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Mary I of Scotland | A Wisdom Archive on Mary I of Scotland | | Mary I of Scotland A selection of articles related to Mary I of Scotland | |
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Mary I of Scotland
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Mary I of Scotland | | | |  Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of AlbaThe myth of MacAlpin's Treason tells how Alba was born when the Dalriadan Kenneth mac Alpin conquered the Picts. Modern studies are less sure of Kenneth's Dalriadan roots and consider Kenneth and his successors to be Pictish Kings. Kenneth's son Constantine had the Series Longoir written to show his family's claim to the throne of a united Pictland. The triumph of Gaelic over Pictish and the change from Pictland to Alba is placed in the half-century r ...
See also:History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland In the wake of the Roman withdrawal Scotland's population comprised two main groups:
the Picts, a people of uncertain origin (but possibly a Brythonic Celtic group) who occupied most of Scotland north of the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth: the area known as "Pictavia"
the Britons formed a Roman-influenced Brythonic Celtic culture in the south, with the kingdom of Y Strad Glud (Strathclyde) from the Firth of Clyde southwards, Rheged in Cumbria, Selgovae in the central Borders area and the Votadini o ...
See also:History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Notre Dame de Paris - Construction In 1160, having become the "parish church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the current Parisian cathedral unworthy of its lofty role, and had it demolished shortly after he assumed the title of Bishop of Paris. According to legend, de Sully had a vision of a glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it in the dirt outside of the original church. To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built ...
See also:Notre Dame de Paris, Notre Dame de Paris - Innovations, Notre Dame de Paris - Features, Notre Dame de Paris - The Western Façade, Notre Dame de Paris - The north and south rose windows, Notre Dame de Paris - Art inside the cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris - Statistics, Notre Dame de Paris - Site history, Notre Dame de Paris - Construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Timeline of construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Alterations vandalism and restorations, Notre Dame de Paris - Significant events at Notre Dame, Notre Dame de Paris - Miscellaneous trivia, Notre Dame de Paris - Notre Dame de Paris in the media Read more here: » Notre Dame de Paris: Encyclopedia II - Notre Dame de Paris - Construction |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth I of England - Plots and rebellions At the end of 1562, Elizabeth had fallen ill with smallpox, but later recovered. In 1563, alarmed by the Queen's near-fatal illness, parliament demanded that she marry or nominate an heir to prevent civil war upon her death. She refused to do either, and in April, she prorogued parliament. Parliament did not reconvene until Elizabeth needed its assent to raise taxes in 1566. The House of Commons threatened to withhold funds until the Queen agr ...
See also:Elizabeth I of England, Elizabeth I of England - Early life, Elizabeth I of England - Early reign, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with France and Scotland, Elizabeth I of England - Plots and rebellions, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with Spain and Ireland, Elizabeth I of England - Later years, Elizabeth I of England - Death, Elizabeth I of England - Legacy, Elizabeth I of England - Style and arms Read more here: » Elizabeth I of England: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth I of England - Plots and rebellions |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with France and Scotland The Queen found a dangerous rival in her cousin, the Catholic Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots and wife of the French King Francis II. In 1559, Mary had declared herself Queen of England with French support. In Scotland, Mary Stuart's mother, Mary of Guise attempted to cement French influence by providing for army fortification against English agresssion. A group of Scottish lords allied to Elizabeth deposed Mary of Guise and, under pressure from the English, Mary's representatives signed the Treaty of Edinburgh, which led to the withdrawal of Fr ...
See also:Elizabeth I of England, Elizabeth I of England - Early life, Elizabeth I of England - Early reign, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with France and Scotland, Elizabeth I of England - Plots and rebellions, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with Spain and Ireland, Elizabeth I of England - Later years, Elizabeth I of England - Death, Elizabeth I of England - Legacy, Elizabeth I of England - Style and arms Read more here: » Elizabeth I of England: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with France and Scotland |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Foreign policy In 1662 Charles married a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza, who brought him the territories of Bombay and Tangier as dowry. During the same year, however, he sold Dunkirk—a much more valuable strategic outpost—to his cousin King Louis XIV of France for £40,000.
Appreciative of the assistance given to him in gaining the throne, Charles awarded North American lands then known as Carolina—named for his father ...
See also:Charles II of England, Charles II of England - Early life, Charles II of England - Restoration, Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament, Charles II of England - Foreign policy, Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire, Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament, Charles II of England - Later years, Charles II of England - Legacy, Charles II of England - Style and arms, Charles II of England - The children of Charles II, Charles II of England - Trivia Read more here: » Charles II of England: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Foreign policy |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660. Shortly after Charles's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661, the second Parliament of the reign—the Cavalier Parliament—assembled. As the Cavalier Parliament was overwhelmingly Royalist, Charles saw no reason to dissolve it and force another general election for seventeen years.
The Cavalier Parliament concerned itself with the agenda of Charles' chief advisor, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Lord Clarendon sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church ...
See also:Charles II of England, Charles II of England - Early life, Charles II of England - Restoration, Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament, Charles II of England - Foreign policy, Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire, Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament, Charles II of England - Later years, Charles II of England - Legacy, Charles II of England - Style and arms, Charles II of England - The children of Charles II, Charles II of England - Trivia Read more here: » Charles II of England: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Restoration After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Charles' chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim. Oliver Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard Cromwell. However, the new Lord Protector was incompetent and unwilling to rule, and abdicated in 1659. The Protectorate of England was abolished, and the Commonwealth of England established. During the civil and military unrest which followed, George Monck, the Governor of Scotland, was concerned that the nation would descend into anarchy and sought to restore the monarchy. Monc ...
See also:Charles II of England, Charles II of England - Early life, Charles II of England - Restoration, Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament, Charles II of England - Foreign policy, Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire, Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament, Charles II of England - Later years, Charles II of England - Legacy, Charles II of England - Style and arms, Charles II of England - The children of Charles II, Charles II of England - Trivia Read more here: » Charles II of England: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Restoration |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire In 1665, Charles II was faced with one of the greatest health crises of all time; an outbreak of Bubonic Plague in London commonly refered to as the Great Plague. Believed to have been introduced by Dutch shipping vessels carrying cotton from Amsterdam, the plague was carried by rats and fleas and the death toll at one point reached up to 7000 per week. Charles, his family and court were forced to flee London in July 1665 to Oxford. Various attempts at containing the virus by London public health offici ...
See also:Charles II of England, Charles II of England - Early life, Charles II of England - Restoration, Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament, Charles II of England - Foreign policy, Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire, Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament, Charles II of England - Later years, Charles II of England - Legacy, Charles II of England - Style and arms, Charles II of England - The children of Charles II, Charles II of England - Trivia Read more here: » Charles II of England: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. In 1672, Charles issued the Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all laws punishing Roman Catholics and other religious dissenters. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo-Dutch War.
The Cavalier Parliament—although opposed to granting religious tolerance to Catholics—opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional gro ...
See also:Charles II of England, Charles II of England - Early life, Charles II of England - Restoration, Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament, Charles II of England - Foreign policy, Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire, Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament, Charles II of England - Later years, Charles II of England - Legacy, Charles II of England - Style and arms, Charles II of England - The children of Charles II, Charles II of England - Trivia Read more here: » Charles II of England: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth I of England - Early reign In 1558, upon Mary I's death, Elizabeth ascended the throne. She was far more popular than her sister, and it is said that upon Mary's death, the people rejoiced in the streets.
Elizabeth was crowned on 15 January 1559. There was no Archbishop of Canterbury at the time; Reginald Cardinal Pole, the last Catholic holder of the office, had died shortly after Mary I. Since the senior bishops declined to participate in the coronation (since Elizabeth was illegitimate under both canon law and statute and since she was a Protestant), the rel ...
See also:Elizabeth I of England, Elizabeth I of England - Early life, Elizabeth I of England - Early reign, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with France and Scotland, Elizabeth I of England - Plots and rebellions, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with Spain and Ireland, Elizabeth I of England - Later years, Elizabeth I of England - Death, Elizabeth I of England - Legacy, Elizabeth I of England - Style and arms Read more here: » Elizabeth I of England: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth I of England - Early reign |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Legacy Charles II left no legitimate issue. He did, however, have several children by a number of mistresses (many of whom were wives of noblemen); many of his mistresses and illegitimate children received dukedoms or earldoms. He publicly acknowledged fourteen children by seven mistresses; six of those children were borne by a single woman, the notorious Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, whom Charles granted the Dukedom of Cleveland. His other favourite mistresses were Nell Gwynne and Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, Duchess of ...
See also:Charles II of England, Charles II of England - Early life, Charles II of England - Restoration, Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament, Charles II of England - Foreign policy, Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire, Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament, Charles II of England - Later years, Charles II of England - Legacy, Charles II of England - Style and arms, Charles II of England - The children of Charles II, Charles II of England - Trivia Read more here: » Charles II of England: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Legacy |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Later years Another political storm which faced Charles was that of succession to the Throne. The Parliament of 1679 was elected at a time when anti-Catholic sentiments prevailed across the Kingdom, and found itself vehemently opposed to the prospect of a Catholic monarch. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1672) introduced the Exclusion Bill, which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Some even sought to devise the Crown to the Protestan ...
See also:Charles II of England, Charles II of England - Early life, Charles II of England - Restoration, Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament, Charles II of England - Foreign policy, Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire, Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament, Charles II of England - Later years, Charles II of England - Legacy, Charles II of England - Style and arms, Charles II of England - The children of Charles II, Charles II of England - Trivia Read more here: » Charles II of England: Encyclopedia II - Charles II of England - Later years |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence Malcolm's victory foreshadowed what became a major thread of Scottish history for the next thousand years. He had relied on Northumbrian assistance to return to the throne, and from then on Scotland at no time remained very far from the thoughts of England's rulers. The reciprocal condition equally applied.
In 1066 the Norman Conquest shook England to its foundations and one of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar, eventually fled to Scotland. Malcolm married Edgar's sister Margaret, and thus came ...
See also:History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Roman invasion The written history of Scotland largely begins with the coming of the Roman empire to Britain. Although the pre-Roman inhabitants occasionally used writing for commemorative purpose, these societies favoured a strong oral history. With the loss of the druidic tradition (due to war, famine, and particularly the proscriptions of later Christian missionaries), the people forgot much of this lore. The only surviving pre-Roman account of Scotland originated with the Greek Pytheas of Massalia who circumnavigated the British islands (which he called Pretaniké) in 325 ...
See also:History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Roman invasion |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - War with England Margaret's death (1290) now left the Scottish throne with no clear successor, and Edward became the arbitrator between the various claimants to the crown. He immediately stated that any claimant to the throne would have to acknowledge him as overlord. With a large number of claimants, it was not difficult to find a plausible one who would accept this condition: Edward selected him, and John Balliol became king (17 November 1292).
Balliol soon tried to back out of the arrangement, largely because Edward put considerable ingenuity into ...
See also:History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - War with England |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - Early reign in England James' chief advisor was Robert Cecil, 1st Baron Cecil of Essendon (the younger son of Elizabeth I's favoured minister, Lord Burghley), who was created Earl of Salisbury in 1605. James was an extravagant spender; only the skill of the Earl of Salisbury could avert financial disaster. He created numerous peerage dignities to reward his courtiers. In total, sixty-two individuals were raised to the English Peerage by James, contrasted to his predecessor, Elizabeth, who had only created eight new peers during her 45-year reign. James also embroi ...
See also:James I of England, James I of England - Early life, James I of England - Regencies, James I of England - English succession, James I of England - Early reign in England, James I of England - Conflict with Parliament, James I of England - Later years, James I of England - Love life, James I of England - Legacy, James I of England - Style and arms, James I of England - Issue Read more here: » James I of England: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - Early reign in England |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - English succession James VI and Elizabeth I became allies under the Treaty of Berwick. James sought to remain in the favour of the unmarried Queen of England, as he was a potential successor to her Crown. Henry VIII had feared that the English Crown would go to a Scot: in his will, he excluded Margaret Tudor, James' grandmother, and her descendants from the line of succession. Although technically excluded by the will—which, under an Act of Parliament, had the force of law—both Mary, Queen of Scots and James were serious claimants to the Eng ...
See also:James I of England, James I of England - Early life, James I of England - Regencies, James I of England - English succession, James I of England - Early reign in England, James I of England - Conflict with Parliament, James I of England - Later years, James I of England - Love life, James I of England - Legacy, James I of England - Style and arms, James I of England - Issue Read more here: » James I of England: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - English succession |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - Later years Following the dissolution of the Addled Parliament, James ruled without a Parliament for seven years. Faced with financial difficulties due to the failure of Parliament to approve new taxes, James sought to enter into a profitable alliance with Spain by marrying his eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales, to the daughter of the King of Spain. The proposed alliance with a Roman Catholic kingdom was not well-received in Protestant England. James' unpopularity, furthermore, was augmented by the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. In Scotland, James ...
See also:James I of England, James I of England - Early life, James I of England - Regencies, James I of England - English succession, James I of England - Early reign in England, James I of England - Conflict with Parliament, James I of England - Later years, James I of England - Love life, James I of England - Legacy, James I of England - Style and arms, James I of England - Issue Read more here: » James I of England: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - Later years |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - Legacy Almost immediately after James I's death, Charles I became embroiled in disputes with Parliament. The disputes escalated until the English Civil War began during the 1640s; the monarchy was overthrown, and a military dictatorship established. The Stuart dynasty, however, was later restored in 1660. Some historians blame James for the Civil War. However, the general view now is that Charles I was more responsible for the s ...
See also:James I of England, James I of England - Early life, James I of England - Regencies, James I of England - English succession, James I of England - Early reign in England, James I of England - Conflict with Parliament, James I of England - Later years, James I of England - Love life, James I of England - Legacy, James I of England - Style and arms, James I of England - Issue Read more here: » James I of England: Encyclopedia II - James I of England - Legacy |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Notre Dame de Paris - Site history The Notre Dame de Paris stands on the site of Paris' first Christian church, Saint-Étienne Basilica, which was itself built on the site of a Gallo-Roman temple to Jupiter. Notre Dame's first version was a "magnificent church" built by Childebert I, the king of the Franks in 528, and was already the cathedral of the city of Paris in the 10th century.
Notre Dame de Paris is 130 m (427 ft) long.
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See also:Notre Dame de Paris, Notre Dame de Paris - Innovations, Notre Dame de Paris - Features, Notre Dame de Paris - The Western Façade, Notre Dame de Paris - The north and south rose windows, Notre Dame de Paris - Art inside the cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris - Statistics, Notre Dame de Paris - Site history, Notre Dame de Paris - Construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Timeline of construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Alterations vandalism and restorations, Notre Dame de Paris - Significant events at Notre Dame, Notre Dame de Paris - Miscellaneous trivia, Notre Dame de Paris - Notre Dame de Paris in the media Read more here: » Notre Dame de Paris: Encyclopedia II - Notre Dame de Paris - Site history |
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| | | | | Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Notre Dame de Paris - Innovations Notre Dame de Paris was one of the first gothic cathedrals, and was built throughout the Gothic period. Its sculptures and stained glass show the heavy influence of naturalism, giving them a more secular look that was lacking from earlier Romanesque designs.
Notre Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave. However, after the construction began and the thinner walls (popularized in the Gothic) g ...
See also:Notre Dame de Paris, Notre Dame de Paris - Innovations, Notre Dame de Paris - Features, Notre Dame de Paris - The Western Façade, Notre Dame de Paris - The north and south rose windows, Notre Dame de Paris - Art inside the cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris - Statistics, Notre Dame de Paris - Site history, Notre Dame de Paris - Construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Timeline of construction, Notre Dame de Paris - Alterations vandalism and restorations, Notre Dame de Paris - Significant events at Notre Dame, Notre Dame de Paris - Miscellaneous trivia, Notre Dame de Paris - Notre Dame de Paris in the media Read more here: » Notre Dame de Paris: Encyclopedia II - Notre Dame de Paris - Innovations |
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