Mary I of Scotland

The young widow returned to Scotland soon after, and arrived in Leith on August 19, 1561. She was still only 18 and, despite her talents, her upbringing had not given her the judgment to cope with the dangerous and complex political situation in the Scotland of the time. Religion had divided the people, and Mary's illegitimate brother, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestant faction. Mary, being a devout Roman Catholic, was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects as well as by Elizabeth I of England, her fath ...

See also:

Mary I of Scotland, Mary I of Scotland - Early years, Mary I of Scotland - Coronation, Mary I of Scotland - Rough wooing, Mary I of Scotland - Life in France, Mary I of Scotland - Return to Scotland, Mary I of Scotland - Flight to England, Mary I of Scotland - Execution, Mary I of Scotland - Mary's relics, Mary I of Scotland - Mary in popular culture

Read more here: » Mary I of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - Mary I of Scotland - Return to Scotland

1520 - Events. January 18 - King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde. June - Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hernán Cortés. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne. June 7 - Field of Cloth of Gold. Famous meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France. July 1 - The forces of Cuitláhuac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan gain a major victory against the forc ...

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• 1520 - Events
• 1520 - Births
• 1520 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1520: Encyclopedia - 1520

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. See also: 16th century in literature 16th century - Events. 1501: Safavid dynasty rules Iran until 1736. 1503: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and completes it three or four years later. 1509: The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade. 1514: The Battle of Orsha halts Muscovy's expansion into ...

Including:

• 16th century - Events
• 16th century - Significant people
• 16th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 16th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 16th century: Encyclopedia - 16th century

Charles II (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (retrospectively de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. His father Charles I had been executed in 1649, following the English Civil War; the monarchy was then abolished and the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland became a republic under Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector (see Commonwealth of England and The Protectorate). In 1660, shortly after C ...

Including:

• Charles II of England - Early life
• Charles II of England - Restoration
• Charles II of England - Cavalier Parliament
• Charles II of England - Foreign policy
• Charles II of England - Great Plague and Fire
• Charles II of England - Conflict with Parliament
• Charles II of England - Later years
• Charles II of England - Legacy
• Charles II of England - Style and arms
• Charles II of England - The children of Charles II
• Charles II of England - Trivia

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April 14 is the 104th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (105th in leap years). There are 261 days remaining. April 14 - Events. 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum. Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, who is killed. AD 69 - Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeats Emperor Otho in the Battle of Bedriacum and seizes the throne. 1028 - Henry III, son of Conra ...

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• April 14 - Events
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• April 14 - Holidays and observances

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1608 - Events. January 7 - Fire destroys Jamestown, Virginia. March 18 - Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. May 14 - Protestant Union founded in Auhausen. July 3 - Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain. August 24 - The first official English representative to India lands at Surat. October 2 - Dutch lensmaker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch parliament. Swedish troops enter Moscow. First cheques come ...

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• 1608 - Events
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Background Christianity St. Augustine The Reformation Distinctives Calvin's Institutes Five Solas Five Points (TULIP) Regulative principle Confessions of faith Influences Theodore Beza Synod of Dort Puritan theology Jonathan Edwards Princeton theologians Karl Barth Churches Reformed Presbyterian Congregationalist Reformed Baptist Peoples Afrikaner Calvinists
Including:

• John Knox - Early life
• John Knox - Conversion to Protestantism
• John Knox - Confinement in the French galleys
• John Knox - Residence in England
• John Knox - On the Continent 1554-1559
• John Knox - Organization of the Church in Scotland.
• John Knox - Knox and Queen Mary
• John Knox - Ministry in Edinburgh and private life
• John Knox - Personal appearance and manner
• John Knox - Testimonies to his character

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December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 24 days remaining. December 7 - Events. 1732 - The Royal Opera House opens at Covent Garden, London. 1776 - Marquis de Lafayette attempts to enter the American military as a major general. 1787 - Delaware becomes the first state to ratify the United States Constitution. 1815 - Michel Ney, Marshal of France, is executed by firing squad, after havin ...

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• December 7 - Events
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• December 7 - Deaths
• December 7 - Holidays and observances

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1545 - Events. February 27 - Battle of Ancrum Moor - Scots victory over superior English forces December 13 - Official opening of the Council of Trent (closed 1563) Battle of Kawagoe - between two branches of Uesugi families and the late Hojo clan in Japan. 1545 - Births. March 2 - Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and library founder (died 1613) April 2 - Elizabeth of Valois, queen of Philip II of Spain (died 1568) April 28 ...

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• 1545 - Events
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• 1545 - Deaths

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1556 - Events. January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi Earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. 830,000 people may have been killed. February - Truce of Vaucelles - Temporary end to the fighting between France and Spain. February 14 - Thomas Cranmer is declared a heretic March 9 - Scot ...

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• 1556 - Events
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1542 - Events. War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. February 2 - Portuguese under Christovão da Gama capture a Moslem-occupied hillfort in northern Ethiopia in the Battle of Baçente April 4 - 16 The Portuguese under Christovão da Gama encounter the army of Imam Ahmad Gragn in the Battle of Jarte, and inflict upon the Imam two succe ...

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• 1542 - Events
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1535 - Events. January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster (see Münster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. May 19 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with 3 ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's 2 sons (who Cartier kidnapped during his first ...

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• 1535 - Events
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1533 - Events. January 25 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, his second Queen consort. March 30 - Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. April 9 - Troops of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim sack the monastic complex of Lalibela in Abyssinia. May 23 - King Henry VIII of England marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled. Catherine refuses to accept and continues to believe herself the wife of Henry till her death. June 1 - Henry VIII of Englan ...

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• 1533 - Events
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1578 - Events. January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Don John begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands August 4 - Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir - The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian I of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal. October 1 - Alexander Farnese, Pri ...

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1558 - Events. January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. April 24 - Mary I of Scotland marries Francis II of France November 17 - Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth. Tobacco comes to Fr ...

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• 1558 - Events
• 1558 - Births
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1567 - Events. The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned. February 10 - Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary I of Scotland, is murdered at the Provost's House in Edinburgh. May 15 - Mary I of Scotland marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. June 15 - Mary I of Scotland is defeated at C ...

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• 1567 - Events
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1566 - Events. January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. The first bridge crossing the Neretva river at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is completed by the Ottoman Empire. The white marble bridge is now known as Stari Most (or "Old Bridge"). Spanish Doubloon first made during the rein of Phillip II ...

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1560 - Events. February 27 - The Treaty of Berhick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. July 6 - Treaty of Edinburgh between England, France and Scotland. The French withdraw from Scotland. This largely ends the "Auld Alliance" between France and Scotland, and ends the wars between England and its northern neighbor. August 17 - the Roman Church is overthro ...

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For more detail on this period see Prehistoric Scotland. People lived in Scotland for at least 8500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000 – 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice ...

See also:

History of Scotland, History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement, History of Scotland - Roman invasion, History of Scotland - Post-Roman Scotland, History of Scotland - Rise of the Kingdom of Alba, History of Scotland - Anglo-Norman influence, History of Scotland - War with England, History of Scotland - Late Mediaeval events, History of Scotland - Mary Queen of Scots, History of Scotland - Protestant Reformation, History of Scotland - Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Puritan Commonwealth, History of Scotland - Bishops Wars, History of Scotland - Civil War in England and Scotland, History of Scotland - Cromwellian Occupation and Restoration, History of Scotland - The Glorious Revolution, History of Scotland - Scottish overseas colonies, History of Scotland - Union the Hanoverians and the Jacobites, History of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance and Enlightenment, History of Scotland - 20th Century Scotland, History of Scotland - 21st Century Scotland

Read more here: » History of Scotland: Encyclopedia II - History of Scotland - Prehistoric settlement

Elizabeth was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII of England by his second wife, Anne Boleyn, Marchioness of Pembroke, whom he secretly married sometime between the winter of 1532 and late January of 1533. She was born in Greenwich Palace in Greenwich, on September 7, 1533. Henry would have preferred a son to ensure the Tudor succession, but upon her birth, Elizabeth was the heiress presumptive to the throne of England. Her surviving paternal aunts included Margaret Tudor and Mary Tudor. Her maternal aunt was Lady Mary Boleyn. He ...

See also:

Elizabeth I of England, Elizabeth I of England - Early life, Elizabeth I of England - Early reign, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with France and Scotland, Elizabeth I of England - Plots and rebellions, Elizabeth I of England - Conflict with Spain and Ireland, Elizabeth I of England - Later years, Elizabeth I of England - Death, Elizabeth I of England - Legacy, Elizabeth I of England - Style and arms

Read more here: » Elizabeth I of England: Encyclopedia II - Elizabeth I of England - Early life