Encyclopedia - Mahayana: Encyclopedia - Mahayana
Mahāyāna (literally "great vehicle"; from the Indian language of Sanskrit. Chinese: 大乘, Dàshèng; Japanese: 大乗, Daijō; Vietna...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mahayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Mahayana - Mahayana Scriptures
The Mahayana scriptures were probably set in writing around the 1st century BCE. Some of them, such as the Perfection of Wisdom sutras, ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: Buddhist - Buddhism Dictionary On Mahayana
Mahayana Lit., great vehicle; the dominant Buddhist tradition of East Asia.   Special characteristics of Mahayana are Emphasi...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhist Polemics
Buddhist polemics revolve around the veracity and efficacy of doctrine and practice. It seems that from the very beginning Buddhists were...   » Read the article

Article - Vajrayana
Also known as Tantric Buddhism, Mantrayana, Tantrayana, Esoteric Buddhism, Diamond Vehicle or True Words Sect. (Secret) Mantra vehicle is...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhism In India
Theravada is the single remaining representative of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikaya schools of Indian Buddhism, which are sometimes ref...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhist Religious Philosophy
The religious philosophies and schools of thought in Buddhism have evolved since Buddha's death into diverse, and complex traditions. Bu...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhist Texts
There are a great variety of Buddhist texts. Buddhists place varying value on them: attitudes range from worship of the text itself, to d...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhism: Prayers In Buddhism
It is commonly believed that Buddhism involves long hours of meditation and is devoid of elaborative pujas (prayers) and ceremonies assoc...   » Read the article

Article - Buddhism: Buddhist Festivals - Parinirvana Day
Buddhism - Buddhist Festivals: Parinirvana Day This is a Mahayana Buddhist festival that marks the death of the Buddha. It is also known...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mahayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Mahayana - Doctrine
The way of the Mahayana, in contrast to the more conservative and austere Theravada school of Buddhism, can be characterized by: Univers...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Awakening Of Faith In The Mahayana: Encyclopedia - Awakening Of Faith In The Mahayana
The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana (or 'Awakening of Mahayana Faith', 大乘起信論) is a text of the Mahayana branch of Buddhism. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia - Vipassana
Vipassanā (Sanskrit: vipasyanā) is the practice of Insight Meditation. While it is often referred to as Buddhist meditation, the practi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bodhisattva: Encyclopedia - Bodhisattva
In Buddhist thought, a bodhisattva (Chinese: 菩萨; Pinyin: púsà; Japanese: bosatsu) is a being who is dedicated to assisting all sent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hinayana: Encyclopedia - Hinayana
Hinayana (Sanskrit: "inferior vehicle"; Chinese: 小乘 Xiǎoshèng; Japanese: Shōjō; Vietnamese: Tiểu thừa) is a term coined by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Polemics: Encyclopedia - Buddhist Polemics
Buddhist polemics revolve around the veracity and efficacy of doctrine and practice. It seems that from the very beginning Buddhists were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Faith In Buddhism: Encyclopedia - Faith In Buddhism
Faith (saddha/ sraddha) is an important constituent element of the teachings of the Buddha - both in the Theravada tradition as in the Ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vajrayana: Encyclopedia - Vajrayana
Also known as Tantric Buddhism, Mantrayana, Tantrayana, Esoteric Buddhism, Diamond Vehicle or True Words Sect. (Secret) Mantra vehicle is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhism In India: Encyclopedia - Buddhism In India
Buddhism in India - Nikaya. Theravada is the single remaining representative of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikaya schools of Indian Budd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - God In Buddhism: Encyclopedia - God In Buddhism
Buddhism is generally regarded as a non-theistic religion. Although it does teach the existence of “gods” (devas), these are merely h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Religious Philosophy: Encyclopedia - Buddhist Religious Philosophy
The religious philosophies and schools of thought in Buddhism have evolved since Buddha's death into diverse, and complex traditions. Bu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atman Buddhism: Encyclopedia - Atman Buddhism
Atman is a Sanskrit word, normally translated as 'soul' or 'self' (also ego). In Buddhism, the concept of Atman is the prime consequence ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Texts: Encyclopedia - Buddhist Texts
There are a great variety of Buddhist texts. Buddhists place varying value on them: attitudes range from worship of the text itself, to d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart Sutra: Encyclopedia - Heart Sutra
The Heart of Perfect Wisdom Sutra or Heart Sutra (Sanskrit: Prajñāpāramitā Hridaya Sūtra, Chinese: 般若波羅蜜多心經, Buorebu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism
The history of Buddhism spans from the 6th century BCE to the present, starting with the birth of the Buddha Siddharta Gautama. This make...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia - Greco-buddhism
Greco-Buddhism, sometimes spelled Græco-Buddhism, is the cultural syncretism between the culture of Classical Greece and Buddhism, which...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Japa Mala: Encyclopedia - Japa Mala
A japa mala or mala is an Indian rosary with 108 beads. It is often used for saying a mantra or other forms of sadhana (spiritual exercis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anunatva-apurnatva-nirdesa: Encyclopedia - Anunatva-apurnatva-nirdesa
The Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa ("Exposition of Non-Decrease and Non-Increase") is a Buddhist sutra belonging to the Tathagatagarbha class...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: New Age Spiritual Dictionary On Mahayana
Mahayana "Great Vehicle", Northern Buddhism of Tibet, China, Korea, and Japan stressing the Bodhisattva ideal   (See...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: Sanskrit Hinduism Dictionary Ii On Mahayana
mahayana: great vehicle, northern school of buddhism   (See also: mahayana , Hinduism, Hinduism Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictiona...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: Zen And Buddhism Dictionary On Mahayana
Mahayana: The Greater Raft/Vehicle. One of the four main branches of Buddhism, emphasizing salvation for the regular people. The Mahay...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: Eastern Philosophy Dictionary On Mahayana
Mahayana: "Large raft" school of Buddhism which sees religion as a group effort, emphasizes the role of the Bodhisattva, see...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: Hindu Sanskrit Dictionary Ii On Mahayana
Mahayana: great vehicle, northern school of Buddhism   (See also: Mahayana , Hinduism, Hinduism Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionar...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Mahayana
Mahayana (Pal.). A school; lit., "the great vehicle". A mystical system founded by Nagarjuna. Its books were written in the ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Hinayana: New Age Spirituality Dictionary On Hinayana
Hinayana (Sanskit, "small boat" A term used by some members of the schools comprising the Mahayana ("Great Boat") ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Mahayana
Mahayana (Sanskrit) [from maha great + yana vehicle]   Great vehicle; a highly mystical system of Northern Buddhist philosophy an...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana, Greater Vehicle Buddhism: Pagan Paganism Dictionary Ii On Mahayana, Greater Vehicle Buddhism  
Mahayana, Greater Vehicle Buddhism A later, “heterodox” version of Buddhism which incorporates many Paleopagan deities fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vipassana In The Theravada, Mahayana And Vajrayana
Vipassana - In the Theravada. Vipassana as practiced in the Theravada is the understanding of the Four Noble Truths that were taught by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Texts: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Texts - Mahayana Texts
See Mahayana Sutras for a list of sutras categorised by source, without discussion. Buddhist texts - Perfection of Wisdom Texts. Deal w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vipassana - Vipassana In The Theravada Mahayana And Vajrayana
Vipassana - In the Theravada. Vipassana as practiced in the Theravada is the understanding of the Four Noble Truths that were taught by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Faith In Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Faith In Buddhism - Faith In Mahayana Buddhism
The role of faith in Mahayana Buddhism is, if anything, even stronger. Its depth and range become intensified, particularly in the tathag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vipassana - Vipassana In The Theravada, Mahayana And Vajrayana
Vipassana - In the Theravada. Vipassana as practiced in the Theravada is the understanding of the Four Noble Truths that were taught by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vajrayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vajrayana - Relationship With Mahayana
While tantra and esoterism distinguish Vajrayana Buddhism, it is, from the Tibetan Buddhist point of view, nonetheless primarily a form o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - God In Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - God In Buddhism - Mahayana And Tantric Mystical Doctrines
The situation takes on a different complexion in Mahayana and Tantric Buddhism. Here one encounters the notion of the Buddhas as kinds of...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana-sutra: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Mahayana-sutra
Mahayana-Sutra (Sanskrit) [from Mahayana great vehicle + sutra textbook]   Writings which treat of the Buddhist teachings as they...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atman Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atman Buddhism - Positive Teachings On The Atman In Mahayana Buddhism
Not all Buddhist scriptures, however, deny the reality of atman. Within the Mahayana branch of Buddhism, there exists an important class ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hinayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Hinayana - Hinayana As A Pejorative
There remains an open and active debate regarding the issue of whether Hinayana was coined to be pejorative or merely classificatory. Tho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bodhisattva: Encyclopedia Ii - Bodhisattva - Bodhisattvas In Mahayana Buddhism
In Mahayana Buddhism, a bodhisattva has the compassionate determination to aid all beings on their quest for the highest state of develop...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Mahayana Sraddhotpada Sastra: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Mahayana Sraddhotpada Sastra
Mahayana Sraddhotpada Sastra (Sanskrit) {FSO 45-6}   (See also: Mahayana Sraddhotpada Sastra , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Mahayana Expansion 1st C.ce–10th C.ce
From that point on, and in the space of a few centuries, Mahayana was to flourish and spread in the East from India to South-East Asia, a...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Awakening Of Faith In The Mahayana: Buddhism Enlightenment Dictionary On Awakening Of Faith In The Mahayana
Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana, The (Jpn.: Daijo-kishin-ron; Chin.: Ta-ch'eng-ch'i-hsin-lun)   Abbreviated as Awakening of Fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Etymology
Vipassanā is a Pali word from the Sanskrit prefix "vi-" and verbal root √drś. It is often translated as "insight" or "clear-seeing," ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Greco-buddhism And The Rise Of The Mahayana
The geographical, cultural and historical context of the rise of Mahayana Buddhism during the 1st century BCE in northwestern India, all ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Practice Of Vipassanā
Vipassana meditation is a very simple, logical technique which depends on direct experience, observation, rather than belief. It has thre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vipassanā Today
Today, the term "Vipassanā" also refers to the meditation technique used by many branches of modern Theravada Buddhism, for example in m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Rise Of Mahayana 1st C.bce–2nd C.ce
The rise of Mahayana Buddhism from the 1st century BCE was accompanied by complex political changes in northwestern India. The Indo-Greek...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vipassana - Etymology
Vipassanā is a Pali word from the Sanskrit prefix "vi-" and verbal root √drś. It is often translated as "insight" or "clear-seeing," ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bodhisattva: Encyclopedia Ii - Bodhisattva - The 10 Grounds Of Buddhism
After the ten bhumis, according to Mahayana Buddhism, one attains complete enlightenment and becomes a Buddha. Various traditions within ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hinayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Hinayana - Hinayana And Theravada
Concerning the distinctions between Hinayana and Theravada, Dr. Rahula, a prominent buddhist teacher, says the following: "Between the 1s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vipassana - Vipassanā Today
Today, the term "Vipassanā" also refers to the meditation technique used by many branches of modern Theravada Buddhism, for example in m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vipassana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vipassana - Practice Of Vipassanā
Vipassana meditation is a very simple, logical technique which depends on direct experience, observation, rather than belief. It has thre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhism In India: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhism In India - Characteristics
Buddhism in India - Nikaya. Theravada is the single remaining representative of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikaya schools of Indian Budd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Religious Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Religious Philosophy - Three Main Schools
Buddhism has evolved into myriad schools that can be roughly grouped into three types: Nikaya, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Of the Nikaya sch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vajrayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vajrayana - Advantages Of Vajrayana
The key advantage Vajrayana Buddhism claims to provide is an accelerated path to enlightenment. This is achieved through use of tantra te...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Hinayana: New Age Spirituality Dictionary On Hinayana
Hinayana (Sanskit, "small boat" A term used by some members of the schools comprising the Mahayana ("Great Boat") ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vajrayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vajrayana - Distinguishing Features Of Vajrayana
Vajrayana Buddhism claims to provide an accelerated path to enlightenment. This is achieved through use of tantra techniques, which are p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hinayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Hinayana - Origins Of Hinayana: Vehicles And Paths
It appears that the distinction between vehicles and paths arises in early Mahayana sutras, such as the Lotus Sutra, where it is stated t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhism In India: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhism In India - History
For a full account of the spread of Buddhism in India and beyond, see the History of Buddhism and the Decline of Buddhism in India. Budd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - God In Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - God In Buddhism - The God Idea In Early Buddhism
The Buddha of the Pāli suttas (scriptures) dismisses as “foolish talk”, as “ridiculous, mere words, a vain and empty thing” (Dig...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Faith In Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Faith In Buddhism - Faith In Early Buddhism Theravada
The Pali suttas (scriptures) list faith as one of the seven Treasures (dhanas), one of the five “spiritual faculties” (indriyas), one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samsara: Encyclopedia Ii - Samsara - Saṃsāra In Buddhism
Samsara - Saṃsāra in Nikaya Buddhism. Whereas in Hinduism some being (ātman, jiva, etc.) is regarded as being subject to Saṃsāra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Sutras: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Sutras - Sutras Primarily Associated With Buddhism
List of sutras - Pali sutras. Digha Nikaya: 34 sutras, including Brahmajala Sutta, a critique of 64 'wrong views' current at the time...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samsara: Encyclopedia Ii - Samsara - Saṃsāra In Jainism
In Jainism, karma, anuva (ego) and the veil of maya are central. In Jainism, liberation from samsara is called moksha or mukti. ... See...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Emergence Of The Vajrayana 5th Century
Main article: Vajrayana Vajrayāna Buddhism, also called Tantric Buddhism, first emerged in eastern India between the 5th and 7th centuri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Texts: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Texts - Vajrayana Texts
Buddhist texts - Buddhist tantras. The canon of the Vajrayana schools includes a number of Nikaya-related texts from a number of the sc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Texts: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Texts - Canonical Texts
These are, in some way or other, texts associated with Gautama, the historical Buddha. Different schools, however, are not always in agre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samsara: Encyclopedia Ii - Samsara - Saṃsāra In Hinduism
In some types of Hinduism, Saṃsāra is seen as ignorance of the True Self, Brahman, and thus the soul is led to believe in the reality ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heart Sutra: Encyclopedia Ii - Heart Sutra - Content
Various commentators divide this text in different numbers of sections. Briefly the sutra introduces the bodhisattva of compassion Avalok...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samsara: Encyclopedia Ii - Samsara - Samsara In Surat Shabda Yoga
In Surat Shabda Yoga, the purpose is to realize the individual's True Self (Self-Realization), True Essence (Spirit-Realization) and True...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vajrayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Vajrayana - History Of Vajrayana
Vajrayana - India. There are differing views as to just where Vajrayana started, some claiming that it began in Udyana - the modern day...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Texts: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Texts - Non-canonical Texts
Non or semi-canonical texts have been important from very early in Buddhism. Extensive commentaries exist in Pali for the Pali Canon and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tibetan Art: Encyclopedia Ii - Tibetan Art - Tantric Influence
More specifically, Tibetan Buddhism is a subset of Tantric Buddhism, also known as Vajrayana Buddhism for its common motif of the vajra, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Theravada Renaissance 11th Century Ce—
From the 11th century, the destruction of Buddhism in the Indian mainland by Islamic invasions led to the decline of the Mahayana faith i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samsara: Encyclopedia Ii - Samsara - Cycle Of Rebirth
In most Indian philosophical traditions, including the orthodox Hindu and heterodox Buddhist and Jain systems, an ongoing cycle of birth,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Buddhist Texts: Encyclopedia Ii - Buddhist Texts - Texts Of The Nikaya Schools
There is some dispute over what to call the more conservative stratum of Buddhist schools and the texts associated with them. The most wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atman Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atman Buddhism - The Definition Of Atman In Buddhism
Candrakirti contextualises Atman as follows: Atman is an essence of things that does not depend on others; it is an intrinsic nature. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atman Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atman Buddhism - The Ontological Status Of Atman In Buddhism
As Atman is identified as the cause of Samsara, it is not merely cognate with the various concepts of Atman as found in Hindu philosophy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atman Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atman Buddhism - The Abandonment Of Atman In Later Buddhist Metaphysics
With the doctrine of anatta (Pāli; Sanskrit: anātman) Buddhism maintains that the concept of ātman is unnecessary and counterproductiv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Life Of The Buddha
Main article: Gautama Buddha According to the Buddhist tradition, the historical Buddha Siddharta Gautama was born to the Shakya clan tha...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Hinayana: Pali Buddhist Buddhism Dictionary On Hinayana
Hinayana (hiinayaana): "Inferior Vehicle," originally a pejorative term - coined by a group who called themselves followers ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Ashokan Proselytism C. 260 Bce
The Mauryan king Ashoka (273–232 BCE) converted to Buddhism after his bloody conquest of the territory of Kalinga (today's Orissa) in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Greco-buddhist Interaction 2nd C. Bce–1st C. Ce
In the areas west of the Indian subcontinent, neighboring Greek kingdoms had been in place in Bactria (today's northern Afghanistan) sinc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Sunga Persecutions 2nd–1st C.bce
The Sunga dynasty (185–73 BCE) was established in 185 BCE, about 50 years after Ashoka's death. After murdering King Brhadrata (last of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Expansion Of Buddhism To The West
After the Classical encounters between Buddhism and the West recorded in Greco-Buddhist art, information and legends about Buddhism seem ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buddhism - Early Buddhism
Before the royal sponsorship of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism seems to have remained a relatively minor phenomenon, and the his...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Atman Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Atman Buddhism - Atman In Nikaya
Atman is a Sanskrit word (Pali: Attan), normally translated as 'soul' or 'Self'. In Buddhist sutra, the Atman is the “light (dipam), th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-buddhism - Intellectual Influences In Asia
Through art and religion, the influence of Greco-Buddhism on the cultural make-up of East Asian countries, especially China, Korea and Ja...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Fictional Clergy And Religious Figures: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Fictional Clergy And Religious Figures - Buddhism
List of fictional clergy and religious figures - Mahayana. Inei Hōzōin (Zen) - Vagabond Genjyo Sanzo - Saiyuki Mikihisa Asakura ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mahayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Mahayana - Origins
Scholars believe that Mahayana as a distinct movement began around the 1st century BCE in the North-western Indian subcontinent (in what ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mahayana: Encyclopedia Ii - Mahayana - Headline Text
The Mahayana scriptures were probably set in writing around the 1st century BCE. Some of them, such as the Perfection of Wisdom sutras, ...   » Read the article