Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia - Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in our solar system. It is named after Mars, the Roman god of war (Ares in Greek mythology). Its n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Physical Characteristics
The red, fiery appearance of Mars is caused by iron oxide (rust) on its surface. Mars has only a quarter the surface area of the Earth an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Physical Characteristics
The red, fiery appearance of Mars is caused by iron oxide (rust) on its surface. Mars has only a quarter the surface area of the Earth an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Celestial Body Atmosphere: Encyclopedia - Celestial Body Atmosphere
Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass. The gases are attracted by the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aerobot: Encyclopedia - Aerobot
An aerobot is an aerial robot, usually used in the context of an unmanned space probe. While work has been done since the 1960s on robot ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Viking Biological Experiments: Encyclopedia - Viking Biological Experiments
Each NASA Viking Lander carried three biological experiments to the surface of Mars in the late 1970s. These were the first experiments u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Pathfinder: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Pathfinder - The Probe
The probe consisted of a lander and a lightweight (10.6 kilograms/23 pounds) wheeled robot (Rover) called Sojourner ("one in a break from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Pathfinder: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Pathfinder - Mission Stages: Entry Descent And Landing
During the entry stages these devices were used: thermic-protection shield and a big braking parachute; the usage of an altimeter radar s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Pathfinder: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Pathfinder - The Sojourner Gets Out
Sojourner's exit from the lander occurred on Sol 2. As the next sols progressed it approached some rocks which were named (by the scienti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Pathfinder: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Pathfinder - Sojourner's Rock Analysis
The first analysis on a rock started on Sol 3 with "Barnacle Bill". The Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) was used to determine its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opportunity Rover: Encyclopedia Ii - Opportunity Rover - Landing Site: Challenger Memorial Station
Opportunity landed in Meridiani Planum at 354.4742°E 1.9483°S (areocentric coordinates), about 24 km downrange (east) of her intended t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Exploration Of Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Exploration Of Mars - Landers And Later Missions
Exploration of Mars - Mars probe program. In 1971, shortly after Cosmos 419 failed to launch, the Soviet Union successfully sent Mars 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Probe Program: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Probe Program - Mars 2 And 3
The Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions consisted of identical spacecraft, each with an orbiter and an attached lander; they were the first human ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - Instrumentation
The broad goals of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter are to search for evidence of water, and characterise the atmosphere and geology of Ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Colonization Of Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Colonization Of Mars - Radiation
Mars has no global geomagnetic field comparable to Earth's. Combined with a thin atmosphere, this increases the amount of ionizing radiat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Express Orbiter: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Express Orbiter - Scientific Discoveries And Important Events
Mars Express Orbiter - 2004. January 23 ESA announced the discovery of water ice in the South Polar ice cap, using data taken on Janu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Science Laboratory: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Science Laboratory - Landing System
MSL will be set down on the Martian surface using a new NASA high-precision entry, descent, and landing (EDL) system that will place it w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Climate Orbiter: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Climate Orbiter - Science Objectives
The Orbiter had as its primary science objectives to: monitor the daily weather and atmospheric conditions record changes on the martian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Express: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Express - Timeline
The spacecraft was launched on June 2, 2003 from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, using a Soyuz-Fregat rocket, and began its inter-plan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terraforming: Encyclopedia Ii - Terraforming - Theoretical Methods Of Terraforming
Terraforming - Mars. There is some scientific debate over whether it would even be possible to terraform Mars, or how stable its climat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars Polar Lander: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars Polar Lander - Loss Of Lander
The last telemetry from Mars Polar Lander was sent just prior to atmospheric entry on December 3, 1999. No further signals have been rece...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - Jupiter
Although no images from within Jupiter's atmosphere have ever been taken, artistic representations typically assume that the planet's sky...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - Mars
Mars has only a thin atmosphere; however, it is extremely dusty and there is much light that is scattered about. The sky is thus rather b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Beagle 2: Encyclopedia Ii - Beagle 2 - Mission Profile
Mars Express launched from Baikonur at 17:45 UTC (18:45 BST) on 2 June 2003. The Beagle 2 was a Mars lander initially mounted on the top ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - Saturn
The sky in the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere is probably blue, but the predominant colour of its cloud decks suggests that it may ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Planet Film: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Planet Film - Plot
Earth is in a state of crisis due to severe pollution and overpopulation. Automated missions have seeded Mars with atmosphere producing a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mariner 8: Encyclopedia Ii - Mariner 8 - Mariner Mars 71 Project
The Mariner Mars 71 project consisted of two spacecraft (Mariners H and I), each of which would be inserted into a Martian orbit, and eac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Methane: Encyclopedia Ii - Methane - Extraterrestrial Methane
Methane has been detected or is believed to exist in several locations of the solar system. It is believed to have been created by abioti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opportunity Rover: Encyclopedia Ii - Opportunity Rover - Naming Of Spirit And Opportunity
The Spirit and Opportunity rovers were named via a student essay competition, from a winning entry by Sofi Collis, a 9 year old 3rd grade...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opportunity Rover: Encyclopedia Ii - Opportunity Rover - Events And Discoveries
Opportunity rover - Timeline. A detailed chronology of events and discoveries may be found in the Opportunity rover timeline entry. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - Uranus
Judging by the colour of its atmosphere, the sky of Uranus is likely greenish-blue. It is probable that the planet's rings can't be seen ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - Neptune
Judging by the colour of its atmosphere, the sky of Neptune is likely blue. It is probable that the planet's rings can't be seen from its...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - Mercury
Since Mercury has no atmosphere, its sky is always black. Mercury has a southern polar star, α Pictoris, a magnitude 3.2 star. It is fai...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - Venus
The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the Sun is not distinguishable in the daytime sky, and the stars are invisible at night. Colour ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Skies: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Skies - The Moon
The Moon has no atmosphere, so its sky is always black. However, the Sun is so bright that it is impossible to see stars during the dayti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biosignature: Encyclopedia Ii - Biosignature - Biosignatures In Astrobiology
In Astrobiology, a biosignature is a sign of the presence of life in general and is usually studied with an eye towards identifying and d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terraforming: Encyclopedia Ii - Terraforming - History Of Scholarly Study
Carl Sagan, the astronomer and popularizer of science, proposed the planetary engineering of Venus in a 1961 article published in the jou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - James Lovelock: Encyclopedia Ii - James Lovelock - Professional Career
A lifelong inventor, Lovelock has created and developed many scientific instruments, some of which have been adopted by NASA in its progr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mariner 9: Encyclopedia Ii - Mariner 9 - Achievements
Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. It carried an instrument payload similar to Mariner 6 and 7, but, because of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Life - Extraterrestrial Life In The Solar System
Many bodies in the Solar System have been suggested as being likely to contain life. The most commonly suggested ones are listed below; o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Water Vapor: Encyclopedia Ii - Water Vapor - Extraterrestrial Water Vapor
The brilliance of comet tails comes largely from water vapor. On approach to the sun, the ice many comets carry sublimates to vapor, whic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extraterrestrial Life: Encyclopedia Ii - Extraterrestrial Life - Extraterrestrial Life In The Solar System
Many bodies in the Solar System have been suggested as being likely to contain life. The most commonly suggested ones are listed below; o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Doom 3: Encyclopedia Ii - Doom 3 - Story
Similar to the story of the original Doom, the game focuses on the marine who was transferred to Mars and sent out on a routine mission. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Doom 3: Encyclopedia Ii - Doom 3 - Story
Similar to the story of the original Doom, the game focuses on the marine who was transferred to Mars and sent out on a routine mission. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Space Colonization: Encyclopedia Ii - Space Colonization - Location
Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates. The location of colonization can be: On a planet, natur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Space Colonization: Encyclopedia Ii - Space Colonization - Location
Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates. The location of colonization can be: On a planet, natur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Sagan: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Sagan - Scientific Achievements
Sagan was among the first to hypothesize that Saturn's moon Titan[2] and Jupiter's moon Europa may possess oceans (a subsurface ocean, in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aerobot: Encyclopedia Ii - Aerobot - The Venus Vega Balloons
The first, and so far only, planetary balloon mission was performed by the Russian space agency IKI in cooperation with the French space ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Terraforming: Encyclopedia Ii - Terraforming - Paraterraforming
Also known as the "worldhouse" concept, paraterraforming involves the construction of a habitable enclosure on a planet which eventually ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mariner 4: Encyclopedia Ii - Mariner 4 - Results
The total data returned by the mission was 5.2 million bits. All experiments operated successfully with the exception of the ionization c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Body: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Body - Temperature Relation Between A Planet And Its Star
Here is an application of black-body laws. It is a rough derivation that gives an order of magnitude answer. See p380-382 of Planetary Sc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Doom 3: Encyclopedia Ii - Doom 3 - Web-integration
Shortly following the announcement of Doom 3's development, a promotional website was released that serves as the homepage of the fiction...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Minor Planets Of Noon Universe: Encyclopedia Ii - Minor Planets Of Noon Universe - Vladislava
Vladislava (Владислава) is the first planet (apart from Mars) where Wanderers' traces were found (artificial satellites and an ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Asteroid Deflection Strategies: Encyclopedia Ii - Asteroid Deflection Strategies - Planetary Defense Timeline
Asteroid deflection strategies - Formation of Moon. It has been theorised that Earth collided with a 'Mars' sized object in its early d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Space Exploration: Encyclopedia Ii - Space Exploration - Orbiting And Reaching Space
From a spaceflight perspective, the definition of space usually used is that space begins 100 km (62 miles) above Earth's surface. The Un...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Blood Rites: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Blood Rites
Blood Rites Ceremonies, covenants, and observances in which blood is used as part of the rites or performances.   "The arca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - The Exploration Of Mars
Dozens of spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union, the United States, Europe, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Nomenclature
Mars - Early nomenclature. Although better remembered for mapping the Moon starting in 1830, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Mars In Fiction
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated its dramatic red color and by early scientific speculations that its surface conditi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Observation Of Mars
Earth passes Mars every 780 days (or two years plus seven weeks and one day) at a distance of about 80,000,000 km. However, this varies b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Martian Meteorites
A handful of objects are known that are surely meteorites and may be of Martian origin. Two of them may show signs of ancient bacterial a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Life On Mars
Some evidence suggests that the planet once was significantly more habitable than today, but the question on whether living organisms eve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Nomenclature
Mars - Early nomenclature. The name Mars comes from the Roman god of war because the planet is a blood-red color, and so it looks like ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Mars In Fiction
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated its dramatic red color and by early scientific speculations that its surface conditi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - The Exploration Of Mars
Dozens of spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union (Russia), the United States, Eu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Observation Of Mars
Earth passes Mars every 780 days (or two years plus seven weeks and one day) at a distance of about 80,000,000 km. However, this varies b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Martian Meteorites
A handful of objects are known that are surely meteorites and may be of Martian origin. Two of them may show signs of ancient bacterial a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mars: Encyclopedia Ii - Mars - Life On Mars
Some evidence suggests that the planet once was significantly more habitable than today, but the question on whether living organisms eve...   » Read the article