Mary I of Scotland - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Mary I Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - Mary I Of Scotland - Return To Scotland
The young widow returned to Scotland soon after, and arrived in Leith on August 19, 1561. She was still only 18 and, despite her talents,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1520: Encyclopedia - 1520
1520 - Events. January 18 - King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde. June - Moctezuma II, Aztec rule...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 16th Century: Encyclopedia - 16th Century
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. See also: 16th century in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England
Charles II (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (retrospectiv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - April 14: Encyclopedia - April 14
April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). There are 261 days remaining. April 14 - Events. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1608: Encyclopedia - 1608
1608 - Events. January 7 - Fire destroys Jamestown, Virginia. March 18 - Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. May 14 - Prot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia - John Knox
Background Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Distinctives Calvin's Institutes Five Solas Five Points (TULIP) Regulative principl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - December 7: Encyclopedia - December 7
December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 24 days remaining. December 7 - Event...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1545: Encyclopedia - 1545
1545 - Events. February 27 - Battle of Ancrum Moor - Scots victory over superior English forces December 13 - Official opening of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1556: Encyclopedia - 1556
1556 - Events. January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand bec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1542: Encyclopedia - 1542
1542 - Events. War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1535: Encyclopedia - 1535
1535 - Events. January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1533: Encyclopedia - 1533
1533 - Events. January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. March 30 - Thomas Cranmer become...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1578: Encyclopedia - 1578
1578 - Events. January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Don...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1558: Encyclopedia - 1558
1558 - Events. January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1567: Encyclopedia - 1567
1567 - Events. The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1566: Encyclopedia - 1566
1566 - Events. January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the N...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1560: Encyclopedia - 1560
1560 - Events. February 27 - The Treaty of Berhick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Prehistoric Settlement
For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland. People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Early Life
Elizabeth was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII of England by his second wife, Anne Boleyn, Marchioness of Pembroke, whom he se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arundel Castle: Encyclopedia Ii - Arundel Castle - Changes To The Castle — Mediaeval Period
The current Duke of Norfolk, Edward Fitzalan-Howard, is a direct descendent of the d'Albani family. The castle and titles have passed alm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anglo-spanish War 1585: Encyclopedia Ii - Anglo-spanish War 1585 - After The Armada
The Armada engagement revolutionised naval warfare and provided valuable seafaring experience for English oceanic mariners. Furthermore, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genealogy Of The British Royal Family: Encyclopedia Ii - Genealogy Of The British Royal Family - Stuarts
Genealogy of the British Royal Family - Ancestors of Mary I of Scotland. Queen Mary I of Scotland, daughter of King James V of Scotlan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Early Life
Many of the details of Knox's early life are unclear. His place of birth is not known for certain, though Giffordgate, a suburb of the to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Porphyria: Encyclopedia Ii - Porphyria - Subtypes
There are eight enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway: the first and the last three are in the mitochondria, while the other four are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Notre Dame De Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Notre Dame De Paris - Features
Notre Dame de Paris - The Western Façade. The Western Façade of the cathedral is the single most well-known feature. It is divided in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Love Life
Historians have said, based upon an assortment of contemporary accounts, that the King had some male lovers throughout his life and was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Early Life
Elizabeth was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII of England by his second wife, Anne Boleyn, Marchioness of Pembroke, whom he se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ridolfi Plot: Encyclopedia Ii - Ridolfi Plot - Execution
The plan was to foment a rebellion of the northern English nobility, many of whom were believed to still be Catholic, and marry Mary to T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Early Life
Charles, the eldest surviving son of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, was born in St. James's Palace on 29 May 1630. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - On The Continent, 1554-1559
From England, after the death of Edward, Knox proceeded to the continent, traveling for a time from place to place in some uncertainty. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Death
Elizabeth I fell ill in February 1603, suffering from frailty and insomnia. After a period of distressing reflection, she died on March 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Porphyria: Encyclopedia Ii - Porphyria - Culture And History
Porphyria - Vampires and werewolves. Porphyria has been suggested as an explanation for the origin of vampire and werewolf legends, bas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Conversion To Protestantism
Knox first publicly professed the Protestant faith about the end of 1545, though it is thought that his beliefs had been moving in that d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Confinement In The French Galleys
After Beaton's death the castle at St. Andrews became a place of refuge for many Scottish Protestants, and Knox resided there in relative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Later Years
In 1598, Elizabeth's chief advisor, Lord Burghley, died. His political mantle was inherited by his son, Robert Cecil, who had previously ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Porphyria: Encyclopedia Ii - Porphyria - Treatment
Porphyria - Acute porphyria. A high-carbohydrate diet is typically recommended; in severe attacks, a glucose 10% infusion is commenced,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Great Plague And Fire
In 1665, Charles II was faced with a great health crisis: an outbreak of Bubonic Plague in London commonly refered to as the Great Plague...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genealogy Of The British Royal Family: Encyclopedia Ii - Genealogy Of The British Royal Family - Hainault
Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Avesnes. Philippa of Hainault, daughter of William III, Count of Hainaut and Jeanne o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Porphyria: Encyclopedia Ii - Porphyria - Overview
In humans, porphyrins are the main precursors of heme, an essential constituent of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome. Deficiency in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Notre Dame De Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Notre Dame De Paris - Alterations Vandalism And Restorations
During the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV, at the end of the 17th century, the cathedral underwent major alterations as part of an ongoi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Porphyria: Encyclopedia Ii - Porphyria - Signs And Symptoms
The hepatic porphyrias primarily affect the nervous system, resulting in abdominal pain, vomiting, acute neuropathy, seizures, and mental...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Porphyria: Encyclopedia Ii - Porphyria - Diagnosis
Porphyria is diagnosed through tests on blood, urine, and stool. In general, urine estimation of porphobilinogen (PBG) is the first step ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Residence In England
On his release, which took place early in 1549, through the intervention, apparently, of the English government, Knox found that, in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - On The Continent 1554-1559
From England, after the death of Edward, Knox proceeded to the continent, traveling for a time from place to place in some uncertainty. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Great Plague And Fire
In 1665, Charles II was faced with a great health crisis: an outbreak of Bubonic Plague in London commonly refered to as the Great Plague...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Conflict With France And Scotland
The Queen found a dangerous rival in her cousin, the Catholic Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots and wife of the French King Francis II. In 1559...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anglo-spanish War 1585: Encyclopedia Ii - Anglo-spanish War 1585 - Causes
Philip's motives were both religious and political. The Protestant Elizabeth I of England had antagonised the Catholics by making attenda...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anglo-spanish War 1585: Encyclopedia Ii - Anglo-spanish War 1585 - Outbreak
War broke out in 1585. Drake sailed for the West Indies and sacked Santo Domingo, Cartagena de Indias, and San Agustín in Florida. Anger...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arundel Castle: Encyclopedia Ii - Arundel Castle - Changes To The Castle — 1850 To The Present Day
Soon after the Royal visit the 14th Duke began re-structuring the castle once again. Dying before its completion, the work was overseen b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Plots And Rebellions
At the end of 1562, Elizabeth had fallen ill with smallpox, but later recovered. In 1563, alarmed by the Queen's near-fatal illness, Parl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genealogy Of The British Royal Family: Encyclopedia Ii - Genealogy Of The British Royal Family - Castilians
Genealogy of the British Royal Family - House of Burgundy. Isabella, daughter of King Pedro I of Castile and Maria of Padilla. King Pe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Organization Of The Church In Scotland.
He arrived in Edinburgh May 2, 1559. The time was a critical one. During his absence the reform party had become more numerous, more self...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Knox And Queen Mary
Queen Mary returned to Scotland in August, 1561, thoroughly predisposed against Knox, while he and the other Reformers looked upon her wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Ministry In Edinburgh And Private Life
Knox's life from the time of his return to Scotland in 1559 is a part of the history of his country and its full story is to be sought in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Knox: Encyclopedia Ii - John Knox - Personal Appearance And Manner
An interesting description of Knox's appearance, and especially of his style as a preacher, in his later years, is furnished in the Diary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Notre Dame De Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Notre Dame De Paris - Site History
The Notre Dame de Paris stands on the site of Paris' first Christian church, Saint-Étienne Basilica, which was itself built on the site ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Early Life
James was the only child of Mary I, Queen of Scots and of her second husband, Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany, more commonly known as Lord D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Death
Elizabeth I fell ill in February 1603, suffering from frailty and insomnia. After a period of distressing reflection, she died on March 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Later Years
In 1598, Elizabeth's chief advisor, Lord Burghley, died. His political mantle was inherited by his son, Robert Cecil, who had previously ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Conflict With Spain And Ireland
In 1580, Pope Gregory XIII sent a force to aid the second of the Desmond Rebellions in Ireland; but by 1583, the rebellion had been put d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Legacy
Elizabeth proved to be one of the most popular monarchs in English or British history. She placed seventh in the 100 Greatest Britons pol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Style And Arms
Like her predecessors since Henry VIII, Elizabeth used the style "Majesty", as well as "Highness" and "Grace". "Majesty", which Henry VII...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Rise Of The Kingdom Of Alba
The myth of MacAlpin's Treason tells how Alba was born when the Dalriadan Kenneth mac Alpin conquered the Picts. Modern studies are less ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Post-roman Scotland
In the wake of the Roman withdrawal Scotland's population comprised two main groups: the Picts, a people of uncertain origin (but possib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Notre Dame De Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Notre Dame De Paris - Construction
In 1160, having become the "parish church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the current Parisian cathedral unworthy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Plots And Rebellions
At the end of 1562, Elizabeth had fallen ill with smallpox, but later recovered. In 1563, alarmed by the Queen's near-fatal illness, parl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Conflict With France And Scotland
The Queen found a dangerous rival in her cousin, the Catholic Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots and wife of the French King Francis II. In 1559...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Foreign Policy
In 1662 Charles married a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza, who brought him the territories of Bombay and Tangier as dowry. Dur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Cavalier Parliament
The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660. Shortly after Charles's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661, the s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Restoration
After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Charles' chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim. Oliver Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Great Plague And Fire
In 1665, Charles II was faced with one of the greatest health crises of all time; an outbreak of Bubonic Plague in London commonly refere...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Conflict With Parliament
Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elizabeth I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Elizabeth I Of England - Early Reign
In 1558, upon Mary I's death, Elizabeth ascended the throne. She was far more popular than her sister, and it is said that upon Mary's de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Legacy
Charles II left no legitimate issue. He did, however, have several children by a number of mistresses (many of whom were wives of nobleme...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles Ii Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles Ii Of England - Later Years
Another political storm which faced Charles was that of succession to the Throne. The Parliament of 1679 was elected at a time when anti-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Anglo-norman Influence
Malcolm's victory foreshadowed what became a major thread of Scottish history for the next thousand years. He had relied on Northumbrian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Roman Invasion
The written history of Scotland largely begins with the coming of the Roman empire to Britain. Although the pre-Roman inhabitants occasio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - War With England
Margaret's death (1290) now left the Scottish throne with no clear successor, and Edward became the arbitrator between the various claima...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Early Reign In England
James' chief advisor was Robert Cecil, 1st Baron Cecil of Essendon (the younger son of Elizabeth I's favoured minister, Lord Burghley), w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - English Succession
James VI and Elizabeth I became allies under the Treaty of Berwick. James sought to remain in the favour of the unmarried Queen of Englan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Later Years
Following the dissolution of the Addled Parliament, James ruled without a Parliament for seven years. Faced with financial difficulties d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Legacy
Almost immediately after James I's death, Charles I became embroiled in disputes with Parliament. The disputes escalated until the Englis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Notre Dame De Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Notre Dame De Paris - Site History
The Notre Dame de Paris stands on the site of Paris' first Christian church, Saint-Étienne Basilica, which was itself built on the site ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Notre Dame De Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Notre Dame De Paris - Innovations
Notre Dame de Paris was one of the first gothic cathedrals, and was built throughout the Gothic period. Its sculptures and stained glass ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Style And Arms
Formally, James was styled "James, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." (The claim to the Throne o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Regencies
James was formally crowned King of Scotland at the Church of the Holyrood, Stirling, on 29 July 1567. In deference to the religious belie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James I Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - James I Of England - Conflict With Parliament
In 1605, Parliament voted four subsidies to the King, who still considered this to be inadequate revenue. He imposed customs duties witho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Late Mediaeval Events
After David's death, Robert II, the first of the Stewart (later Stuart) kings, came to the throne in 1371. There followed in 1390 his ail...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Mary Queen Of Scots
Within two years, the Rough Wooing, Henry VIII's military attempt to force a marriage between Mary and his son, Edward, had begun. This t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland
Tied as it was to the health of the British Empire, Scotland suffered after the First World War as it had gained beforehand. In the Highl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Wars Of The Three Kingdoms And The Puritan Commonwealth
See Also Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Scottish Civil War History of Scotland - Bishops Wars. Shortly after his reign began, an attempt b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Protestant Reformation
During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first Martin L...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution
James's attempt to introduce religious toleration to England's Roman Catholics alienated his Protestant subjects. Neither this, nor his m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance And Enlightenment
After 1745, British authorities acted to suppress the clan loyalties in the Highlands. The wearing of tartan and the playing of bagpipes ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Union The Hanoverians And The Jacobites
By 1700, the Protestant monarchy seemed in danger of coming to an end with the childless Stuart Queen Anne. Rather than return to her Rom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mary I Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - Mary I Of Scotland - Flight To England
On May 2, 1568, she escaped from Loch Leven and once again managed to raise a small army. After her army's defeat at the Battle of Langsi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mary I Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - Mary I Of Scotland - Mary's Relics
Though Mary Stuart has not been canonised by the Catholic Church, many consider her a martyr, and there are relics of her. Her prayer-boo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mary I Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - Mary I Of Scotland - Execution
Mary eventually became a liability that Elizabeth could no longer tolerate. She was involved in several plots to assassinate Elizabeth, r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mary I Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - Mary I Of Scotland - Early Years
Princess Mary Stuart was born at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland, on December 8, 1542 to King James V of Scotland a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mary I Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - Mary I Of Scotland - Coronation
The infant Mary was crowned as Queen of Scots in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on September 9, 1543. Due to the age of the Queen an...   » Read the article