Mainz Cathedral

Between 780–82 and 1802 the Archbishop of Mainz was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince in the Holy Roman Empire. His see was established in ancient Roman times, in the city of Mainz, which had been a Roman provincial capital called Moguntiacum, but the office really came to prominence upon its elevation to an archdiocese in 780/82. The first bishops before the 4th century have legendary names, beginning with Crescens. The first verifiable Bishop of Mainz was Mar(t)inus in 343. The ecclesiastical and secular importance of ...

Including:

• Archbishopric of Mainz - Bishops of Moguntiacum 80-745
• Archbishopric of Mainz - Archbishops of Mainz 745-1251
• Archbishopric of Mainz - Archbishops-Electors of Mainz 1251-1803

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Saint Boniface (Latin: Bonifacius)(German: Bonifatius), (c. 672 - June 5, 754), the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid or Wynfrith at Crediton in Devon, England, was a missionary who propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. Saint Boniface - Early Life. Born at Crediton, Devon . He was of good family, and it was somewhat against his father's wishes that he devoted himself at an early age to the monastic life. He received his theological training in the Ben ...

Including:

• Saint Boniface - Early Life
• Saint Boniface - First Mission to Frisia
• Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes
• Saint Boniface - Boniface and the Carolingians
• Saint Boniface - Last Mission to Frisia
• Saint Boniface - Trivia

Read more here: » Saint Boniface: Encyclopedia - Saint Boniface

Cathedrals are among the most ambitious buildings ever conceived, far exceeding the size and complexity of most other constructions and often requiring many years to complete. This article describes some of the elements of cathedral architecture and how these elements have varied from place to place and time to time. Romanesque and Gothic cathedral architecture is laid out upon some conventional ground plans, which are discussed at Cathedral diagram. Consult the articles in the See also section (be ...

Including:

• Cathedral architecture - Differences with smaller churches
• Cathedral architecture - Basic elements
• Cathedral architecture - Chevets
• Cathedral architecture - Monster and human forms in Cathedral architecture

Read more here: » Cathedral architecture: Encyclopedia - Cathedral architecture

Rhine - Switzerland. The Rhine's origins are in the Swiss Alps in the canton of Graubünden, where its two main initial tributaries are called Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein. The Vorderrhein (anterior Rhine) springs from Lake Tuma near the Oberalp Pass and passes the impressive Ruinaulta (the Swiss Grand Canyon). The Hinterrhein (posterior Rhine) starts from the Paradies glacier near the Rheinquellhorn at the southern border of Switzerland. Both tributaries meet near Reichenau, still in Graubünden.

See also:

Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Geography

Of the family of the counts of Saarbrücken, he served as imperial chancellor under Emperors Henry IV and Henry V. In 1110 he was sent to Rome as part of an embassy to arrange for Henry V's coronation as emperor. In exchange for supporting the Emperor in his quest to regain the rights to investiture (which Henry received from Pope Paschal II in 1111), he was given the position of archbishop of Mainz. Following this, however, Adalbert turned against the Emperor, due to personal dislikes as well as territoral ambitions. Henry ended up imprison ...

See also:

Adalbert of Mainz, Adalbert of Mainz - Life, Adalbert of Mainz - Sources

Read more here: » Adalbert of Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Adalbert of Mainz - Life

Rhine - Switzerland. The Rhine's origins are in the Swiss Alps in the canton of Graubünden, where its two main initial tributaries are called Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein. The Vorderrhein (anterior Rhine) springs from Lake Tuma near the Oberalp Pass and passes the impressive Ruinaulta (the Swiss Grand Canyon). The Hinterrhein (posterior Rhine) starts from the Paradies glacier near the Rheinquellhorn at the southern border of Switzerland. Both tributaries meet near Reichenau, still in Graubünden. Fr ...

See also:

Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Geography

The Roman stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus in 13 BC. Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The castrum was the base of Legio XIV Gemina and XVI Gallica (9–43 AD), Legion XXII Pia Fidelis Primagenia, IV Macedonica (43–70), I Adiutrix (70-88), XXI Rapax (70-89), and XIV Gemina (70–92), among others. Mainz w ...

See also:

Mainz, Mainz - Introduction, Mainz - History, Mainz - Sights, Mainz - Miscellaneous, Mainz - Twinning, Mainz - Alternative names

Read more here: » Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Mainz - History

The Roman stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus in 13 BC. Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The castrum was the base of Legio XIV Gemina and XVI Gallica (9–43 AD), Legion XXII Pia Fidelis Primagenia, IV Macedonica (43–70), I Adiutrix (70-88), XXI Rapax (70-89), and XIV Gemina (70–92), among others. It was ...

See also:

Mainz, Mainz - Introduction, Mainz - History, Mainz - Sights, Mainz - Miscellaneous, Mainz - Twinning, Mainz - Alternative names

Read more here: » Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Mainz - History

Listed below are examples of surviving Romanesque buildings in modern France, Germany, Spain, Ireland, Italy, England, Netherlands, Scandinavia and Central Europe. Romanesque architecture - France. Gordes, Abbey of Sénanque Saint-Foy, Conques Saint-Sernin, Toulouse Saint-Bénigne, Dijon Notre-Dame-du-Port, Clermont-Ferrand Saint-Austremoine, Issoire Notre-Dame, Orcival Saint-Nectaire Saint-Saturnin Saint-Pierre, Angoulà ...

See also:

Romanesque architecture, Romanesque architecture - Surviving Romanesque buildings, Romanesque architecture - France, Romanesque architecture - Germany, Romanesque architecture - Spain, Romanesque architecture - Switzerland, Romanesque architecture - Ireland, Romanesque architecture - Italy, Romanesque architecture - England, Romanesque architecture - Netherlands, Romanesque architecture - Belgium, Romanesque architecture - Scandinavia, Romanesque architecture - Poland, Romanesque architecture - Central Europe

Read more here: » Romanesque architecture: Encyclopedia II - Romanesque architecture - Surviving Romanesque buildings

After the failure of the Second Crusade, Nur ad-Din had control of Damascus and a unified Syria. Third Crusade - Muslim unification. Eager to expand his power, Nur ad-Din set his sights on the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt. In 1163, Nur ad-Din's most trusted general, Shirkuh set out on a military expedition to the Nile. Accompanying the general was his young nephew, Saladin. With Shirkuh's troops camped outside of Cairo, Egypt's sultan, Shawar called on King Amalric I of Jerusalem for assistance. In response, Amalric sent an army into Egypt and a ...

See also:

Third Crusade, Third Crusade - Background, Third Crusade - Muslim unification, Third Crusade - Saladin's conquests, Third Crusade - Fall of the Latin Kingdom, Third Crusade - Preparations, Third Crusade - Barbarossa's crusade, Third Crusade - Richard's departure, Third Crusade - Battle of Acre, Third Crusade - Battle of Arsuf, Third Crusade - Crusade's end, Third Crusade - Aftermath, Third Crusade - Sources

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Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy. The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded at the latest in 962 by Otto I the Great. Although some date the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire from the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800, Charlemagne himself more typically used the title king of the Franks. This title also makes clearer that the Frankish Kingdom covered an area that included modern-day France and Ge ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Chronology

The earliest example of the chevet is probably to be found in the church of St Martin at Tours; this was followed by others at Tournus, Clermont-Ferrand, Auxerre, Chartres, Le Mans and other churches built during the great church-building period of the 11th century. In the still greater movement in the 12th century, when the episcopacy, supported by the emancipated communes, undertook the erection of cathedrals of greater dimensions and the reconstruction of others. In some cases they used the old foundations, as in Chartres, Coutances and A ...

See also:

Cathedral architecture, Cathedral architecture - Differences with smaller churches, Cathedral architecture - Basic elements, Cathedral architecture - Chevets, Cathedral architecture - Monster and human forms in Cathedral architecture

Read more here: » Cathedral architecture: Encyclopedia II - Cathedral architecture - Chevets

Winfrid again set out in 718, visited Rome, and was commissioned in 719 by Pope Gregory II, who gave him his new name of Boniface, to evangelize in Germany and reorganize the church there. For five years he laboured in Hesse, Thuringia and Frisia, and on November 30, 722, he was elevated to bishop of the German territories he would bring into the fold of the Roman Church. In 723, Boniface felled the holy oak tree dedicated to Thor near the present-day town of Fritzlar in northern Hesse. He built a chapel from its wood at the site wher ...

See also:

Saint Boniface, Saint Boniface - Early Life, Saint Boniface - First Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes, Saint Boniface - Boniface and the Carolingians, Saint Boniface - Last Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Trivia

Read more here: » Saint Boniface: Encyclopedia II - Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes

Rhine - The Palaeolithic. During the Middle Palaeolithic, ca 100,000-30,000 BP (the dates vary a geat deal) western Europe, including the Rhine and Danube Valleys, was occupied by Neanderthal Man, to which belonged the Mousterian culture of stone tools. Mousterian sites are not considered intrusive. It is believed that the Neanderthals may have evolved from the preceding Homo erectus in the vicinity of the glaciers, but the question has by ...

See also:

Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Prehistory

Rhine - Alpine Orogeny. Since the Rhine flows from the Alps, a precondition of its existence is the uplifting of the Alps, which began in the Alpine Orogeny. The stage was set in the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era, with the opening of Tethys Sea between the Eurasian and the African plates, between about 240 MBP and 220 MBP. The Mediterranean descends from this somewhat larger Tethys sea. At about 180 MBP, in the Jurassic Period, the two plates reversed direction and began to compress Tethys floor, cau ...

See also:

Rhine, Rhine - Geography, Rhine - Switzerland, Rhine - Germany and France, Rhine - the Netherlands, Rhine - Large cities, Rhine - Smaller cities, Rhine - Railway bridges, Rhine - Tributaries, Rhine - Distributaries, Rhine - Canals include, Rhine - Geologic History, Rhine - Alpine Orogeny, Rhine - Stream Capture, Rhine - Ice Age, Rhine - Prehistory, Rhine - The Palaeolithic, Rhine - The Mesolithic, Rhine - The Neolithic, Rhine - Chalcolithic, Rhine - The Bronze Age, Rhine - The Iron Age, Rhine - Historic and Military Relevance

Read more here: » Rhine: Encyclopedia II - Rhine - Geologic History

The essential element of a cathedral is the cathedra, the throne of the bishop. Also, there are usually 2 separate areas or chapels, one which houses the Blessed Sacrament, and the other which is used for the singing of the Holy Office. Non-Cathedral churches would usually have only one central area. The earliest extended development of the eastern end of the cathedral is that which was first set out in Edward the Confessor's church at Westminster, probably borrowed from the ancient church of St Martin at Tours; in this church, ...

See also:

Cathedral architecture, Cathedral architecture - Differences with smaller churches, Cathedral architecture - Basic elements, Cathedral architecture - Chevets, Cathedral architecture - Monster and human forms in Cathedral architecture

Read more here: » Cathedral architecture: Encyclopedia II - Cathedral architecture - Basic elements

The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to resurrect the Western Roman Empire in western Europe, which was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades. Charlemagne went on to adopt the title 'Augustus' from earlier Roman times. The name of the Empire, in various languages spoken within its confines: German: Heiliges Römisches Reich ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire

Mainz is twinned with: - Watford, Hertfordshire (UK), since 1956 - Dijon (France), since 1957 - Longchamp (France), since 1966 - Zagreb (Croatia), since 1967 - Rodeneck/Rodengo (Italy), since 1977 - Valencia (Spain), since 1978 - Haifa (Israel), since 1981 - Erfurt (former East Germany), since 1988 - Louisville, Kentucky (USA), since 1994 and is a ‘Friendship city’ to: - Ba ...

See also:

Mainz, Mainz - Introduction, Mainz - History, Mainz - Sights, Mainz - Miscellaneous, Mainz - Twinning, Mainz - Alternative names

Read more here: » Mainz: Encyclopedia II - Mainz - Twinning

The support of the Frankish Mayors of the Palace (maior domos) and later, the early Pippinid and Carolingian rulers, was important to Boniface's program of forcible conversion. The Christian Frankish leaders desired to defeat their rival power, the Heathen Saxons, and to take the Saxon lands for their growing empire. Boniface's destruction of the indigenous Germanic faith and holy sites was an important part of the Frankish campaign. Boniface balanced this support and attempted to maintain some independence, however, by attaining the ...

See also:

Saint Boniface, Saint Boniface - Early Life, Saint Boniface - First Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Thor's Oak and the Conversion of the Northern German Tribes, Saint Boniface - Boniface and the Carolingians, Saint Boniface - Last Mission to Frisia, Saint Boniface - Trivia

Read more here: » Saint Boniface: Encyclopedia II - Saint Boniface - Boniface and the Carolingians

The Holy Roman Empire was an institution that is unique in world history and therefore difficult to grasp. To understand what it was, it might be helpful to assess first what it was not. It was never a nation state. Despite the German ethnicity of most of its rulers and subjects, from the very beginning many ethnicities constituted the Holy Roman Empire. Many of its most important noble families and appointed officials came from outside the German-speaking communities. At the height of the empire it contained most of the territo ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire