Madhyamaka

Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic From its inception, Buddhism has had a strong philosophical component. Buddhism is founded on the rejection of certain orthodox philosophical concepts, in which the Buddha had been instructed by various teachers. Buddhism rejects a ...

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Buddhist philosophy, Buddhist philosophy - Introduction, Buddhist philosophy - Buddhism as philosophy?, Buddhist philosophy - Philosophical areas addressed in Buddhism, Buddhist philosophy - Epistemology, Buddhist philosophy - Metaphysics and phenomenology, Buddhist philosophy - Interpenetration, Buddhist philosophy - Ethics, Buddhist philosophy - Historical development of Buddhist philosophy, Buddhist philosophy - Early development, Buddhist philosophy - Later developments, Buddhist philosophy - Comparison with other philosophies, Buddhist philosophy - Some Buddhist philosophers

Read more here: » Buddhist philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Buddhist philosophy - Introduction

The Prasangika school has dominated Buddhism in Tibet since the Second Dissemination, and most surviving works of the principal exponents exist only in Tibetian translation. Buddhapalita, a student of Samgharaksita, was one of the first Madhyamaka masters to fully adopt syllogistic methods in his teachings, although of a particularly limited form. While Candrakirti is generally credited with the founding of the Prasangika school, it was in fact Buddhapalita who first introduced the method of using logical consequence to refute the arg ...

See also:

Prasangika, Prasangika - History, Prasangika - Svatantrika Debate

Read more here: » Prasangika: Encyclopedia II - Prasangika - History

The argument is unusually susceptible to interpretation, as it is expressed almost wholly as a series of often cryptic refutations. We may classify the divergent treatments of the Madhyamakakārikā under three headings: those presenting the text as an appendix to a previously established philosophical tradition, those reading the text as a poem to subsequent philosophical developments, and those that would present it as philosophical teaching unto itself. For a brief example of each, we may consider that the modern Theravādins have represe ...

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Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Competing interpretations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Form and content of the text, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - The early chapters, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - The later chapters, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Nāgārjuna's opponents, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and epistemology, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 27:30, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Translations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Quotations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 1:1, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 15:10, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 16:10, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 18:6-12, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 22:11, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 22:16, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 24:18, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 25:19-20, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 25:22-24

Read more here: » Mūlamadhyamakakārikā: Encyclopedia II - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Competing interpretations

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - The early chapters. The early chapters of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (hereafter, MMK), deal mostly with basic metaphysical categories like causation, time, and agency. In general, they pose questions regarding the basic categories of Indian philosophy, trying to acertain what are the conditions necessary for these concepts to be coherent and non-contradictory. Nāgārjuna's conclusion is uniformly negative; he finds that none of these ideas are self-sufficient, and as such none can foun ...

See also:

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Competing interpretations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Form and content of the text, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - The early chapters, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - The later chapters, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Nāgārjuna's opponents, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and epistemology, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 27:30, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Translations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Quotations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 1:1, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 15:10, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 16:10, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 18:6-12, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 22:11, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 22:16, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 24:18, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 25:19-20, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 25:22-24

Read more here: » Mūlamadhyamakakārikā: Encyclopedia II - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Form and content of the text

Candrakirti, the famous Madhyamaka philosopher used the aggregate nature of objects to demonstrate the lack of essence in what is known as the sevenfold reasoning. In his work, "Commentary on the 'Middle Way'", he says: A chariot is neither asserted to be other than its parts, nor to be non-other. It does not possess them. It does not depend on the parts, and the parts do not depend on it. It i ...

See also:

Bundle theory, Bundle theory - Arguments for the bundle theory, Bundle theory - Objections to the bundle theory, Bundle theory - Compressence objection, Bundle theory - Language-reality objection, Bundle theory - Bundle Theory and Eastern Philosophy

Read more here: » Bundle theory: Encyclopedia II - Bundle theory - Bundle Theory and Eastern Philosophy

The Madhyamakakārikā provides us with a theory of knowledge and a "critique of reason". Those who have read the text as a philosophy unto itself (e.g., the Prasangikas) have emphasized the extent to which understanding the limitations of knowledge and reasoning precludes the need for metaphysics or even for "truths", "standpoints", and other certainties. For the Prasangikas, all teachings are merely conventional. Their predominant method of argumentation is by reductio ad absurdum, "prasanga" in Sanskrit. For them, the exposition of śūny ...

See also:

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Competing interpretations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Form and content of the text, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - The early chapters, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - The later chapters, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Nāgārjuna's opponents, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and epistemology, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 27:30, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Translations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Quotations, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 1:1, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 15:10, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 16:10, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 18:6-12, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 22:11, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 22:16, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 24:18, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 25:19-20, Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - 25:22-24

Read more here: » Mūlamadhyamakakārikā: Encyclopedia II - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā - Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and epistemology

Shentongpas (those who hold to the Shentong view) consider the Shentong position to be the highest expression of Madhyamaka. They claim that Shentong is only truly accessible through meditative experience and not through conceptual understanding. In light of that, they argue that Rangtong is most useful for individuals who approach dharma practice primarily through philosophical studies, while Shentong is more useful for the meditation-oriented practitioner. Shentongpas generally consider themselves “Rantongpas” as well, as they see the ...

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Shentong, Shentong - History, Shentong - View, Shentong - Criticisms and Controversies

Read more here: » Shentong: Encyclopedia II - Shentong - View

Candrakirti, the famous Madhyamaka philosopher used the aggregate nature of objects to demonstrate the lack of essence in what is known as the sevenfold reasoning. In his work, "Commentary on the 'Middle Way'", he says: A chariot is neither asserted to be other than its parts, nor to be non-other. It does not possess them. It does not depend on the parts, and the parts do not depend on it. It i ...

See also:

Bundle theory, Bundle theory - Arguments for the bundle theory, Bundle theory - Objections to the bundle theory, Bundle theory - Compresence objection, Bundle theory - Language-reality objection, Bundle theory - Bundle Theory and Eastern Philosophy

Read more here: » Bundle theory: Encyclopedia II - Bundle theory - Bundle Theory and Eastern Philosophy

There are many divisions and subdivisions of the schools of Buddhism. An extensive list of historical schools is given below according to lineage. Surviving schools can be roughly grouped under the categories of Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. Theravāda and Mahāyāna share common methods as sutric schools, while Vajrayāna can be seen as a tantric school. Schools of Buddhism - Nikaya schools. See also: early Buddhist schools The initial split between Sthaviravāda and Mahāsaṃghika ... Including: Schools of Buddhism - Nikaya schools Schools of Buddhism - Theravada schools Schools of Buddhism - Mahāyāna schools Schools of Buddhism - Tantric schools)

Read more here: » Schools of Buddhism

Theravada is the single remaining representative of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikaya schools of Indian Buddhism, which are sometimes referred to by the controversial term Hinayana. Theravada is now practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Another prominent Nikaya school, was the Sarvastivada, much of the doctrine of which was incorporated into Tibetan Buddhism. It included one of the main branches of Indian Abhidharma that was instrumental in the creation of Yogacara doctrine. Its system of monastic ru ...

Including:

• Buddhism in India - Characteristics
• Buddhism in India - Mahayana
• Buddhism in India - Vajrayana
• Buddhism in India - History
• Buddhism in India - Modern Revival

Read more here: » Buddhism in India

Bumapa (Tibetan) (possibly dbu ma pa (u-ma-pa) translation of Sanskrit madhyamaka or madhyamika the school of Buddhist philosophy which follows Nagarjuna)

"A school of men, usually a college of mystic students" (TG 69).

(See also: Bumapa, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Shentong view, also sometimes called “Yogacara Madhyamika,” is a philosophical sub-school found in Tibetan Buddhism, holding that the nature of mind is "empty of other" (i.e., empty of all qualities other than an inherent, ineffable nature), in contrast to the “Rangtong” view of Prasangika Madhyamika, which holds that all phenomena are unequivocally empty of self-nature, without positing anything beyond that. According to Shentong, the emptiness of ultimate reality should not be characterized in the same way as the emptiness o ...

Including:

• Shentong - History
• Shentong - View
• Shentong - Criticisms and Controversies

Read more here: » Shentong: Encyclopedia - Shentong

A deity or a god, is a postulated preternatural being, usually, but not always, of significant power, worshipped, thought holy, divine, or sacred, held in high regard, or respected by human beings. They assume a variety of forms, but are frequently depicted as having human or animal form. Sometimes it is considered blasphemous to imagine the deity as having any concrete form. They are usually immortal. They are commonly assumed to have personalities and to possess consciousness, intellects, desires, and emotions much like human ...

Including:

• Deity - Etymology
• Deity - Relation with humanity
• Deity - Religion
• Deity - Singular God

Read more here: » Deity: Encyclopedia - Deity

Nondualism is the belief that dualism or dichotomy are illusory phenomenae. Examples of dualisms include self/other, mind/body, male/female, good/evil, active/passive, and many others. A nondual philosophical or religious perspective or theory maintains that there is no fundamental distinction between mind and matter, or that the entire phenomenological world is an illusion (with the reality being described variously as ...

Including:

• Nondualism - Terminology
• Nondualism - Nondualistic world views
• Nondualism - Nondual religious and spiritual traditions
• Nondualism - Zen
• Nondualism - Buddhism
• Nondualism - Dzogchen
• Nondualism - Advaita
• Nondualism - Taoism
• Nondualism - Individuals subscribing to a non-dual view of reality
• Nondualism - Ancient Western philosophers
• Nondualism - Medieval Western philosphers
• Nondualism - Modern Western philosophers
• Nondualism - Asian philosophers and spiritual leaders
• Nondualism - Authors
• Nondualism - Musicians
• Nondualism - Source

Read more here: » Nondualism: Encyclopedia - Nondualism

Buddhism in India - Nikaya. Theravada is the single remaining representative of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikaya schools of Indian Buddhism, which are sometimes referred to by the controversial term Hinayana. Theravada is now practiced mainly in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Another prominent Nikaya school, was the Sarvastivada, much of the doctrine of which was incorporated into Tibetan Buddhism. It included one of the main branches of Indian Abhidharma that was instrument ...

Including:

• Buddhism in India - Characteristics
• Buddhism in India - Nikaya
• Buddhism in India - Mahayana
• Buddhism in India - Vajrayana
• Buddhism in India - History
• Buddhism in India - Modern Revival

Read more here: » Buddhism in India: Encyclopedia - Buddhism in India

There are many divisions and subdivisions of the schools of Buddhism. An extensive list of historical schools is given below according to lineage. Surviving schools can be roughly grouped under the categories of Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. Theravāda and Mahāyāna share common methods as sutric schools, while Vajrayāna can be seen as a tantric school. Schools of Buddhism - Nikaya schools. See also: early Buddhist schools The initial split between Sthaviravāda and Mahāsaṃghika ...

Including:

• Schools of Buddhism - Nikaya schools
• Schools of Buddhism - Theravada schools
• Schools of Buddhism - Mahāyāna schools
• Schools of Buddhism - Tantric schools

Read more here: » Schools of Buddhism: Encyclopedia - Schools of Buddhism

Yogācāra (Sanskrit: "yoga practice"), also spelled yogāchāra, is an influential school of philosophy and psychology that developed in Indian Mahayana Buddhism starting sometime in the fourth to fifth centuries C.E., also commonly known as Consciousness-only (Sanskrit: Cittamātra). Sometimes referred to as the Knowledge Way or Vijnanavada, Yogācāra has also been called Subjective Realism, acknowledging that individual factors including karma contribute to an experience of reality that must be different for every ...

Read more here: » Yogacara: Encyclopedia - Yogacara

Sanskrit (saṃskṛtam संस्कृतम्) is a classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It has a position in India and Southeast Asia similar to that of Latin and Greek in Medieval Europe, and is a central part of Hindu tradition. Sanskrit is one of the 22 official languages of India. Sanskrit is taught in schools and households th ...

Including:

• Sanskrit - History
• Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - European Scholarship
• Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system
• Sanskrit - Vowels
• Sanskrit - Consonants
• Sanskrit - Phonology
• Sanskrit - Pitch
• Sanskrit - Sandhi
• Sanskrit - Script
• Sanskrit - Grammar
• Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition
• Sanskrit - Verbs
• Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation
• Sanskrit - Nominal inflection
• Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners
• Sanskrit - Compounds
• Sanskrit - Syntax
• Sanskrit - Numerals
• Sanskrit - Influence
• Sanskrit - Modern-day India
• Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages
• Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia - Sanskrit

Bundle theory is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection (bundle) of properties. According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more, thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object. For example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its propert ...

Including:

• Bundle theory - Arguments for the bundle theory
• Bundle theory - Objections to the bundle theory
• Bundle theory - Compressence objection
• Bundle theory - Language-reality objection
• Bundle theory - Bundle Theory and Eastern Philosophy

Read more here: » Bundle theory: Encyclopedia - Bundle theory

Tibetan Buddhism — formerly also called Lamaism, after their religious gurus known as lamas — is the body of religious Buddhist doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and the Himalayan region. It is a multifaceted and integrated teaching, naturally implementing methods for all human-condition levels: Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana (Tantric Path) and Ati Yoga (Dzogchen). Tibetan Buddhism - Distinguishing characteristics. Tibetan Buddhism may be distinguished from other schools of Tantric ...

Including:

• Tibetan Buddhism - Distinguishing characteristics
• Tibetan Buddhism - Rituals and ritual objects
• Tibetan Buddhism - Traditions/Orders/Sects of Tibetan Buddhism
• Tibetan Buddhism - Schools/Tenets of Tibetan Buddhism
• Tibetan Buddhism - Monasticism
• Tibetan Buddhism - History of Tibetan Buddhism

Read more here: » Tibetan Buddhism: Encyclopedia - Tibetan Buddhism

Objections to bundle theory concern the nature of the bundle of properties, the properties' compresence relation (the togetherness relation between those constituent properties), and the impact of language on understanding reality. Bundle theory - Compressence objection. Bundle theory maintains that properties are bundled together in a collection without describing how are they tied together. For example, bundle theory regards an apple as red, four inches (100 mm) wide, a ...

See also:

Bundle theory, Bundle theory - Arguments for the bundle theory, Bundle theory - Objections to the bundle theory, Bundle theory - Compressence objection, Bundle theory - Language-reality objection, Bundle theory - Bundle Theory and Eastern Philosophy

Read more here: » Bundle theory: Encyclopedia II - Bundle theory - Objections to the bundle theory