Makuria - Origins. The origins of Makuria are uncertain. Ptolemy mentions a Nubian people known as the Makkourae, who might be ancestors to the Makurians[5]. The kingdom is believed to have formed in the 4th or 5th century. The first recorded mention of it is in a work by the 6th-century John of Ephesus, who decries its hostility to Monophysite missionaries traveling to Alodia. Soon after John of Biclarum wrote approvingly of Makuria's a ...

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Makuria, Makuria - Sources, Makuria - History, Makuria - Origins, Makuria - Height, Makuria - Decline, Makuria - Economy, Makuria - Government, Makuria - Religion, Makuria - Culture, Makuria - Rulers, Makuria - Notes

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Kush or Cush was an African civilization south of Ancient Egypt in Nubia, which is located in the modern day North African nation of Sudan. Though influenced by (and influencing) Egypt, it was a distinct culture and civilization and was one of the earliest civilizations to develop in the Nile River Valley. Kush - Origins. The first developed societies appeared in Nubia around the time of the First Egyptian Dynasty. The first known Kushite state was the Kingdom of Kerma, which appeared c. 2600 BC and ...

Including:

• Kush - Origins
• Kush - Napata
• Kush - Move to Meroe
• Kush - Decline
• Kush - In the Bible
• Kush - External link

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Alodia or Alwa was the southernmost of the three kingdoms of Christian Nubia; the other two were Nobatia and Makuria to the north. Alodia was converted to Christianity in the 6th century by missionaries sent by Byzantine Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora. Monophysite Christianity flourished in Alodia, moreso than other Christian sects. Alodia was centered south of the great bend in the Nile river and south into the Gezira with its capital at Soba. Most of what is known about Christian Nubia comes from either contemporary ...

Including:

• Alodia - Notes

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For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. 1272 - Events. Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south. Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durres in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom. Count Floris V of Holland makes an unsuccessful attack on Frisia in an attempt to recover the body of his father, Count William II. King Edward I of England departs for England from the failed Ninth Crusade and ...

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• 1272 - Events
• 1272 - Births
• 1272 - Deaths

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For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. 1276 - Events. February - The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong in an effort to escape an invasion by the Mongol Empire. March 9 - Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City. Ravensburg also does in the same year. June - King Rudolph I of Germany declares war on King Otakar II of Bohemia, a political rival; by November, Ot ...

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• 1276 - Events
• 1276 - Births
• 1276 - Deaths

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Events Yazdegard III is killed in Merv by his followers, ending both Persian resistance to the Moslem conquest, and the Sassanid dynasty. The Moslems invade Afghanistan and capture Herat. The bakt between Egypt and Makuria is signed Clovis II king of Neustria and Burgundy, married the future Saint Bathilde Births Li Ssu-Hsun, Chinese painter (died 716) Deaths August 31 - Saint Aidan, missionary and first bishop of Lindisfarne Yazdegard III, last king of ...

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Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c. BC Brāhmī 6th c. BC Hebrew 3rd c. BC Syriac 2nd c. BC Avestan 3th c. Arabic 4th c. Greek 8th c. BC Old Italic 8th c. BC Latin 7th c. BC Runes 2nd c. Gothic 4th c. Armenian 405 Glagolitic 862 Cyril ...

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Greek alphabet, Greek alphabet - Main table, Greek alphabet - Obsolete letters, Greek alphabet - Letter combinations and diphthongs, Greek alphabet - Ligatures, Greek alphabet - History, Greek alphabet - Use of the Greek alphabet for other languages, Greek alphabet - Greek encodings, Greek alphabet - Greek in Unicode, Greek alphabet - Bibliography, Greek alphabet - Special characters

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History of Sudan - The Turkiyah. Main article: History of Sudan (1821-1885) In 1820–21, an Egyptian-Ottoman force conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. The new government was known as the Turkiyah or Turkish regime. They were looking to open new markets and sources of natural resources. Historically, the pestilential swamps of the Suud discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country. Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of ...

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History of Sudan, History of Sudan - Early history, History of Sudan - The coming of Islam, History of Sudan - 19th Century, History of Sudan - The Turkiyah, History of Sudan - Mahdism and condominium, History of Sudan - European Colonialism, History of Sudan - Independence and the First Civil War, History of Sudan - The Nimeiry Era, History of Sudan - Arms suppliers, History of Sudan - Second Civil War, History of Sudan - Darfur, History of Sudan - Chadian-Sudanese War

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Main article: History of Sudan Three Kushite and Meroetic kingdoms called northern Sudan their home in ancient times, this region was also known as the Nubian Kingdom and these civilizations flourished mainly along the Nile River from the first to the sixth cataracts. These kingdoms were influenced by, and in turn influenced Pharaonic Egypt. In fact, the borders of the ancient Egyptian and Sudanese kingdoms fluctuated greatly and what is now the upper third of present day Northern Sudan was during ancient times in ...

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Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

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Main article: History of Sudan Three ancient Kushite kingdoms existed consecutively in northern Sudan. This region was also known as the Nubian Kingdom and these civilizations flourished mainly along the Nile River from the first to the sixth cataracts. The kingdoms were influenced by, and in turn influenced Pharaonic Egypt. The borders of the ancient Egyptian and Sudanese kingdoms fluctuated greatly and what is now the upper third of present day Northern Sudan was during ancient times in ...

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Sudan, Sudan - History, Sudan - Chad-Sudan conflict, Sudan - Politics, Sudan - Foreign relations, Sudan - States, Sudan - Autonomy Separation Conflicts, Sudan - Geography, Sudan - Economy, Sudan - Demographics, Sudan - People of Sudan, Sudan - Culture, Sudan - Education, Sudan - Miscellaneous topics

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Prisoners of war were regularly enslaved by the ancient Egyptians, including Nubians.[2] Soon after the Arabs conquered Egypt, they attempted to conquer Nubia; their efforts were unsuccessful, and in 652 they signed a treaty with the Nubian kingdom of Makuria, the Baqt. Under this treaty, the Nubians agreed to supply 360 slaves annually to their northern neighbors. After the Nubian kingdoms' fall in 1504, the Funj came to the fore; these began to use slaves in the army in the reign of Badi III (r. 1692-1711)[3]. Following their ...

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Slavery in Sudan, Slavery in Sudan - History of slavery in the Sudan, Slavery in Sudan - Western responses to slavery in the Sudan

Read more here: » Slavery in Sudan: Encyclopedia II - Slavery in Sudan - History of slavery in the Sudan

See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa, Lists of office-holders - Other Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Other Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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Contacts between Nubians and Arabs long predated the coming of Islam, but the arabization of the Nile Valley was a gradual process that occurred over a period of nearly 1,000 years. Arab nomads continually wandered into the region in search of fresh pasturage, and Arab seafarers and merchants traded in Red Sea ports for spices and slaves. Intermarriage and assimilation also facilitated arabization. After the initial attempts at military conquest failed, the Arab commander in Egypt, Abd Allah ibn Saad, concluded the first in a series of regul ...

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History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources

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1270s - Europe. 1271 - July 2 - Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II. 1272 - Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durres in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom. 1272 - King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro. 1273 - September 29 - Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany ov ...

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1270s, 1270s - War and politics, 1270s - Europe, 1270s - Asia and Africa, 1270s - Americas, 1270s - Culture, 1270s - Science literature and industry, 1270s - Art architecture and music, 1270s - Religion, 1270s - Births, 1270s - Deaths

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It is clear from the records that Aspelta's successors had their capital at Meroe, considerably farther south than Napata. The exact date this change was made is uncertain but some historians believe it was during Aspelta's reign, in response to the Egyptian invasion of Lower Nubia. Other historians believe it was the attraction of iron working that drove the kingdom south: around Meroe, unlike Napata, there were large forests that could fire the blast furnaces. The arrival of Greek merchants throughout the region also meant that Kush was no longer dependent on trade along the Nile; rather, it could export its goods east to the Red Sea ...

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Kush, Kush - Origins, Kush - Napata, Kush - Move to Meroe, Kush - Decline, Kush - In the Bible, Kush - External link

Read more here: » Kush: Encyclopedia II - Kush - Move to Meroe

Nubia - Pre-history. The earliest cultures of Nubia left no writings and are unreported in the annals of other nations. The first noticeable cultures in Nubia include first the Badarian culture, then the Amratian and finally the Gerzean. From the Gerzean the first native culture developed known as the A-Group, which began roughly at the same time as the First dynasty of Egypt around 3100 BC. It consisted of semi-nomadic groups who subsided by herding sheep, goats, and some cattle. It is known from its distinctive burial rituals and pottery. Prehistoric tools discovered in Nubia date to circa 65,000 BC, ...

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Nubia, Nubia - History, Nubia - Pre-history, Nubia - Kush, Nubia - Christian Nubia, Nubia - Modern Nubia, Nubia - Notes and references, Nubia - Notes, Nubia - References, Nubia - External links

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See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Algeria Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post) Colonial heads of Algeria Colonial heads of Oran Rulers of Kel Ahaggar Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine) Rulers of Tuggurt An ...

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Lists of office-holders, Lists of office-holders - Heads of international organizations, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government defunct entities, Lists of office-holders - Ancient world, Lists of office-holders - Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Lists of office-holders - Heads of state or government modern entities, Lists of office-holders - Africa, Lists of office-holders - America Central and the Caribbean, Lists of office-holders - America North, Lists of office-holders - America South, Lists of office-holders - Asia, Lists of office-holders - Oceania, Lists of office-holders - Europe, Lists of office-holders - Middle East, Lists of office-holders - Heads of modern subnational entities, Lists of office-holders - Australia, Lists of office-holders - Belgium, Lists of office-holders - Canada, Lists of office-holders - China People's Republic of, Lists of office-holders - Finland, Lists of office-holders - France, Lists of office-holders - Germany, Lists of office-holders - India, Lists of office-holders - New Zealand, Lists of office-holders - Sweden, Lists of office-holders - United States, Lists of office-holders - Ministers by portfolio, Lists of office-holders - Municipal leaders, Lists of office-holders - Religious leaders, Lists of office-holders - Christian, Lists of office-holders - Judaism, Lists of office-holders - Islam, Lists of office-holders - Buddhist, Lists of office-holders - Ancient Rome

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For several centuries Arab caliphs had governed Egypt through the Mamluks. In the thirteenth century, the Mamluks seized control of the state and created a sultanate that ruled Egypt until the early sixteenth century. Although they repeatedly launched military expeditions that weakened Makuria, the Mamluks did not directly rule Nubia. In 1517 the Turks conquered Egypt and incorporated the country into the Ottoman Empire as a pashalik (province). Ottoman forces pursued fleeing Mamluks into Nubia, which had been claimed as a depe ...

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History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources

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At the same time that the Ottomans brought northern Nubia into their orbit, a new power, the Funj, had risen in southern Nubia and had supplanted the remnants of the old Christian kingdom of Alwa. In 1504 a Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founded the Kingdom of Sennar. This Sultanate eventually became the keystone of the Funj Empire. By the mid-sixteenth century, Sennar controlled Al Jazirah and commanded the allegiance of vassal states and tribal districts north to the third cataract and south to the rainforests. The Funj state included a ...

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History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources

Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj

Until the thirteenth century, the Nubian kingdoms proved their resilience in maintaining political independence and their commitment to Christianity. In the early eighth century and again in the tenth century, Nubian kings led armies into Egypt to force the release of the imprisoned Coptic patriarch and to relieve fellow Christians suffering persecution under Muslim rulers. In 1276, however, the Mamluks intervened in a dynastic dispute, ousted Makuria's reigning monarch and delivered the crown and silver cross that ...

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History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Coming of Islam, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Arabs, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Rule of the Kashif, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Funj, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - The Fur, History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Sources

Read more here: » History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah: Encyclopedia II - History of Sudan Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah - Decline of Christian Nubia