Mansa is a Mandinka word meaning "king of kings." It is particularly associated with the Keita dynasty of the Mali Empire, which dominated West Africa in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Powers of the mansa included the right to dispense justice and to monopolize trade, particularly in gold. Sundiata Keita, legendary founder of the Empire, was the first to assume the title. Other notable mansas include his son Wali Keita and the powerful Kankan Musa I, whose hajj helped define a new direction for the Empire. The succession of the Mali Empire is primarily known through Tunisian historian ...

Including:

• Mansa - Partial list of mansas of the Mali Empire

Read more here: » Mansa: Encyclopedia - Mansa

Including:

• Abu Bakr mansa - External link

Read more here: » Abu Bakr mansa: Encyclopedia - Abu Bakr mansa

In the Epic of Sundiata, Naré Maghann Konaté (also called Maghan Kon Fatta or Maghan the Handsome) was a Mandinka king who one day received a divine hunter at his court. The hunter predicted that if Konaté married an ugly woman, she would give him a son who would one day be a mighty king. Naré Maghann Konaté was already married to Sassouma Berté and had a son by her, Dankaran Toumani Keïta. However, when two Traoré hunters from the Do kingdom presented him an ugly, hunchbacked woman named Sogolon, he remembered the prophecy and married her. She soon gave birth to a son, Sundiata ...

See also:

Sundiata Keita, Sundiata Keita - The Epic of Sundiata, Sundiata Keita - Mansa

Read more here: » Sundiata Keita: Encyclopedia II - Sundiata Keita - The Epic of Sundiata

1324 - Events. Publication of Defensor pacis by Marsilius of Padua Mansa Kankan Musa I, ruler of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca. With an entourage numbering in the thousands, and so generous with his gold that the price of gold in that city didn't recover for 20 years, his presence in Cairo is remembered for almost a century. 1324 - Births. March 5 - King David II of Scotland (died 1371) ...

Including:

• 1324 - Events
• 1324 - Births
• 1324 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1324: Encyclopedia - 1324

1352 - Events. June 4 - Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation. June 27 - Zug joins the Swiss Confederation. December 18 - Innocent VI is elected Pope. Morroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reports the existence of the ngoni and balafon instruments at the court of Mansa Musa. Dragos¸ becomes voivode of Moldova. Corpus Christi College founded as a College of the University of Cambridge by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Ottoman Turk ...

Including:

• 1352 - Events
• 1352 - Births
• 1352 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1352: Encyclopedia - 1352

Sundiata's grandnephew, Mansa Kankan Musa I or Musa I, ruled over the Mali Empire while it was the source of almost half the world's gold. Musa was a devoted Muslim and Islamic scholarship flourished under his rule. With Musa as a benefactor, Sankore University in Timbuktu reached its height. Craftsmen and Islamic scholars came from all over the Muslim world to receive a free education at Sankore's guilds and madrasas. Musa is most famous for his hajj in 1324. On his pilgrimage to Mecca, Musa gave gold away generously. When he passed through ...

See also:

Mali Empire, Mali Empire - Sundiata, Mali Empire - Sundiata's successors, Mali Empire - Height of glory, Mali Empire - Decline and fall, Mali Empire - Partial list of mansas of the Mali Empire

Read more here: » Mali Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mali Empire - Height of glory

After the Ghana Empire had been weakened the Soso Kingdom filled the power vacuum and conquered many surrounding peoples including the Mandinka. When the Mandinka were conquered the Soso king, Sumanguru Kante, executed his brother, the Mandinka king, and eleven of his twelve sons. Sumanguru spared the twelfth son, Sundiata Keita, either because he took pity on the boy's fragile health or thought it likely he would die anyway. Sundiata eventually overcame his physical obstacles and grew into a strong young man. He led a Mandinka revolt agains ...

See also:

Mali Empire, Mali Empire - Sundiata, Mali Empire - Sundiata's successors, Mali Empire - Height of glory, Mali Empire - Decline and fall, Mali Empire - Partial list of mansas of the Mali Empire

Read more here: » Mali Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mali Empire - Sundiata

Not long after Musa's reign, the Empire of Mali went into decline. A civil war followed the 1360 death of Musa's brother Suleyman and the nine-month reign of his son Kassa. Musa's grandson, Mari Diata II, is remembered by Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun as a debauched, unpopular tyrant, and even the administrative skills of his son Musa II failed to halt the decline. The Mossi of present-day Burkina Faso began to make inroads into Malian territory in the south, while the Tuaregs advanced from the Sahara to the north. With an increasing ...

See also:

Mali Empire, Mali Empire - Sundiata, Mali Empire - Sundiata's successors, Mali Empire - Height of glory, Mali Empire - Decline and fall, Mali Empire - Partial list of mansas of the Mali Empire

Read more here: » Mali Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mali Empire - Decline and fall

The slave trade came to the coastal region of Guinea with European adventurers in the 16th century. Slavery had always been part of every day life but the scale increased as slaves were exported to work elsewhere in the triangular trade. Some sources suggest that more than half of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa were removed. Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century. French domination was assured by the defeat in 1898 of the armies of Samory Touré, Mansa (or Emperor) of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malinké descent, which gave France c ...

See also:

History of Guinea, History of Guinea - Empires, History of Guinea - Colonial Era, History of Guinea - Independence

Read more here: » History of Guinea: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea - Colonial Era

Main article: Geography of Sierra Leone Much of Sierra Leone's coastline consists of mangrove swamps, with the exception of the peninsula on which the capital city Freetown is located. The rest of Sierra Leone is mostly plateau (about 300 m above sea level) covered by forests, with mountains in the northeast of the country (highest point Loma Mansa, 1,948 m). The climate is tropical, with a rainy season from May to December. Major cities are the capital Freeto ...

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Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone - History, Sierra Leone - Politics, Sierra Leone - Provinces, Sierra Leone - Geography, Sierra Leone - Economy, Sierra Leone - Demographics, Sierra Leone - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Sierra Leone: Encyclopedia II - Sierra Leone - Geography

Sikasso was founded at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Mansa Douala. The town was a small village until 1876 when Tieba Traoré, whose mother came from Sikasso, became King of the Kénédougou Empire and moved its capital there. He established his palace on the sacred Mamelon hill (now home to a water tower) and constructed a tata or fortifying wall to defend against the attacks of both the Dyula conqueror Samori Ture and the French colonial army. The city withstood a long siege from 1887 to 1888 but fell to the French in 1898; rather than surrender to the colonial army, Tieba's brother Babemba Tr ...

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Sikasso, Sikasso - Geography, Sikasso - History, Sikasso - Cercle

Read more here: » Sikasso: Encyclopedia II - Sikasso - History

During the 9th century, Muslim Berber and Tuareg merchants brought Islam southward into West Africa. Islam also spread in the region by the founders of Sufi brotherhoods (tarika). Conversion to Islam linked the West African savannah through belief in one God and similar new forms of political, social and artistic accouterments. Cities like Timbuktu, Gao and Kano became international centers of Islamic learning. The most significant of the Mali kings was Mansa Musa (1312-1337) who expanded Mali influence over the large Niger city-state ...

See also:

Islam in Mali, Islam in Mali - History, Islam in Mali - History of tolerance, Islam in Mali - Status of Religious Freedom

Read more here: » Islam in Mali: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Mali - History

Pancha makara:

the five tantric practices: mansa(meat), madhya(wine), matsya(fish), mudra(grain), and maithuna(sexual intercourse)

(See also: Pancha makara, Yoga, Yoga Dictionary)

The Trigunas

Just as the doshas are the essential components of the body, the three gunas - Satwa, Rajas and Tamas - are the three essential components or energies of the mind. Ayurveda provides a distinct description of people on the basis of their Manasa (psychological) Prakriti (constitution). Genetically determined, these psychological characteristics are dependent on the relative dominance of the three gunas.

While all individuals have mixed amounts of the three, the predominant guna determines an individual's mansa prakriti. In equilibrium, the three gunas preserve the mind (and indirectly the body), maintaining it in a healthy state. Any disturbance in this equilibrium results in various types of mental disorders.

Satwa, characterised by lightness, consciousness, pleasure and clarity, is pure, free from disease and cannot be disturbed in any way. It activates the senses and is responsible for the perception of knowledge. Rajas, the most active of the gunas, has motion and stimulation as its characteristics. All desires, wishes, ambitions and fickle-mindedness are a result of the same. While Tamas is characterised by heaviness and resistance. It produces disturbances in the process of perception and activities of the mind. Delusion, false knowledge, laziness, apathy, sleep and drowsiness are due to it.

Rajas and Tamas, as with the doshas, can be unbalanced by stress and negative desires as kama (lust), irshya (malice), moha (delusion and halucination), lobha (greed), chinta (anxiety), bhaya (fear) and krodha (anger). Each of these three properties is also comprised of sub-types and the particular sub-type to which one belongs to determine the qualities of that individual.

Satwika individuals are usually noble and spiritual in character, their nature determined as much by body type as their star constellation, having an element of kapha in their constitution.

Pitta dominated Rajasikas, intellectually oriented but vulnerable to temptations, are very human in their character and approach to life.

A dominant Vata ensures that Tamasika individuals are the most down to earth, concerned about fundamental questions of practical existence, specially when confronted by more spiritual and less physical issues.

(See also: Trigunas, Ayurveda, Ayurvedic Dictionary, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Bathinda is a city in Punjab state of northwestern India. It is the administrative headquarters of Bathinda District. Climate: Summer temperatures can be as high as 50 °C (122°F); and winter temperatures as low as 0 °C (32°F). The weather is generally dry. Rainfall is primarily from the southwest, due to the monsoon, and lasts from mid-July to mid-September. The City of Bathinda boasts of one of the largest Railway Junctions of northern India and the largest Cantonement (military area) of Asia and is kn ...

Including:

• Bathinda - History

Read more here: » Bathinda: Encyclopedia - Bathinda

The Indian state of Punjab was created in 1947, when the Partition of India split the former Raj province of Punjab between India and Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's Punjab state. Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so the partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, also became part of India. In 1950, tw ...

See also:

Punjab India, Punjab India - Religion, Punjab India - History since Partition, Punjab India - Districts, Punjab India - Agriculture, Punjab India - Politics

Read more here: » Punjab India: Encyclopedia II - Punjab India - History since Partition

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Geographical and administrative assigning is indicative, as various names and borders have changed significantly, even entities (provinces, principalities) split, merged, renamed etcetera. Furthermore, criteria of statehood (used for inclusion) differ between sources. In some cases several name variations or completely diffrent names are included. List of Indian Princely States - A. Agar Agra Barkhera Ahm ...

See also:

List of Indian Princely States, List of Indian Princely States - Indian Princely States at the time of independence on August 15 1947, List of Indian Princely States - Individual residencies, List of Indian Princely States - Baluchistan Agency, List of Indian Princely States - Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency, List of Indian Princely States - States of Central India Agency, List of Indian Princely States - States of the Eastern States Agency, List of Indian Princely States - States of Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency, List of Indian Princely States - States of Madras Presidency, List of Indian Princely States - States of the Northwest Frontier, List of Indian Princely States - States of the Punjab, List of Indian Princely States - States of Rajputana Agency, List of Indian Princely States - Alphabetical list of former British India's princely states, List of Indian Princely States - A, List of Indian Princely States - B, List of Indian Princely States - C, List of Indian Princely States - D, List of Indian Princely States - F, List of Indian Princely States - G, List of Indian Princely States - H, List of Indian Princely States - I, List of Indian Princely States - J, List of Indian Princely States - K, List of Indian Princely States - L, List of Indian Princely States - M, List of Indian Princely States - N, List of Indian Princely States - O, List of Indian Princely States - P, List of Indian Princely States - R, List of Indian Princely States - S, List of Indian Princely States - T, List of Indian Princely States - U, List of Indian Princely States - V, List of Indian Princely States - W, List of Indian Princely States - Z, List of Indian Princely States - Sources and References

Read more here: » List of Indian Princely States: Encyclopedia II - List of Indian Princely States - Alphabetical list of former British India's princely states

In 1958 the French Fourth Republic collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially Indochina and Algeria. The founding of a Fifth Republic was supported by the French people, while France's colonies were given the choice between more autonomy in a new French Community and immediate independence. The other colonies chose the former but Guinea — under the leadership of Ahmed Sékou Touré whose Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG) had won 56 of 60 seats in 1957 territorial elections — voted over ...

See also:

History of Guinea, History of Guinea - Empires, History of Guinea - Colonial Era, History of Guinea - Independence

Read more here: » History of Guinea: Encyclopedia II - History of Guinea - Independence

See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt An ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Middle East, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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