Early cultures identifed celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first "professional" astronomers were priests (Magi), and that their understanding of the "heavens" was seen as "divine", hence astronomy's ancient connection to what is now called astrology. Ancient constructions with astronomical alineations (such as Stonehenge) proba ...

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History of astronomy, History of astronomy - Ancient history, History of astronomy - India, History of astronomy - Mesopotamia, History of astronomy - Sumer, History of astronomy - Chaldea Babylonia, History of astronomy - Mesoamerica, History of astronomy - Maya civilization, History of astronomy - East Asia, History of astronomy - China, History of astronomy - Ancient Greece, History of astronomy - Middle ages, History of astronomy - The Copernican revolution, History of astronomy - Physics marries astronomy, History of astronomy - Modern astronomy, History of astronomy - Cosmology and the expansion of the universe, History of astronomy - New windows into the Cosmos open

Read more here: » History of astronomy: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - Ancient history

The derivative measures the sensitivity of one variable to small changes in another variable. Consider the formula: for an object moving at constant speed. The speed of a car, as measured by the speedometer, is the derivative of the car's distance traveled, as measured by the odometer, as a function of time. Calculus is a mathematical tool for dealing with this complex but natural and familiar situation. Differential calculus can be used to determine the instantaneous speed at any given instant, while the f ...

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Calculus, Calculus - Differential calculus, Calculus - Integral calculus, Calculus - Foundations, Calculus - Fundamental theorem of calculus, Calculus - Applications, Calculus - History, Calculus - Footnotes

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The tales of Krishna appear in a number of ancient and medieval Hindu texts - virtually every Purana tells the full life-story or some highlights from it. In the absence of any historical biography, this summary is based on the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana. The Mahabharata and its addendum Harivamsa are the oldest sources of the tale. Whilst all the four books are considered sacred by the Hindus, the two Puranas are the most theologically venerated. The scenes from the tale are set in north India, in ...

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Krishna, Krishna - The name, Krishna - Texts stories and literature, Krishna - The story of Krishna, Krishna - The incarnation, Krishna - Birth and childhood, Krishna - Boyhood and youth, Krishna - Krishna the prince, Krishna - The Kurukshetra war, Krishna - The last days, Krishna - The worship of Krishna, Krishna - Early references, Krishna - The Bhakti tradition, Krishna - Gita Govinda - the song of the cowherd, Krishna - Recent Krishna bhakti movements, Krishna - Krishna in Jainism, Krishna - Krishna in Buddhism, Krishna - Chronology

Read more here: » Krishna: Encyclopedia II - Krishna - The story of Krishna

Melputhoor Narayana Bhattapathar is believed to have proceeded to the Guruvayoor Temple, located in Kerala state, India, on 19th Chingam of circa 761 ME - Malayalam Era, Malayalam calendar. There, he had written these verses and submitted before Guruvayoorappan, the presiding deity of Guruvayoor. These verses were submitted to the deity to get his chronic rheumatic disease cured as advised by his well wishers. He had completed the work in 100 days by submitting one cantos (of 10 verses, call ...

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Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri - Birth and Education, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri - The Narayaneeyam, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri - The legend

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In the Rigveda, Vishnu is mentioned 93 times. He is frequently invoked with other gods, especially with Indra, whom he assists in killing Vritra, and with whom he drinks Soma. His companionship with Indra is still reflected by his later epitheta Indrānuja and Upendra. His distinguishing characteristic in the Vedas is his association with Light, or even his identification with the Sun. He appears as striding across the heavens in three paces, by Rigvedic commentators explained as denoting the threefold manifestations of light in the form of fire, lightning, and the Sun, or as designating the three daily stations of ...

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Vishnu, Vishnu - Etymology, Vishnu - pre-Puranic Vishnu, Vishnu - Theological attributes and more, Vishnu - Relations with other Deities, Vishnu - Iconography, Vishnu - Worship, Vishnu - Names, Vishnu - Theological beliefs and philosophy

Read more here: » Vishnu: Encyclopedia II - Vishnu - pre-Puranic Vishnu

A number of local traditions and regional deities may have been subsumed into the stories and person of Krishna. Accounts of or ballads about Krishna occur in a large number of works. These include the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Gita Govinda. Roughly one quarter of the Bhagavata Purana (mostly in the tenth book) is spent extolling his life and philosophy. The best known, or the most important stories of Krishna, include these: Krishna the butter-thief (Maakhanchor). One of the mos ...

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Krishna, Krishna - The name, Krishna - Texts, stories, and literature, Krishna - The story of Krishna, Krishna - The incarnation, Krishna - Birth and childhood, Krishna - Boyhood and youth, Krishna - Krishna the prince, Krishna - The Kurukshetra war, Krishna - The last days, Krishna - The worship of Krishna, Krishna - Early references, Krishna - The Bhakti tradition, Krishna - Gita Govinda - the song of the cowherd, Krishna - Recent Krishna bhakti movements, Krishna - Krishna in Jainism, Krishna - Krishna in Buddhism, Krishna - Chronology

Read more here: » Krishna: Encyclopedia II - Krishna - Texts, stories, and literature

The dates of Greek mathematics are more certain than the dates of earlier mathematical writing, since a large number of chronologies exist that, overlapping, record events year by year up to the present day. Even so, many dates are uncertain; but the doubt is a matter of decades rather than centuries. Greek mathematics is characterized by its originality, its depth, its abstraction, and its reliance on logic. The Greeks were the first to discover irrational numbers (due to the Pythagoreans), Eudoxus's method of exhaustion, and the Sie ...

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History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Early written mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - India 800 BC - 300 BC, History of mathematics - Greece and Hellenistic mathematics 400 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arab and Persian mathematics 650 - 1200, History of mathematics - Developing the concept of number through equations, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Greece and Hellenistic mathematics 400 BC - 200 BC

The Islamic Empire established across the Middle East, North Africa, and in parts of India in the 8th century preserved and translated much of the Greek mathematics which was at that time largely forgotten in Europe. Indian mathematics, and the introduction of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, also had a major influence on Islamic mathematics. Like the Hindu mathematicians, Islamic mathematicians were especially interested in astronomy. The works of Brahmagupta were translated into Arabic circa 766. Al-Khwarizmi, the 9th century Persian astr ...

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History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Early written mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - India 800 BC - 300 BC, History of mathematics - Greece and Hellenistic mathematics 400 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arab and Persian mathematics 650 - 1200, History of mathematics - Developing the concept of number through equations, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Arab and Persian mathematics 650 - 1200

There is considerable controversy about the dates of Indian writing during the historical period (that is, writing more recent than that of the Indus Valley Civilization) (see http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/position/salomon.html). Some scholars, such as Georg Bühler, date Indian writing as early as the 8th century BC, others from the Maurya dynasty in the 4th century BC. If the earlier date is correct, it is possible that Pythagoras traveled to India and learned mathematics there, as some claim. If the later date is correct, then Indian math ...

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History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Early written mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - India 800 BC - 300 BC, History of mathematics - Greece and Hellenistic mathematics 400 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arab and Persian mathematics 650 - 1200, History of mathematics - Developing the concept of number through equations, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - India 800 BC - 300 BC

The oldest mathematics text discovered so far is the Moscow papyrus, which is an Egyptian Middle Kingdom papyrus dated circa 2050 BC - 1800 BC. Like many ancient mathematical texts, it consists of what are today called "word problems" or "story problems", which were apparently intended as entertainment. One problem is considered to be of particular importance because it gives a method for finding the volume of a pyramid: "If you are told: A truncated pyramid of 6 for the vertical height by 4 on the base by 2 on the top. You are to square thi ...

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History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Early written mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - India 800 BC - 300 BC, History of mathematics - Greece and Hellenistic mathematics 400 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arab and Persian mathematics 650 - 1200, History of mathematics - Developing the concept of number through equations, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Early written mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC

Late in the 19th century, scientists began discovering forms of light which were invisible to the naked eye: X-Rays, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet radiation, and infrared radiation. This had a major impact on astronomy, spawning the fields of infrared astronomy, radio astronomy, x-ray astronomy and finally gamma-ray astronomy. With the advent of spectroscopy it was proved that other stars were similar to our own sun, but with a range of temperatures, masses and sizes. The existence of our galaxy, the Milky Way, as a separa ...

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History of astronomy, History of astronomy - Ancient history, History of astronomy - India, History of astronomy - Mesopotamia, History of astronomy - Sumer, History of astronomy - Chaldea Babylonia, History of astronomy - Mesoamerica, History of astronomy - Maya civilization, History of astronomy - East Asia, History of astronomy - China, History of astronomy - Ancient Greece, History of astronomy - Middle ages, History of astronomy - The Copernican revolution, History of astronomy - Physics marries astronomy, History of astronomy - Modern astronomy, History of astronomy - Cosmology and the expansion of the universe, History of astronomy - New windows into the Cosmos open

Read more here: » History of astronomy: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - New windows into the Cosmos open

When the complex numbers were introduced, there were many who argued that they were imaginary constructs to solve the cubic, and that they should not be considered 'real'. This is the origin of the terms imaginary and real for the numbers. However, mathematicians found the new world of complex numbers to be elegant and compelling. To represent a solution to the equation shown above (i.e., X * X + 1 = 0) mathematicians eventually settled on the letter i. However, in the early 19th century, one fu ...

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History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Early written mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - India 800 BC - 300 BC, History of mathematics - Greece and Hellenistic mathematics 400 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arab and Persian mathematics 650 - 1200, History of mathematics - Developing the concept of number through equations, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Complex numbers

List of Indians - P-R. P Chidambaram P.K. Vasudevan Nair P. V. Narasimha Rao Pranab Mukherjee Pratapsinh Rane, Chief Minister of Goa R R Patil, Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra Rabri Devi (born 1959) Rahul Gandhi, MP from Amethi Raj Thackeray, (born 1968) Rajendra Prasad Rajiv Pratap Rudy Ram Vilas Paswan (born 1946) Ravi Shankar Prasad List of Indians - S-Y. See also:

List of Indians, List of Indians - Armed forces, List of Indians - Arts, List of Indians - Business and Industry, List of Indians - Cartoonists, List of Indians - Economics, List of Indians - Fashion modelling and beauty, List of Indians - Literature, List of Indians - Mass Media, List of Indians - Movies, List of Indians - Directors, List of Indians - Producers, List of Indians - Actors, List of Indians - Actresses, List of Indians - Music, List of Indians - Organised Crime, List of Indians - Philosophers, List of Indians - Politics, List of Indians - A-I, List of Indians - J-L, List of Indians - M-N, List of Indians - P-R, List of Indians - S-Y, List of Indians - Religion, List of Indians - Royalty, List of Indians - Sciences, List of Indians - Social work, List of Indians - Sports, List of Indians - Others

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Krishna figure as a very minor figure in Buddhism. He appears in the Ghata Jataka as a prince who along with his other brothers captures Dwaraka. Many of the important names found in Hindu versions of the tale are found in conflated forms or with slight variations. The incidents have a touch more of folk-tales than epic or mythical ones. ...

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Krishna, Krishna - The name, Krishna - Literary sources, Krishna - The story of Krishna, Krishna - The incarnation, Krishna - Birth and childhood, Krishna - Boyhood and youth, Krishna - Krishna the prince, Krishna - The Kurukshetra war, Krishna - Later life, Krishna - The worship of Krishna, Krishna - Early references, Krishna - The Bhakti tradition, Krishna - Spread of Krishna-Bhakti movement, Krishna - Recent Krishna Bhakti movements, Krishna - Krishna in Jainism, Krishna - Krishna in Buddhism, Krishna - Krishna in the performing arts, Krishna - Chronology

Read more here: » Krishna: Encyclopedia II - Krishna - Krishna in Buddhism

Most of our current knowledge was gained during the 20th century. With the help of the use of photography, fainter objects were observed. Our sun was found to be part of a galaxy made by more than 1010 stars (10 billion stars). The existence of other galaxies, one of the matters of the great debate, was settled by Edwin Hubble, who identified the Andromeda nebula as a different g ...

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History of astronomy, History of astronomy - Ancient history, History of astronomy - India, History of astronomy - Mesopotamia, History of astronomy - Sumer, History of astronomy - Chaldea Babylonia, History of astronomy - Mesoamerica, History of astronomy - Maya civilization, History of astronomy - East Asia, History of astronomy - China, History of astronomy - Ancient Greece, History of astronomy - Middle ages, History of astronomy - The Copernican revolution, History of astronomy - Physics marries astronomy, History of astronomy - Modern astronomy, History of astronomy - Cosmology and the expansion of the universe, History of astronomy - New windows into the Cosmos open

Read more here: » History of astronomy: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - Cosmology and the expansion of the universe

The earliest text that records the deeds of Krishna is the Mahabharata. He is described as the incarnation of Vishnu and is one of the most important characters of the epic. The 18 chapters of the 6th book (Bhishma Parva) that constitute the Bhagavad Gita contain the advice of Krishna to the Pandava, Arjuna, on the battlefield. These chapters are the most well known of the Hindu texts and its importance in Hindu religious thought cannot be overestimated. Every religious school of Hinduism was expected to produce a commentary on it if it had ...

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Krishna, Krishna - The name, Krishna - Literary sources, Krishna - The story of Krishna, Krishna - The incarnation, Krishna - Birth and childhood, Krishna - Boyhood and youth, Krishna - Krishna the prince, Krishna - The Kurukshetra war, Krishna - Later life, Krishna - The worship of Krishna, Krishna - Early references, Krishna - The Bhakti tradition, Krishna - Spread of Krishna-Bhakti movement, Krishna - Recent Krishna Bhakti movements, Krishna - Krishna in Jainism, Krishna - Krishna in Buddhism, Krishna - Krishna in the performing arts, Krishna - Chronology

Read more here: » Krishna: Encyclopedia II - Krishna - Literary sources

The Maya calendar utilized a base-20 number system which included the 'number' zero (also see Maya numerals). In China, Zu Chongzhi (5th century) of the Southern and Northern Dynasties was the first person to calculate the value of Pi to seven decimal places. The Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 232 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possi ...

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History of mathematics, History of mathematics - Mathematics in prehistory, History of mathematics - Early written mathematics 2000 BC - 600 BC, History of mathematics - India 800 BC - 300 BC, History of mathematics - Greece and Hellenistic mathematics 400 BC - 200 BC, History of mathematics - Arab and Persian mathematics 650 - 1200, History of mathematics - Developing the concept of number through equations, History of mathematics - Complex numbers, History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes, History of mathematics - Notes

Read more here: » History of mathematics: Encyclopedia II - History of mathematics - Miscellaneous historical notes

A number of local traditions and regional deities may have been subsumed into the stories and person of Krishna. Accounts of or ballads about Krishna occur in a large number of works. These include the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana, and the Gita Govinda. Roughly one quarter of the Bhagavata Purana (mostly in the tenth book) is spent extolling his life and philosophy. The best known, or the most important stories of Krishna, include these: Krishna the butter-thief (Maakhanchor). One of the mos ...

See also:

Krishna, Krishna - The name, Krishna - Texts stories and literature, Krishna - The story of Krishna, Krishna - The incarnation, Krishna - Birth and childhood, Krishna - Boyhood and youth, Krishna - Krishna the prince, Krishna - The Kurukshetra war, Krishna - The last days, Krishna - The worship of Krishna, Krishna - Early references, Krishna - The Bhakti tradition, Krishna - Gita Govinda - the song of the cowherd, Krishna - Recent Krishna bhakti movements, Krishna - Krishna in Jainism, Krishna - Krishna in Buddhism, Krishna - Chronology

Read more here: » Krishna: Encyclopedia II - Krishna - Texts stories and literature

The earliest mention of any performance based on the Krishna story is mentioned in Patanjali's Mahabhashya. But it is not clear what kind of dance/drama it was, nor the occasion it was performed on. The fact that all the incidents related to the Krishna story are presented as a playful activities in which he is fully aware of his divine nature made him a difficult subject for the classical Sanskrit playwrights. These play usually had scenes where the hero is deep in sorrow before the customary happy ending. While Vishnu's other major ...

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Krishna, Krishna - The name, Krishna - Literary sources, Krishna - The story of Krishna, Krishna - The incarnation, Krishna - Birth and childhood, Krishna - Boyhood and youth, Krishna - Krishna the prince, Krishna - The Kurukshetra war, Krishna - Later life, Krishna - The worship of Krishna, Krishna - Early references, Krishna - The Bhakti tradition, Krishna - Spread of Krishna-Bhakti movement, Krishna - Recent Krishna Bhakti movements, Krishna - Krishna in Jainism, Krishna - Krishna in Buddhism, Krishna - Krishna in the performing arts, Krishna - Chronology

Read more here: » Krishna: Encyclopedia II - Krishna - Krishna in the performing arts

History of astronomy - China. Ancient Chinese Astronomy dates back before Christ. Chinese Astronomers were to be able to predict comets and eclipses precisely. Any inaccuracy and the Emperor would order the Astronomer to be beheaded. ...

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History of astronomy, History of astronomy - Ancient history, History of astronomy - India, History of astronomy - Mesopotamia, History of astronomy - Sumer, History of astronomy - Chaldea Babylonia, History of astronomy - Mesoamerica, History of astronomy - Maya civilization, History of astronomy - East Asia, History of astronomy - China, History of astronomy - Ancient Greece, History of astronomy - Middle ages, History of astronomy - The Copernican revolution, History of astronomy - Physics marries astronomy, History of astronomy - Modern astronomy, History of astronomy - Cosmology and the expansion of the universe, History of astronomy - New windows into the Cosmos open

Read more here: » History of astronomy: Encyclopedia II - History of astronomy - East Asia

It is not clearly known when or how the worship of Vishnu began. In the Vedas, and the information on Aryan beliefs, Vishnu is associated with Indra. However, Shukavak N. Dasa, a Vaishnavite scholar, in reference at this link has commentated that Srivaishnavites would note that: The praise of Indra and other devas in the Vedas are not intended for the particular deity, but for the Supreme Being, Brahman, who is the inner soul of devas and all other beings. The various deities addressed in the hymns are simply different ...

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Vishnu, Vishnu - Etymology, Vishnu - pre-Puranic Vishnu, Vishnu - Theological attributes and more, Vishnu - Relations with other Deities, Vishnu - Iconography, Vishnu - Worship, Vishnu - Names, Vishnu - Theological beliefs and philosophy

Read more here: » Vishnu: Encyclopedia II - Vishnu - Worship

Vishnu has a number of names, collected in the Vishnu sahasranama ("Vishnu's thousand names"), which occurs in the Mahabharata. In Vishnu Sahasranama Vishnu is praised as the Supreme God. The names are generally derived from the anantakalyanagunas (infinite auspicious attributes) of the Lord. Some names are: Acyutah (infallible) Ananta (endless, eternal, infinite) Kesava (slayer of Keshi, having long or much or handsome hair, from Atharvaveda viii , 6 , 23) Narayana (said to mean "He who ...

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Vishnu, Vishnu - Etymology, Vishnu - pre-Puranic Vishnu, Vishnu - Theological attributes and more, Vishnu - Relations with other Deities, Vishnu - Iconography, Vishnu - Worship, Vishnu - Names, Vishnu - Theological beliefs and philosophy

Read more here: » Vishnu: Encyclopedia II - Vishnu - Names