article