malignancy

Cervical cancer is a malignancy of the cervix. Worldwide, it is the second most common cancer of women. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in advanced stages, which has made cervical cancer the focus of intense screening efforts utilizing the Pap smear. Most scientific studies point to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as a necessary pre-requisite for development of cervical cancer. Treatment is with surgery (including cryosurgery) in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in ...

Including:

• Cervical cancer - Signs and symptoms
• Cervical cancer - Diagnosis
• Cervical cancer - Staging
• Cervical cancer - Pathophysiology
• Cervical cancer - Treatment
• Cervical cancer - Epidemiology
• Cervical cancer - History
• Cervical cancer - Vaccine

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Colonoscopy is the minimally invasive endoscopic examination of the large colon and the distal part of the small bowel with a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. It may provide a visual diagnosis (e.g. ulceration, polyps) and grants the opportunity for biopsy of suspected lesions. Virtual colonoscopy, which uses 3D imagery reconstructed from computed tomography (CAT) scans, is also possible, as a totally non-invasive medical test, although it is not standard and still under investigation. Colonoscopy is simi ...

Including:

• Colonoscopy - Uses
• Colonoscopy - Procedure
• Colonoscopy - Preparation
• Colonoscopy - The investigation
• Colonoscopy - Risks

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Carcinoma in situ is present when a tumor has been detected that has the characteristics of malignancy but has not invaded other tissues. Many forms of cancer are initially carcinomas in situ, but are not detected early enough. Many clinicians would not refer to carcinoma in situ as "cancer" when relating results to a patient. Conversely, although many are treated much the same way as a proven malignancy, there may b ...

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Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for such problems. Amputation - Types. Types of amputation include: leg amputation of digits partial foot amputation (Chopart, Lisfranc) ankle disarticulation (Syme, Pyrogoff) below-knee amputatio ...

Including:

• Amputation - Types
• Amputation - Method
• Amputation - Complications
• Amputation - Autoamputation

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Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the bowel that usually affects the distal end of the large intestine and rectum. It has no known cause, although there is a genetic component to susceptibility. Ulcerative colitis - Features. Chronic diarrhoea (sometimes bloody). Other symptoms may include abdominal pain and discomfort, bloating, and nausea. No infective cause of diarrhea found. Inflammatory changes are most often confined to the left side and distal parts of the large ...

Including:

• Ulcerative colitis - Features
• Ulcerative colitis - Comparison to Crohn's disease
• Ulcerative colitis - Cause
• Ulcerative colitis - Diagnosis
• Ulcerative colitis - Course
• Ulcerative colitis - Treatment
• Ulcerative colitis - Current research and treatment alternatives

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D-dimer is a blood test performed in the medical laboratory to diagnose thrombosis. Since its introduction in the 1990s, it has become an important test performed in patients suspected of thrombotic disorders. While a negative result practically rules out thrombosis, a positive result can indicate thrombosis but also has other potential causes. Its main use, therefore, in to exclude thromboembolic disease where the probability is low. D-dimer - Indications. D-dimer testing is of clinical use when there is a ...

Including:

• D-dimer - Indications
• D-dimer - Reference range
• D-dimer - Types of assays
• D-dimer - Principles
• D-dimer - Sensitivity and specificity
• D-dimer - History
• D-dimer - Reference
• D-dimer - External link

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The glomeruli of the kidneys are the parts that normally filter the blood. They consist of capillaries that are fenestrated (leaky, due to little holes called fenestrae or windows) and that allow fluid, salts, and other small solutes to flow through, but normally not proteins. In nephrotic syndrome, the glomeruli become damaged due to diabetes, glomerulonephritis, or even prolonged hypertension (high blood pressure) so that small proteins, such ...

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Nephrotic syndrome, Nephrotic syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Nephrotic syndrome - Diagnosis, Nephrotic syndrome - Pathogenesis, Nephrotic syndrome - Differential diagnosis, Nephrotic syndrome - Treatment, Nephrotic syndrome - Prognosis, Nephrotic syndrome - Reference

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The most important diagnostic tool remains the medical history: the character of the complaints and any specific symptoms (fatigue, weight loss, unexplained anemia, paraneoplastic phenomena and other signs). Often a physical examination will reveal the location of a malignancy. Diagnostic methods include: Biopsy, either incisional or excisional; Endoscopy, either upper or lower gastrointestinal, bronchoscopy, or nasendoscopy; X-rays, CT scanning, MRI scanning, ultrasound and other radiological techniques ...

See also:

Oncology, Oncology - Diagnosis, Oncology - Therapy, Oncology - Follow-up, Oncology - Palliative care, Oncology - Ethical issues, Oncology - Progress and research in oncology, Oncology - Complementary and Alternative therapies

Read more here: » Oncology: Encyclopedia II - Oncology - Diagnosis

Dermatologists are physicians (medical doctors) specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of all diseases and tumors of the skin and its appendages. There are medical and surgical sides to the specialty. Dermasurgeons practice skin cancer surgery (including Mohs' micrographic surgery), laser surgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and cosmetic procedures using botulinum toxin ('Botox'), soft tissue fillers, sclerotherapy and liposuction. Dermatopathologists interpret tissue under the microscope (histopathology). Pediatric dermatologists ...

See also:

Dermatology, Dermatology - Scope of the field, Dermatology - Dermasurgery, Dermatology - Diagnosis, Dermatology - Therapy, Dermatology - Research, Dermatology - Dermatological diseases

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Although great progress has been made in the last 20 years, in understanding and treating the disease, a definitive treatment or cure for Ulcerative colitis still eludes modern medicine. Therefore, treatment for Ulcerative colitis actually aims at inducing remission, preventing relapse, improving nutritional deficiency, and ensuring normal growth and development in child patients. This is achieved primarily through medication, and sometimes surgery. Anti-inflammatory drugs (such as sulfasalazine or mesalamine) are often used, an ...

See also:

Ulcerative colitis, Ulcerative colitis - Symptoms, Ulcerative colitis - Comparison to Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis - Cause, Ulcerative colitis - Diagnosis, Ulcerative colitis - Course, Ulcerative colitis - Treatment, Ulcerative colitis - Current research and treatment alternatives

Read more here: » Ulcerative colitis: Encyclopedia II - Ulcerative colitis - Treatment

Classical causes of ulcers (tobacco smoking, blood groups, spices and a large array of strange things) are of relatively minor importance in the development of peptic ulcers. A major causative factor (90% of gastric and 75% of duodenal ulcers) is chronic inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori, a spirochaete that inhabits the antral mucosa and increases gastrin production. Gastrin, in turn, stimulates t ...

See also:

Peptic ulcer, Peptic ulcer - Signs and symptoms, Peptic ulcer - Diagnosis, Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology, Peptic ulcer - Epidemiology, Peptic ulcer - Treatment

Read more here: » Peptic ulcer: Encyclopedia II - Peptic ulcer - Pathophysiology

Freud has been influential in two related, but distinct ways. He simultaneously developed a theory of the human mind and human behavior, and clinical techniques for attempting to help neurotics. Sigmund Freud - Early work. A lesser known interest of Freud's was neurology. He was an early researcher on the topic of cerebral palsy, then known as "cerebral paralysis". He published several medical papers on the topic. He also showed that the disease existed far before other researchers in his day began to noti ...

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Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud - Life, Sigmund Freud - Innovations, Sigmund Freud - Early work, Sigmund Freud - The unconscious, Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual development, Sigmund Freud - The id ego and superego, Sigmund Freud - Defense mechanisms, Sigmund Freud - The life and death instincts, Sigmund Freud - Psychology of religion, Sigmund Freud - Freud's legacy, Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud - Philosophy, Sigmund Freud - Critical reactions, Sigmund Freud - Patients, Sigmund Freud - Major works, Sigmund Freud - Books about Freud and psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: theory and practice, Sigmund Freud - Conceptual critiques, Sigmund Freud - Biographies, Sigmund Freud - Biographical critiques

Read more here: » Sigmund Freud: Encyclopedia II - Sigmund Freud - Innovations

The epidemiology of HCC exhibits two main patterns, one in North America and Western Europe and another in Non-Western Countries (regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, central Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon basin). Hepatocellular carcinoma - Non-Western Countries. In some parts of the world, such as Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (and especially Taiwan and China) HCC is the most common cancer, generally affecting men more than women, and with an age of onset between late teens and 30's. This var ...

See also:

Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Epidemiology, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Non-Western Countries, Hepatocellular carcinoma - North America and Western Europe, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Diagnosis screening and monitoring, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Pathology, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Staging and prognosis, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Treatment, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Future directions, Hepatocellular carcinoma - Reference

Read more here: » Hepatocellular carcinoma: Encyclopedia II - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Epidemiology

Hypercalcemia per se can result in fatigue, depression, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or increased urination; if it is chronic it can result in urinary calculi (renal stones or bladder stones). Abnormal heart rhythms can result, and an EKG finding of a short QT interval suggests hypercalcemia. Symptoms are more common at high calcium levels (12.0 mg/dL or 3 mmol/l). Severe hypercalcemia (above 15-16 mg/dL or 3.75-4 mmol/l) is considered a medical emergency: ...

See also:

Hypercalcaemia, Hypercalcaemia - Signs and symptoms, Hypercalcaemia - Causes, Hypercalcaemia - Treatments

Read more here: » Hypercalcaemia: Encyclopedia II - Hypercalcaemia - Signs and symptoms

The ideal treatment for IgAN would remove IgA from the glomerulus and prevent further IgA deposition. This goal still remains a remote prospect. There are a few additional caveats that have to be considered while treating IgA nephropathy. IgA nephropathy has a very variable course, ranging from a benign recurrent hematuria up to a rapid progression to chronic renal failure. Hence the decision on which patients to treat should be based on the prognostic factors and the risk of progression. Also, IgA nephropathy recurs in transplants despite t ...

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IgA nephropathy, IgA nephropathy - Signs and symptoms, IgA nephropathy - Diagnosis, IgA nephropathy - Pathophysiology, IgA nephropathy - Natural History, IgA nephropathy - Therapy, IgA nephropathy - Genetics, IgA nephropathy - Prognosis, IgA nephropathy - Epidemiology, IgA nephropathy - History

Read more here: » IgA nephropathy: Encyclopedia II - IgA nephropathy - Therapy

More than 80% of hydatidiform moles are benign. The outcome after treatment is usually excellent. Close follow-up is essential. Highly effective means of contraception are recommended to avoid pregnancy for at least 6 to 12 months. In 10 to 15% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into invasive moles. These may intrude so far into the uterine wall that hemorrhage or other complications develop. In 2 to 3% of cases, hydatidiform moles may develop into choriocarcinoma, which is a malignant, rapidly- growing, and metastatic (s ...

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Hydatidiform mole, Hydatidiform mole - Causes, Hydatidiform mole - Diagnosis, Hydatidiform mole - Symptoms, Hydatidiform mole - Types, Hydatidiform mole - Pathology, Hydatidiform mole - Treatment, Hydatidiform mole - Prognosis, Hydatidiform mole - Source

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Adenoma is a benign epithelial tumor arising in epithelium of mucosa (stomach, small intestine and bowel), glands (endocrine and exocrine) and ducts. In hollow organs (digestive tract) the adenoma grows upwards into the lumen - adenomatous polyp or polypoid adenoma. Depending on the type of the insertion base, adenoma may be pedunculated (lobular head with a long, slender stalk, covered ...

See also:

Adenoma, Adenoma - Histopathology, Adenoma - Locations, Adenoma - Colon D12, Adenoma - Adrenal D350, Adenoma - Thyroid D34, Adenoma - Pituitary D352

Read more here: » Adenoma: Encyclopedia II - Adenoma - Histopathology

Adenoma is a benign epithelial tumor arising in epithelium of mucosa (stomach, small intestine and bowel), glands (endocrine and exocrine) and ducts. In hollow organs (digestive tract) the adenoma grows upwards into the lumen - adenomatous polyp or polypoid adenoma. Depending on the type of the insertion base, adenoma may be pedunculated (lobular head with a long, slender stalk, covered ...

See also:

Adenoma, Adenoma - Histopathology, Adenoma - Locations, Adenoma - Colon D12, Adenoma - Adrenal D350, Adenoma - Thyroid D34, Adenoma - Pituitary D352, Adenoma - Liver

Read more here: » Adenoma: Encyclopedia II - Adenoma - Histopathology

Types of amputation include: leg amputation of digits partial foot amputation (Chopart, Lisfranc) ankle disarticulation (Syme, Pyrogoff) below-knee amputation (transtibial) knee-bearing amputation (knee disarticulation) above knee amputation (transfemoral) Van-ness rotation (Foot being turned around and reattached to allow the ankle joint to be used as a knee.) hip disarticulation hemipelvectomy arm amputation of digits ...

See also:

Amputation, Amputation - Types, Amputation - Method, Amputation - Complications, Amputation - Self-amputation

Read more here: » Amputation: Encyclopedia II - Amputation - Types

Chronic wounds may affect only the epidermis and dermis, or they may affect tissues all the way to the fascia (Crovetti et al., 2004). They may be formed originally by the same things that cause acute ones, such as surgery or accidental trauma (Moreo, 2005), or they may form as the result of systemic infection, vascular, immune, or nerve insufficiency, or comorbidities such as neoplasias or metabolic disorders (Crovetti et al., 2004). The reason a wound becomes chronic is that the body’s ability to deal with the damage is overwhelmed by factors such as repeated trauma, continued pressure, ischemia, ...

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Chronic wound, Chronic wound - Epidemiology, Chronic wound - Types, Chronic wound - Venous ulcers, Chronic wound - Diabetic ulcers, Chronic wound - Pressure ulcers, Chronic wound - Contributing factors, Chronic wound - Pathophysiology, Chronic wound - Ischemia, Chronic wound - Bacterial colonization, Chronic wound - Growth factors and proteolytic enzymes, Chronic wound - Treatment, Chronic wound - Preventing and treating infection, Chronic wound - Treating ischemia and hypoxia, Chronic wound - Growth factors and hormones

Read more here: » Chronic wound: Encyclopedia II - Chronic wound - Pathophysiology