Marsh Chapel Experiment

D-lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly called acid, LSD, or LSD-25, is a powerful semisynthetic psychedelic drug. A typical dose of LSD during the 1960s was only 100 to 150 micrograms, a tiny amount roughly equal to one-tenth the weight of a grain of sand. Today a typical dose of LSD is as low as 25-50 micrograms. Threshold effects can be felt with as little as 20 micrograms. LSD causes a powerful intensification and alteration of senses, emotions, memories, and self-awareness for 6 to 14 hours. In ...

Including:

• LSD - Origin
• LSD - Dosage
• LSD - Effects
• LSD - Physical
• LSD - Pharmacological
• LSD - Psychological
• LSD - Acute duration
• LSD - Physical dangers
• LSD - Flashbacks
• LSD - Psychosis
• LSD - Addiction potential
• LSD - Chemistry
• LSD - Forms of LSD
• LSD - Legal status
• LSD - LSD in the United States
• LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience
• LSD - Related topics
• LSD - Chemical
• LSD - People
• LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia - LSD

A placebo, from the Latin for "I will please", is a medical treatment (operation, therapy, chemical solution, pill, etc.), which is administered as if it were a therapy, but which has no therapeutic value other than the placebo effect. Placebo - Early use of placebos. Originally, the placebo was a substance that a well-meaning doctor would give to a patient, telling him that it was a powerful drug (e.g., a painkiller), when in fact it was nothing more than a sugar pill. Thus, Hooper's medical dictionary of ...

Including:

• Placebo - Early use of placebos
• Placebo - Modern clinical application
• Placebo - Technical challenges and pitfalls
• Placebo - Ethical challenges and concerns

Read more here: » Placebo: Encyclopedia - Placebo

Originally, the placebo was a substance that a well-meaning doctor would give to a patient, telling him that it was a powerful drug (e.g., a painkiller), when in fact it was nothing more than a sugar pill. Thus, Hooper's medical dictionary of 1811 says placebo is "an epithet given to any medicine adapted more to please than benefit the patient." The subsequent reduction of the patient's symptoms was attributed to the patient's belief in the drug. Placebos may have a positive or negative clinical effect on subjects or patients. Most of these e ...

See also:

Placebo, Placebo - Early use of placebos, Placebo - Modern clinical application, Placebo - Technical challenges and pitfalls, Placebo - Ethical challenges and concerns

Read more here: » Placebo: Encyclopedia II - Placebo - Early use of placebos

LSD - Physical. Physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and may include: uterine contractions, body temperature increase, elevated blood sugar levels, dry-mouth, goose bumps, heart-rate increase, jaw clenching, nausea, perspiration, pupil-dilation, salivation, mucus production, sleeplessness and tremors. Cramps and muscle tension or soreness are also fairly commonly reported, but rather than being direct effects of LSD in the bloodstream, these symptoms are believed by some to be the result of awkward positions assumed by users experiencing fluctuations in their awareness of the passage of time and ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Related topics, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Effects

Psilocybin is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and stomach. Effects begin 20-45 minutes after ingestion of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, and last from 2-6 hours depending on dose, species, and individual metabolism. If mushrooms are chewed and held in the mouth, or taken as mushroom tea, effects begin slightly sooner and are usually noticeable within 15 minutes. This is typically done in combination with Orange juice or another drink with power taste to dilute the unpleasant taste of Psilocybe mushrooms. Nausea is not uncommon whe ...

See also:

Psilocybin, Psilocybin - Chemistry, Psilocybin - Biology, Psilocybin - Pharmacology, Psilocybin - Medicine, Psilocybin - Toxicity, Psilocybin - Effects, Psilocybin - Law, Psilocybin - Media, Psilocybin - References in popular culture

Read more here: » Psilocybin: Encyclopedia II - Psilocybin - Effects

LSD - Physical. Physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and may include: uterine contractions, Hyperthermia (body temperature increase), elevated blood sugar levels, dry-mouth, goose bumps, heart-rate increase, jaw clenching, nausea, perspiration, pupil-dilation, salivation, mucus production, sleeplessness and tremors. Cramps and muscle tension or soreness are also fairly commonly reported, but rather than being direct effects of LSD in the bloodstream, these symptoms are believed by some to be the result of awkward positions assumed by users experiencing fluctuations in their awareness of the passage of time and ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Possible medical uses, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Effects

Psilocybin acts as an agonist for the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT). It binds to 5-HT receptors in the brain, and mimics the effects of serotonin. While psilocybin may deliver a stronger impulse to the postsynaptic receptor than serotonin does, mostly the effect is a product of the fact that there is now both serotonin and a serotonin agonist in the synapse (this is equivalent to having twice as much serotonin in the synapse). Compare this effect to that of MDMA, which increases the amount of actual se ...

See also:

Psilocybin, Psilocybin - Chemistry, Psilocybin - Biology, Psilocybin - Pharmacology, Psilocybin - Medicine, Psilocybin - Toxicity, Psilocybin - Effects, Psilocybin - Law, Psilocybin - Media, Psilocybin - References in popular culture

Read more here: » Psilocybin: Encyclopedia II - Psilocybin - Pharmacology

Spores of Psilocybe mushrooms can be legally purchased from several mail order sources; however, cultivation and consumption of the mushrooms are illegal in many jurisdictions. Internationally, psilocybin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Parties to the treaty are required to restrict use of the drug to medical and scientific purposes. In Japan, it was legal to possess and sell psilocybin mushrooms until June 2002. Possession was made illegal in 2002, possibly in preparation for the Wor ...

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Psilocybin, Psilocybin - Chemistry, Psilocybin - Biology, Psilocybin - Pharmacology, Psilocybin - Medicine, Psilocybin - Toxicity, Psilocybin - Effects, Psilocybin - Law, Psilocybin - Media, Psilocybin - References in popular culture

Read more here: » Psilocybin: Encyclopedia II - Psilocybin - Law

Prior to 1967, LSD was available legally in the United States as an experimental psychiatric drug. LSD 'apostle' Al Hubbard actively promoted the drug between the 1950s and the 1970s and introduced thousands of people to it. LSD has been manufactured illegally since the 1960s. A limited number of chemists, probably fewer than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the illicit LSD available in the United States. The best known of these is undoubtedly Augustus Owsley Stanley III, usually known simply as Owsley. The for ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Possible medical uses, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - LSD in the United States

"LSD" is an initialism formed from the German chemical name of the compound, Lysergsäure-diethylamid. It was first synthesized in 1938 by Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. Its psychedelic properties were unknown until 5 years later, when Hofmann, acting on a hunch, returned to work on the chemical. He attributed the discovery of the compound's psychoactive effects to the accidental absorption of a tiny amount through his skin on April 16, which led to him testing a larger amount on himself fo ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Possible medical uses, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Origin

The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971) requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia and most of Europe. However, enforcement of extant laws varies from country to country. LSD is easy to conceal and smuggle. A tiny vial can contain thousands of doses. Not much money is made from retail-level sales of LSD, so the drug is typically not associated with the violent organized criminal organizations invol ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Possible medical uses, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Legal status

LSD is an example of an ergoline derivative. It is commonly produced from lysergic acid, which is made from the tartrate salt of ergotamine, a substance derived from the ergot fungus on rye, or from ergine (lysergic acid amide), a chemical found in morning glory seeds. Although theoretically possible, manufacture of LSD from morning glory seeds is not economically feasible and these seeds have never been found to be a successful star ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Possible medical uses, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Chemistry

LSD is, by weight, one of the most potent drugs yet discovered. Both subjective reports and pharmacological methods such as receptor binding assays determine LSD to be, per mole, around 100 times more potent than psilocybin and psilocin and around 4000 times more potent than mescaline. Dosages of LSD are measured in micrograms (µg), or millionths of a gram. By comparison, dosages of almost all other drugs, both recreational and medica ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Possible medical uses, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Dosage

Prior to 1967, LSD was available legally in the United States as an experimental psychiatric drug. LSD 'apostle' Al Hubbard actively promoted the drug between the 1950s and the 1970s and introduced thousands of people to it. LSD has been manufactured illegally since the 1960s. A limited number of chemists, probably less than a dozen, are believed to have manufactured nearly all of the illicit LSD available in the United States. The best known of these is undoubtedly Augustus Owsley Stanley III, usually known simply as Owsley. The form ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Related topics, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - LSD in the United States

LSD is, by weight, one of the most potent drugs yet discovered. Both subjective reports and pharmacological methods such as receptor binding assays determine LSD to be, per mole, around 100 times more potent than psilocybin and psilocin and around 4000 times more potent than mescaline. Dosages of LSD are measured in micrograms (µg), or millionths of a gram. By comparison, dosages of almost all other drugs, both recreational and medical, are measured in milligr ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Related topics, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Dosage

"LSD" is an abbreviation of the German chemical name of the compound, Lysergsäure-diethylamid. It was first synthesized in 1938 by Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. Its psychedelic properties were unknown until 5 years later, when Hofmann, acting on a hunch, returned to work on the chemical. He attributed the discovery of the compound's psychoactive effects to the accidental absorption of a tiny amount through his skin on April 16, which led to him testing a larger amount on himself fo ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Related topics, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Origin

LSD is an example of an ergoline derivative. It is commonly produced from lysergic acid, which is made from the tartrate salt of ergotamine, a substance derived from the ergot fungus on rye, or from ergine (lysergic acid amide), a chemical found in morning glory seeds. Although theoretically possible, manufacture of LSD from morning glory seeds is not economically feasible and these seeds have never been found to be a successful star ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Related topics, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Chemistry

The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (adopted in 1971) requires its parties to prohibit LSD. Hence, it is illegal in all parties to the convention, which includes the United States, Australia and most of Europe. However, enforcement of extant laws varies from country to country. LSD is easy to conceal and smuggle. A tiny vial can contain thousands of doses. Not much money is made from retail-level sales of LSD, so the drug is typically not associated with the violent organized criminal organizations invol ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Related topics, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Legal status

Psilocybin is a prodrug that is converted into the pharmacologically active compound psilocin in the body by dephosphorylation. This chemical reaction takes place under strongly acidic conditions or enzymatically by phosphatases in the body. Psilocybin is a zwitterionic alkaloid that is soluble in water, moderately soluble in methanol and ethanol, and insoluble in most organic solvents. Psilocybin can be synthesized in the laboratory from psilocin by a two-step procedure, but this is rarely done since psilocin is the a ...

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Psilocybin, Psilocybin - Chemistry, Psilocybin - Biology, Psilocybin - Pharmacology, Psilocybin - Medicine, Psilocybin - Toxicity, Psilocybin - Effects, Psilocybin - Law, Psilocybin - Media, Psilocybin - References in popular culture

Read more here: » Psilocybin: Encyclopedia II - Psilocybin - Chemistry

LSD is not considered addictive, in that its users do not exhibit the medical community's commonly accepted definitions of addiction and physical dependence. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use, and there is cross-tolerance shown between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. This tolerance diminishes after a few days' abstention from use. Some experts hypothesize that drugs such as LSD can be used in psychotherapy as a sort of anti-drug (encouraging users to stop using drugs), as it forces the user to face issues and problems in th ...

See also:

LSD, LSD - Origin, LSD - Dosage, LSD - Effects, LSD - Physical, LSD - Pharmacological, LSD - Psychological, LSD - Acute duration, LSD - Physical dangers, LSD - Flashbacks, LSD - Psychosis, LSD - Addiction potential, LSD - Chemistry, LSD - Forms of LSD, LSD - Legal status, LSD - LSD in the United States, LSD - Notable people who have commented on the LSD experience, LSD - Related topics, LSD - Chemical, LSD - People, LSD - Other

Read more here: » LSD: Encyclopedia II - LSD - Addiction potential