luminance

To get the most benefit from S-VHS, a direct video connection to the monitor is required, ideally via an S-Video or component video connection. However, consumer S-VHS equipment was usually limited to S-Video and composite input jacks, with older television sets tending to also lack S-Video inputs. Nevertheless, viewing a S-VHS recording through a VCR's built-in RF modulator yields a discernable perceived quality improvement over VHS. Since the late 1990s, the increased popularity of S-VHS and other formats, such as DVD, has made S-Video and component video ho ...

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S-VHS, S-VHS - Technical details, S-VHS - Shadow of VHS, S-VHS - S-VHS vs ED-Beta, S-VHS - Home Use

Read more here: » S-VHS: Encyclopedia II - S-VHS - Home Use

The luminance (Y; brightness) signal and modulated chrominance (C; colour) subcarrier information are carried on separate synchronized signal/ground pairs. In composite video, the luminance signal is low-pass filtered to prevent crosstalk between high-frequency luminance information and the color subcarrier. S-Video separates the two, and detrimental low-pass filtering is unnecessary. This increases bandwidth for the luminance information, and also subdues the color crosstalk problem. The infamous dot crawl is eliminated. This means that S-Video leaves more information from the original video intact, thus having a much-improved image repro ...

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S-Video, S-Video - Overview, S-Video - Connector, S-Video - Usage

Read more here: » S-Video: Encyclopedia II - S-Video - Overview

S-Video is commonly used in USA and Japan, found there on consumer TVs, DVD players, video tape recorders and game consoles. Almost all TV-out connectors on graphics cards are S-Video, even in Europe, where the standard failed to make a significant impact due to the preference of the higher-quality RGB signal. Some particularly cheap S-Video cables are notorious for degrading the signals considerably, when trans ...

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S-Video, S-Video - Overview, S-Video - Connector, S-Video - Usage

Read more here: » S-Video: Encyclopedia II - S-Video - Usage

In digital video, the sampling rate is defined the frame/field rate, rather than the notional pixel clock. The image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the sensor integration period. Since the integration period may be significantly shorter than the time between repetitions, the sampling frequency can be different from the inverse of the sample time. 50 Hz - PAL video 60 / 1.001 Hz - NTSC video When analogue video is converted to digital video, a different sampling process occurs, this time at the pixel frequency. Some common pixel sampling rates ar ...

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Sampling frequency, Sampling frequency - Sampling theorem, Sampling frequency - Oversampling, Sampling frequency - Audio, Sampling frequency - Video systems, Sampling frequency - External link

Read more here: » Sampling frequency: Encyclopedia II - Sampling frequency - Video systems

Video professionals and television engineers do not hold NTSC video in high regard, joking that the abbreviation stands for "Never The Same Color," "Never Twice the Same Color," or "Never Tested Since Christ." Cabling problems tend to degrade an NTSC picture (by changing the phase of the color signal), so the picture often loses its color balance by the time the viewer receives it. This necessitates the inclusion of a tint control on NTSC sets, which is not necessary on PAL or SECAM systems. Some complain that the 525 line resolution of NTSC ...

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NTSC, NTSC - History, NTSC - Technical details, NTSC - Refresh rate, NTSC - Color encoding, NTSC - Transmission modulation scheme, NTSC - Quality problems, NTSC - Variants of NTSC, NTSC - History of the NTSC signal, NTSC - The current state of NTSC III, NTSC - Vertical Interval Reference, NTSC - Countries and territories that use NTSC, NTSC - North America, NTSC - Central America and the Caribbean, NTSC - South America, NTSC - Asia, NTSC - The Pacific, NTSC - Indian Ocean, NTSC - Middle East

Read more here: » NTSC: Encyclopedia II - NTSC - Quality problems

Despite its designation as the logical successor to VHS, S-VHS did not come close to replacing VHS. In the home market, S-VHS failed to gain significant market share; for various reasons, timeshifters were not interested in paying more for an improved picture. Likewise, S-VHS rentals and movie sales did very poorly. A few prerecorded movies were released to S-VHS, but poor market acceptance prompted studios to transition their hi ...

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S-VHS, S-VHS - Technical details, S-VHS - Shadow of VHS, S-VHS - S-VHS vs ED-Beta, S-VHS - Home Use

Read more here: » S-VHS: Encyclopedia II - S-VHS - Shadow of VHS

The adoption of SÉCAM in Eastern Europe has been attributed to Cold War political machinations: Western TV was popular in the East, authorities were well aware of this, and adopted SECAM rather than the PAL encoding used in West Germany. This did not hinder mutual reception in black&white, because the underlying TV standard B/G remained the same in both parts of Germany. However, East Germans responded by buying PAL decoders for their SECAM sets. Eventually, the government in East Berlin stopped paying attention to so-called "Republikfl ...

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SÉCAM, SÉCAM - Technical details, SÉCAM - History, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM in France?, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM elsewhere?, SÉCAM - SÉCAM varieties, SÉCAM - Problems with the standard, SÉCAM - Facetious interpretations of the SÉCAM acronym, SÉCAM - Countries and territories that use or have used SÉCAM

Read more here: » SÉCAM: Encyclopedia II - SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM elsewhere?

There are three varieties of SÉCAM: French SÉCAM (SÉCAM-L), used in France and its former colonies SÉCAM-B/G, used in the Middle East, former East Germany and Greece SÉCAM D/K, used in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Eastern Europe (this is simply SÉCAM used with the D and K monochrome TV transmission standards). Reference is sometimes made to MESÉCAM as an alternative form of broadcast SÉCAM used in the Middle East. This is incorrect, MESÉCAM is meaningful ...

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SÉCAM, SÉCAM - Technical details, SÉCAM - History, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM in France?, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM elsewhere?, SÉCAM - SÉCAM varieties, SÉCAM - Problems with the standard, SÉCAM - Facetious interpretations of the SÉCAM acronym, SÉCAM - Countries and territories that use or have used SÉCAM

Read more here: » SÉCAM: Encyclopedia II - SÉCAM - SÉCAM varieties

Unlike PAL or NTSC, analog SÉCAM television cannot easily be edited in its native analog form. Because it uses frequency modulation, SÉCAM is not linear with respect to the input image (this is also what protects it against signal distortion), so electrically mixing two (synchronized) SÉCAM signals does not yield a valid SÉCAM signal, unlike with analog PAL or NTSC. For this reason, to mix two SÉCAM signals, they must be demodulated, the demodulated signals mixed, and are remodulated again. Hence, post-production is often done in PAL, o ...

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SÉCAM, SÉCAM - Technical details, SÉCAM - History, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM in France?, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM elsewhere?, SÉCAM - SÉCAM varieties, SÉCAM - Problems with the standard, SÉCAM - Facetious interpretations of the SÉCAM acronym, SÉCAM - Countries and territories that use or have used SÉCAM

Read more here: » SÉCAM: Encyclopedia II - SÉCAM - Problems with the standard

Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Democratic Republic), Congo (People's Republic), Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Djibouti, East Germany, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Georgia, Greece, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, New Cal ...

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SÉCAM, SÉCAM - Technical details, SÉCAM - History, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM in France?, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM elsewhere?, SÉCAM - SÉCAM varieties, SÉCAM - Problems with the standard, SÉCAM - Facetious interpretations of the SÉCAM acronym, SÉCAM - Countries and territories that use or have used SÉCAM

Read more here: » SÉCAM: Encyclopedia II - SÉCAM - Countries and territories that use or have used SÉCAM

Some have argued that the primary motivation for the development of SÉCAM in France was to protect French television equipment manufacturers. However, incompatibility had started with the earlier decision to uniquely adopt positive video modulation for French broadcast signals. In addition, SÉCAM development predates PAL. NTSC was considered undesirable in Europe because of its tint problem requiring an ...

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SÉCAM, SÉCAM - Technical details, SÉCAM - History, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM in France?, SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM elsewhere?, SÉCAM - SÉCAM varieties, SÉCAM - Problems with the standard, SÉCAM - Facetious interpretations of the SÉCAM acronym, SÉCAM - Countries and territories that use or have used SÉCAM

Read more here: » SÉCAM: Encyclopedia II - SÉCAM - Why SÉCAM in France?

Digital color cameras generally use a Bayer mask over the CCD. Each square of four pixels has one filtered red, one blue, and two green (the human eye is more sensitive to green than either red or blue). The result of this is that luminance information is collected at every pixel, but the color resolution is lower than the luminance resolution. Better color separation can be reached by three-CCD devices (3CCD) and a dichroic beam splitter prism, that splits the image into red, green and blue components. Each of the three CCDs is arranged to respond to a particular color. Some semi-professional digital video ...

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Charge-coupled device, Charge-coupled device - History, Charge-coupled device - Applications, Charge-coupled device - Color cameras, Charge-coupled device - Competing technologies

Read more here: » Charge-coupled device: Encyclopedia II - Charge-coupled device - Color cameras

MPEG-2 - DVD. Additional restrictions and modifications of MPEG-2 on DVD are: Resolution 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC) 720 × 576, 704 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL) Aspect ratio (Display AR) 4:3 16:9 Frame rate 29.97 frame/s (NTSC) 25 frame/s (PAL) Note: By using a pattern of REPEAT_FIRST_FIELD flags on th ...

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MPEG-2, MPEG-2 - The standard, MPEG-2 - Video coding simplified, MPEG-2 - Audio encoding, MPEG-2 - Profiles and Levels, MPEG-2 - DVD, MPEG-2 - DVB, MPEG-2 - ATSC, MPEG-2 - ISO/IEC 13818, MPEG-2 - Patent holders

Read more here: » MPEG-2: Encyclopedia II - MPEG-2 - Profiles and Levels

Several improved versions of VHS exist, most notably S-VHS, an improved analog standard, and D-VHS, which records digital video onto a VHS form factor tape. Devices have also been invented which directly connect a personal computer to VHS tape recorders for use as a data backup device. W-VHS caters for high definition video. Another variant is VHS-C (C for compact), used in some camcorders. Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape as full size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a mechanica ...

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VHS, VHS - Technical details, VHS - Variations, VHS - Signal Standards, VHS - Tape Lengths, VHS - VHS vs. Betamax, VHS - DVD and the decline of VHS, VHS - List of notable VHS companies

Read more here: » VHS: Encyclopedia II - VHS - Variations

VHS can record and play back all varieties of analogue television signals in existance at the time VHS was devised. However, a machine must be designed to record a given standard. Typically, a VHS machine can only handle signals of the country it was sold in. The following signal varieties exist in conventional VHS: PAL/625/25 (most of Western Europe, many parts of Asia and Africa) SECAM/625/25 (SECAM, French variety) MESECAM/625/25 (most other SECAM countries, notably Eastern Europe and Middle East) NTSC/525/30 (Most parts of North and South America, Japan, South Korea) See also:

VHS, VHS - Technical details, VHS - Variations, VHS - Signal Standards, VHS - Tape Lengths, VHS - VHS vs. Betamax, VHS - DVD and the decline of VHS, VHS - List of notable VHS companies

Read more here: » VHS: Encyclopedia II - VHS - Signal Standards

All VHS cassette shells are compatible (as opposed to the signal recorded on the tape, which is not). However, as tape speeds differ between NTSC and PAL/SECAM, so do playing times. In order to avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in: T-XXX indicates playing time for NTSC or PAL-M in SP speed. E-XXX indicates playing time ...

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VHS, VHS - Technical details, VHS - Variations, VHS - Signal Standards, VHS - Tape Lengths, VHS - VHS vs. Betamax, VHS - DVD and the decline of VHS, VHS - List of notable VHS companies

Read more here: » VHS: Encyclopedia II - VHS - Tape Lengths

General information about MPEG-2 Video and Audio and Systems excluding modifications when used on DVD / DVB. A MPEG-2 Program Stream typically consists of two elements: video data + time stamps audio data + time stamps ...

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MPEG-2, MPEG-2 - The standard, MPEG-2 - Video coding simplified, MPEG-2 - Audio encoding, MPEG-2 - Profiles and Levels, MPEG-2 - DVD, MPEG-2 - DVB, MPEG-2 - ATSC, MPEG-2 - ISO/IEC 13818, MPEG-2 - Patent holders

Read more here: » MPEG-2: Encyclopedia II - MPEG-2 - The standard

As with other modulation indices, in AM this quantity indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its unmodulated level. For FM, it relates to the variations in the frequency of the carrier signal: With a tone-modulated FM wave, if the modulation frequency is held constant and the modulation index is increased, the (non-negligible) bandwidth of the FM signal increases, but the spacing between spectra stays the same. If the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation index increased, the bandwidth stays rou ...

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Frequency modulation, Frequency modulation - Applications in radio, Frequency modulation - Theory, Frequency modulation - Modulation Index

Read more here: » Frequency modulation: Encyclopedia II - Frequency modulation - Modulation Index

Digital color cameras XX generally use a Bayer mask over the CCD. Each square of four pixels has one filtered red, one blue, and two green (the human eye is more sensitive to green than either red or blue). The result of this is that luminance information is collected at every pixel, but the color resolution is lower than the luminance resolution. Better color separation can be reached by three-CCD devices (3CCD) and a dichroic beam splitter prism, that splits the image into red, green and blue components. Each of the three CCDs is arranged to respond to a particular color. Some semi-professional digital video ...

See also:

Charge-coupled device, Charge-coupled device - History, Charge-coupled device - Applications, Charge-coupled device - Color cameras, Charge-coupled device - Competing technologies

Read more here: » Charge-coupled device: Encyclopedia II - Charge-coupled device - Color cameras

In the measurement of Gamma rays or other ionising radiation, a radiation monitor or dosimeter will commonly use a filter to attenuate those energy levels or wavelengths that cause the least damage to the human body, while letting through those that do the most damage, so that any source of radiation may be measured in terms of its true danger rather than just its 'strength'. The Sievert is a unit of weighted radiation dose for ionising radiation ...

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Weighting filter, Weighting filter - Audio applications, Weighting filter - Loudness measurements, Weighting filter - Telecommunications, Weighting filter - Environmental noise measurement, Weighting filter - Audio reproduction and broadcasting equipment, Weighting filter - Other applications of weighting

Read more here: » Weighting filter: Encyclopedia II - Weighting filter - Other applications of weighting

If the signal to be transmitted is which is restricted in amplitude to be and the sinusoidal carrier is where fc is the carrier's base frequency in hertz and A is an arbitrary amplitude, the carrier will be modulated by the signal as in where, f(t) = fc + fΔx ...

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Frequency modulation, Frequency modulation - Applications in radio, Frequency modulation - Theory, Frequency modulation - Modulation Index

Read more here: » Frequency modulation: Encyclopedia II - Frequency modulation - Theory

As mentioned, VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format. Since Betamax's technical specifications are better on paper, it is often stated that VHS' eventual victory was a victory of marketing over technical excellence. In fact, however, the root causes of VHS' victory are somewhat more complex. Betamax held an early lead in the format war, but by 1980 VHS was gaining due to its longer tape time (2 hours at SP) and JVC's less strict licensing program. Ultimately Beta ...

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VHS, VHS - Technical details, VHS - Variations, VHS - Signal Standards, VHS - Tape Lengths, VHS - VHS vs. Betamax, VHS - DVD and the decline of VHS, VHS - List of notable VHS companies

Read more here: » VHS: Encyclopedia II - VHS - VHS vs. Betamax