In the 1070s, Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish, a distant cousin of Malik Shah, the ruler of Great Seljuk, rose to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, Süleyman captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (Iznik) and Nicomedia (Izmit). In defiance of Malik Shah, he declared himself sultan in 1077 and established the capital at Nicaea. The Sultanate expanded, but when Süleyman was killed in Antioch (Antakya) in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, the dynasty saw a certain end when Süleyman's son Kilij Arslan was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died ...

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Sultanate of Rüm, Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment, Sultanate of Rüm - Downfall, Sultanate of Rüm - The Dynasty

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Sultan, Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah, Sultan - Former sultans and sultanates, Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia, Sultan - Hami, Sultan - North Africa, Sultan - East Africa, Sultan - Southeast Asia, Sultan - India, Sultan - Contemporary sultanates, Sultan - Princely and aristocratic titles, Sultan - Military rank, Sultan - Sources and References

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Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia. Ghaznavid Sultanate Sultans of Great Seljuk Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, the Osmanli Ayyubid Sultans of Damascus (in Syria) Qu'aiti and Kathiri sultans in Hadhramaut (Yemen) Sultans of Nejd in Arabia Sultans of the Hejaz in Arabia Sultan - Hami. This was the authentical style, commonly rendered as sultan, of the Islamic monarchs of t ...

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Sultan, Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah, Sultan - Former sultans and sultanates, Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia, Sultan - Hami, Sultan - North Africa, Sultan - East Africa, Sultan - Southeast Asia, Sultan - India, Sultan - Contemporary sultanates, Sultan - Princely and aristocratic titles, Sultan - Military rank, Sultan - Sources and References

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1086 - Events. Domesday Book is completed in England Emperor Shirakawa starts his cloistered rule Imam Ali Mosque is rebuilt by the Seljuk Malik Shah I after being destroyed by fire. Alfonso VI of Léon and Castille is defeated by the Almoravids on the battle of az-Zallaqah, called into Spain by Abbad III of Sevilla. 1086 - Deaths. May 21 - Wang Anshi, Chinese statesman (b. 1021) May 25 - Pope Gregory VII July 17 - ...

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1086 - Events 1086 - Deaths

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In the Ottoman dynastic system, every close relative, male and female, of the ruling Padishah (in the west also known as Great Sultan), was styled Sultan, either before or after the name, so equivalent to a western prince of the blood. In certain muslim states, Sultan was also an aristocratic title, as in the Tartar Astrakhan Khanate ...

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Sultan, Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah, Sultan - Former sultans and sultanates, Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia, Sultan - Hami, Sultan - North Africa, Sultan - East Africa, Sultan - Southeast Asia, Sultan - India, Sultan - Contemporary sultanates, Sultan - Princely and aristocratic titles, Sultan - Military rank, Sultan - Sources and References

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In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol of Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy, often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles (Khan, Malik, Amir) as mere rank denominations. In the Persian empire, the rank of Sultan was roughly equivalent to a western Captain, socially in the fifth rank class, styled 'Ali Jah ...

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Sultan, Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah, Sultan - Former sultans and sultanates, Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia, Sultan - Hami, Sultan - North Africa, Sultan - East Africa, Sultan - Southeast Asia, Sultan - India, Sultan - Contemporary sultanates, Sultan - Princely and aristocratic titles, Sultan - Military rank, Sultan - Sources and References

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The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the ruler's role was defined in the Qur'an. The sultan however was not a religious teacher himself. In the Byzantine Empire and the traditional spheres of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, a comparable unity of church and state in the person of the ruler is termed Caesaropapism. The last non-Islamic ruler with comparable authority was Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, though formally (if not in practice) the British monarch represents a similar union of church and state, being both ...

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Sultan, Sultan - Muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah, Sultan - Former sultans and sultanates, Sultan - Middle Eastern & Central Asia, Sultan - Hami, Sultan - North Africa, Sultan - East Africa, Sultan - Southeast Asia, Sultan - India, Sultan - Contemporary sultanates, Sultan - Princely and aristocratic titles, Sultan - Military rank, Sultan - Sources and References

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Muhammed ben Da'ud (1029–December 15, 1072) was the second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk Turks, in Persia, and great-grandson of Seljuk, the founder of the dynasty. He assumed the name of Muhammed when he embraced Islam, and on account of his military prowess and personal valor and fighting skills he obtained the surname Alp Arslan, which signifies "a valiant lion." He succeeded his father Da'ud as ruler of Khorasan in 1059, and his uncle Toğrül as sultan of Iran and Baghdad in 1063, and thus became sole monarch of ...

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Alp Arslan - Byzantine struggle Alp Arslan - State organization Alp Arslan - Death Alp Arslan - Reference

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A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Vizir, Wasir, Wazir, Wesir, Wezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many oriental languages) is an oriental, originally Persian, term for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan. Also used anachronistically or in a modern Islamic republic's cabinet. Vizier - Historical titles. In pre-Islamic Persia the vichir (Middle-Persian for Vizier), wa ...

Including:

Vizier - Historical titles
Vizier - In Islam's Core Area Vizier - In Black Africa Vizier - In the Far East East Indies etc Vizier - Princely title
Vizier - Modern Islamic republic Vizier - Anachronistic historical use Vizier - Art Vizier - Some famous viziers in history Vizier - Sources and References

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List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 661–750 Abbasid dynasty, 750–867 divided, 867–1029 List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872. Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab, Emir 821–822 Talhat ebne Taher, 822–828 Abdollah ebne Taher, 828–844See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

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The first systematic observations in Islam are reported to have taken place under the patronage of al-Mamun. Here, and in many other private observatories from Damascus to Baghdad, meridian degrees were measured, solar parameters were established, and detailed observations of the Sun, Moon, and planets were undertaken. In the 10th century, the Buwayhid dynasty encouraged the undertaking of extensive works in Astronomy, such as the construction of a large scale instrument with which observations were made in the year 950CE. We know of ...

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Islamic astronomy, Islamic astronomy - Celestial passages in the Quran, Islamic astronomy - Observatories, Islamic astronomy - Instruments, Islamic astronomy - Celestial globes, Islamic astronomy - Astrolabes, Islamic astronomy - Sundials, Islamic astronomy - Quadrants, Islamic astronomy - Equatoria, Islamic astronomy - Muslim astronomers, Islamic astronomy - Famous muslim astronomy books

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Isfahan city - Prehistory. History of Isfahan can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period. In recent Archaeological discoveries, archaeologist have found artifacts, dated back to Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, bronze and Iron ages. Isfahan city - From Elamites to Arab Invasion. Ancient Isfahan was part of the Elamite empire. Under the name of Aspandana it became one of the principal towns of the Median dynasty, when Iranian Medes settled there. Subsequently the province ...

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Isfahan city, Isfahan city - Geography, Isfahan city - History, Isfahan city - Prehistory, Isfahan city - From Elamites to Arab Invasion, Isfahan city - Arab Invasion, Isfahan city - Culture, Isfahan city - Architecture of Isfahan, Isfahan city - Rugs of Isfahan, Isfahan city - Historical sites, Isfahan city - Famous people from Isfahan, Isfahan city - Isfahan Today, Isfahan city - Sports, Isfahan city - Colleges and Universities, Isfahan city - Sister cities, Isfahan city - Further References

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Zengi became atabeg of Mosul in 1127, and of Aleppo in 1128, uniting the two cities under his personal rule, and was formally invested as their ruler by the Sultan Mahmud II of Great Seljuk. Zengi had supported the young sultan against his rival, the caliph Al-Mustarshid. In 1130 he allied with Taj al-Mulk Buri of Damascus against the crusaders, but this was only a ruse to extend his power: he had Buri's son taken prisoner and seized Hama from him. He also besieged Hims, the governor of which was accompanying him at the time, but coul ...

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Zengi, Zengi - Zengi against Damascus, Zengi - Conflict with the crusaders and Byzantines, Zengi - Death, Zengi - Legacy, Zengi - Sources

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Archeological discoveries in the Sialk Hillocks which lie 2.5 Miles (4 km) west of Kashan reveal that this region was one of the primary centers of civilization in pre-historic ages. Hence Kashan dates back to the Elamite period of Iran. The Sialk ziggurat still stands today in the suburbs of Kashan after 7000 years. It was from Kashan where the three wise men of the Bible came from. The artifacts uncovered at Sialk reside in the Louvre in Paris and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, ...

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Kashan, Kashan - History, Kashan - Kashan today, Kashan - Colleges and Universities, Kashan - Kashan's architectural heritage, Kashan - Famous Kashanis, Kashan - Sister cities

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In pre-Islamic Persia the vichir (Middle-Persian for Vizier), was a minister to the Shah. This word has been borrowed from Persian into Arabic, Turkish and almost all other languages of the Muslim nations. However it has been used in two very different ways : either for a unique position, in western terms the prime minister at the head of the monarch's government (the term Grand Vizier always refers to such post) or as a shared 'cabinet rank', rather like a British Secretary of state (if one of them is the prime minister, he may hold ...

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Vizier, Vizier - Historical titles, Vizier - In Islam's Core Area, Vizier - In Black Africa, Vizier - In the Far East East Indies etc, Vizier - Princely title, Vizier - Modern Islamic republic, Vizier - Anachronistic historical use, Vizier - Art, Vizier - Some famous viziers in history, Vizier - Sources and References

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In 1068 Alp Arslan invaded the Byzantine Empire. The emperor Romanus IV Diogenes, assuming the command in person, met the invaders in Cilicia. In three arduous campaigns, the first two of which were conducted by the emperor himself while the third was directed by Manuel Comnenus (great-uncle of Emperor Manuel Comnenus), the Turks were defeated in detail in 1070 driven across the Euphrates. In 1071 Romanus again took the field and advanced with 100,000 men, including a contingent of the Turkish tribe of the Uzes as well as contingents of French ...

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Alp Arslan, Alp Arslan - Byzantine struggle, Alp Arslan - State organization, Alp Arslan - Death, Alp Arslan - Reference

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First Crusade - The Council of Clermont. Main article: Council of Clermont In March of 1095 Alexius I sent envoys to the Council of Piacenza to ask Urban for aid against the Turks. The emperor's request met with a favourable response from Urban, who hoped to heal the Great Schism of 40 years prior and re-unite the Church under papal supremacy as "chief bishop and prelate over the whole world" (as he referred to himself at ...

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First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

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The dominion of Alp Arslan after Manzikert extended over much of western Asia. He soon prepared to march to the conquest of Turkestan, the original seat of his ancestors. With a powerful army he advanced to the banks of the Oxus. Before he could pass the river with safety, however, it was necessary to subdue certain fortresses, one of which was for several days vigorously defended by the governor, Yussuf el-Harezmi, a Khwarezmian. He was, however, obliged to surrender and was carried a prisoner before the sultan, who condemned him to a cruel ...

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Alp Arslan, Alp Arslan - Byzantine struggle, Alp Arslan - State organization, Alp Arslan - Death, Alp Arslan - Reference

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Some Muslims quote verses from the Quran that show God encourages people, Muslims and non-Muslims alike, to engage in astronomy, in order to affirm the existence of God. Note: all verses are translated by Sher Ali. Regarding astronomy: Sura 3.190 In the creation of the heavens and the earth and in the alternation of the night and the day there are indeed Signs for men of understanding.; Sura 67.3-4

The origins of the Crusades in general, and of the First Crusade in particular, stem from events earlier in the Middle Ages. The breakdown of the Carolingian empire in previous centuries, combined with the relative stability of European borders after the Christianization of the Vikings and Magyars, gave rise to an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight among themselves and terrorize the peasant population. Outlets for this violence took the form of campaigns against non-Christians. The Reconquista in Spain wa ...

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First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

Read more here: » First Crusade: Encyclopedia II - First Crusade - Background