59 BC - Events. Roman Republic consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (known as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar" due to Bibulus's relative anonymity in office) The First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form an unofficial alliance (or 60 BC) Caesar marries Calpurnia, in Rome The colonia of Florentia, modern Florence, founded 59 BC - Births. Livy, Roman historian Pharaoh P ...

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• 59 BC - Events
• 59 BC - Births
• 59 BC - Deaths

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Consul (abbrev. cos.) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire. After the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus and the ending of the Roman Kingdom, all the powers and authority of the King were given to the newly instituted Consuls. The office of Consul was believed to date back to the traditional establishment of the Republic in 509 BC, although the early history is partly legendary, and the succession of Consuls is not continuous in the 5th century. Consuls executed bot ...

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• Consul - French consuls

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509 Lucius Junius M.f. Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus 509 then Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola. (Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, who was old and weak; nothing remarkable happened during his days, according to Livy.) Marcus Horatius M.f. Pulvillus 508 Publius Lucretius T.f. Tricipitinus, Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola 507 Publius Valerius Volusi f. Publicola III, Marcus Horatius M.f. Pulvillus II < ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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Consul - Early Republic. After the mythical expulsion of the last Etruscan King Tarquinius Superbus and the ending of the Roman Kingdom, all the powers and authority of the King were alledgedly given to the newly instituted Consulship. However, it is likely that first the chief magistrates were the Praetors. The office of Consul was believed to date back to the traditional establishment of the Republic in 509 BC but the succession of Consuls is not continuous in the 5th century. Consuls had extensive competences ...

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Consul, Consul - Roman Republic, Consul - Early Republic, Consul - Consular Dating, Consul - Late Republic and Augustus, Consul - Lists of Roman Consuls, Consul - Other uses in Antiquity, Consul - Other city states, Consul - Private sphere, Consul - In Feudal times, Consul - Modern republics, Consul - French republican consuls, Consul - Roman republican consuls, Consul - Paraguay, Consul - partitioned revolutionary Greece, Consul - Sources and References

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Roman Republic - The legendary founding of Rome — 753 BC. The origins and early history of Rome are very uncertain. While there are quite specific accounts of Rome's orgins and early history, these tend to be of a more mythological nature, and do not stand up as objective history when subject to modern analysis. However, Roman origin myths probably do contain aspects of the truth, a ...

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Roman Republic, Roman Republic - Government institutions, Roman Republic - History of the Roman Republic, Roman Republic - The legendary founding of Rome — 753 BC, Roman Republic - The establishment of the Republic — 510 BC, Roman Republic - Patricians and plebeians, Roman Republic - The building of the Republic, Roman Republic - The Punic Wars, Roman Republic - The conquest of Greece and Asia, Roman Republic - Beginning of the end, Roman Republic - Marius and the Dictatorship of Sulla, Roman Republic - The Seventies and the Sixties, Roman Republic - The First Triumvirate, Roman Republic - The Civil War and Caesar's dictatorship, Roman Republic - The Second Triumvirate and Octavian's triumph, Roman Republic - Causes of the subversion of the Republic into the Empire, Roman Republic - Figures of the Republic, Roman Republic - Early Republic, Roman Republic - Late Republic, Roman Republic - Latin literature of the Republic, Roman Republic - Tourist resorts of the Republic

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The sum total of the Roman population was divided into two classes, the Senate and the Roman People (as seen in the famous abbreviation SPQR); the Roman People consisted of all Roman citizens who were not members of the Senate, such as the plebeians and proletarians. Domestic power was vested in the Roman People, through the Centuriate Assembly (Comitia Centuriata), the Tribal Assembly (Comitia Populi Tributa), and the Council of the People (Concilium Plebis.) Contrary to popular belief, the Senate was not a legislature; ...

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Roman Senate, Roman Senate - Foundation, Roman Senate - Authority, Roman Senate - Membership, Roman Senate - Late Republican Senate, Roman Senate - Hierarchy, Roman Senate - Notable practices, Roman Senate - Style of dress, Roman Senate - The Equestrian class, Roman Senate - Decline of the Senate 1st century BC - 6th century AD, Roman Senate - Eastern Roman Senate

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Caesar was elected quaestor by the Assembly of the People in 70 BC, at the age of 30, as stipulated in the Roman cursus honorum. This office brought with it membership in the senate. He drew the lots and was assigned with a quaestorship in Hispania Ulterior, a Roman province roughly situated in modern Portugal and southern Spain. As an administrative and financial officer, the trip was largely uneventful, but while in Hispania he had the now famous encounter with a statue of Alexander the Great. Perhaps because of his weakened emotion ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Caesar was elected quaestor by the Assembly of the People in 70 BC, at the age of 30, as stipulated in the Roman cursus honorum. This office brought with it membership in the senate. He drew the lots and was assigned with a quaestorship in Hispania Ulterior, a Roman province roughly situated in modern Portugal and southern Spain. As an administrative and financial officer, the trip was largely uneventful, but while in Hispania he had the now famous encounter with a statue of Alexander the Great. Perhaps because of his weakened emotion ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Caesar returned to Italy in September 45 BC. Among his first tasks he filed his will, naming Octavian as the heir to everything he had including his title. Caesar also wrote that if Octavian died before Caesar did, Brutus would inherit everything. That also applied to a situation where, if Octavian died after inheriting everything, Brutus would inherit it from Octavian. The Senate had already begun bestowing honors on Caesar in absentia. Even though Caesar had not proscribed his enemies, instead pardoning nearly every one of them, th ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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In 60 BC (or 59 BC) the Centuriate Assembly elected Caesar senior Consul of the Roman Republic. His junior partner was his political enemy Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, an Optimate and personal friend of Marcus Porcius Cato. Bibulus' first act as Consul was to retire from all political activity in order to search the skies for omens. This apparently pious decision was designed to make Caesar's life difficult during his Consulship. Roman satirists ever after referred to the year as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar". ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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The fear of Caesar becoming king continued when someone placed a diadem on the statue of Caesar on the Rostra. The tribunes, Gaius Epidius Marcellus and Lucius Caesetius Flavius, removed the diadem. Not long after the incident with the diadem, the same two tribunes had citizens arrested after they called out the title ‘Rex’ to Caesar as he passed by on the streets of Rome. Now seeing his supporters threatened, Caesar acted harshly. He ordered those arrested to be released, and instead took the tribunes before the Senate and had them stri ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to return to Rome and disband his army because his term as Proconsul had finished. Moreover, the Senate forbade Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted and politically marginalized if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a Consul or without the power of his army. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. On January 10, 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ig ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the finest orators and authors of prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Among his most famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia (Marius's widow) and his Anticato, a document written to blacken Cato's reputation and respond to Cicero's Cato memorial. Unfortunately, the majority of his works and speeches have been lost. The most famous of his surviving works are: The Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Wives First marriage to Cornelia Cinnilla Second marriage to Pompeia Sulla Third marriage to Calpurnia Pisonis Children Julia Caesaris with Cornelia Cinnilla Ptolemy XV Caesar (Caesarion) with Cleopatra VII, he would become an Egyptian pharaoh his adopted son Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (his nephew by blood), who became the first Roman Emperor. Grandchildren a grandson from Julia Caesaris ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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300 Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus V, Quintus Appuleius Pansa 299 Marcus Fulvius Cn.f. Paetinus, Titus Manlius T.f. Torquatus, Suffect: Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus VI 298 Lucius Cornelius Cn.f. Scipio Barbatus, Gnaeus Fulvius Cn.f. Maximus Centumalus 297 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus IV, Publius Decius P.f. Mus III 296 Appius Claudius C.f. Caecus II, Lucius Volumnius C.f. Flamma Violens II. 295 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus V, Publius Decius P.f. Mus IV ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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Consul - Other city states. While in many cities their was a double-headed chief magustracy, often another title was used, such as Duumvir or native styles such as Meddix, but in some Consul was used. Consul - Private sphere. It was not uncommon for various organisations under Rolan private law to copy the terminology of state and city institutions for its own statutory agents (the very founding stat ...

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Consul, Consul - Roman Republic, Consul - Early Republic, Consul - Consular Dating, Consul - Late Republic and Augustus, Consul - Lists of Roman Consuls, Consul - Other uses in Antiquity, Consul - Other city states, Consul - Private sphere, Consul - In Feudal times, Consul - Modern republics, Consul - French republican consuls, Consul - Roman republican consuls, Consul - Paraguay, Consul - partitioned revolutionary Greece, Consul - Sources and References

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Consul - French republican consuls. In 1799, revolutionary France enacted a constitution that conferred supreme executive powers upon three officials that bore the title "consul" as chief magistracy of the republic. In reality, however, the state was de facto under personal control of the First Consul, general Napoleon Bonaparte, so in political terms it was more like a re-edition of J ...

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Consul, Consul - Roman Republic, Consul - Early Republic, Consul - Consular Dating, Consul - Late Republic and Augustus, Consul - Lists of Roman Consuls, Consul - Other uses in Antiquity, Consul - Other city states, Consul - Private sphere, Consul - In Feudal times, Consul - Modern republics, Consul - French republican consuls, Consul - Roman republican consuls, Consul - Paraguay, Consul - partitioned revolutionary Greece, Consul - Sources and References

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Caesar was ranked #67 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history. Was voted the title Divus, or "god," after his death During his life, he received many honors, including titles such as Pater Patriae (Father of the Fatherland), Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest), and Dictator. In fact, the many titles he was voted by the Senate are sometimes considered to be a cause of his assassination, as it seemed inappropriate to many contemporaries for a ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Caesar was born in Rome into a well-known patrician family (gens Julia), which supposedly traced its ancestry to Julus, the son of the Trojan prince Aeneas (who according to myth was the son of Venus). According to legend, Caesar was born by Caesarian section and is its namesake, though this is unlikely because at the time it was only performed on dead women, and his mother lived long after he was born. This legend is more likely a modern invention, as the origin of the Caesarian section is in the Latin word for to cut, caedo, -ere, caesus sum. Caesar was raised in a modest apartment building (insula) in the ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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