luminance - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Weighting Filter: Encyclopedia - Weighting Filter
A weighting filter is used to emphasise or suppress some aspects of a phenomenon compared to others, for measurement or other purposes. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contrast Ratio: Encyclopedia - Contrast Ratio
The contrast ratio is a metric of a video display, defined as the ratio of the light intensity of the brightest possible color to the dar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Binocular Rivalry: Encyclopedia - Binocular Rivalry
Binocular rivalry is a phenomenon of visual perception in which perception alternates between different images presented to each eye. Whe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brightness: Encyclopedia - Brightness
Brightness is an attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to emit a given amount of light. In other words, brightness is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yiq: Encyclopedia - Yiq
YIQ is a color space formerly used in the NTSC television standard. I stands for in-phase, while Q stands for quadrature. NTSC now uses t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charge-coupled Device: Encyclopedia - Charge-coupled Device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a sensor for recording images, consisting of an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or cou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuv: Encyclopedia - Yuv
The YUV model defines a color space in terms of one luminance and two chrominance components. YUV is used in the PAL and NTSC systems of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia - Vhs
The Video Home System, first released in September 1976, better known by its abbreviation VHS, is a recording and playing standard for vi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Y: Encyclopedia - Y
Y is the twenty-fifth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is wy, sometimes spelled wye. See V. In Ancient Greek ΥψιλοÎ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charge-coupled Device: Encyclopedia Ii - Charge-coupled Device - Applications
CCDs containing grids of pixels are used in digital cameras, optical scanners and video cameras as light-sensing devices. They commonly r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opponent Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Opponent Process - History
The opponent colour theory was first proposed by Ewald Hering in 1872 (Hering, 1964). He thought that the colours red, yellow, green, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Commodore 64 Peripherals: Encyclopedia Ii - Commodore 64 Peripherals - Storage
Commodore 64 peripherals - Floppy disk drives. Although not always supplied with the machine, floppy disk drives of the 5¼ inch (Commo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - SÉcam: Encyclopedia Ii - SÉcam - Technical Details
Just as the other color standards adopted for broadcast usage over the world, SÉCAM is a compatible standard, which means that Monochrom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Broadcast Television System: Encyclopedia Ii - Broadcast Television System - Analogue Television Systems
All analogue television systems began life in monochrome. Each country, faced with local political, technical, and economic issues, adopt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Technical Details
A VHS cassette contains a ½ inch (12.7 mm) wide magnetic tape wound between two spools, allowing it to be slowly passed over the various...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saccade: Encyclopedia Ii - Saccade - Saccadic Eye Motion
The purpose of saccades can be illustrated by the human eye. Humans do not look at a scene in a steady way. Instead, the eyes move around...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - High Dynamic Range Imaging: Encyclopedia Ii - High Dynamic Range Imaging - Difference Between High Dynamic Range And Traditional Digital Images
Information stored in high dynamic range (HDR) images usually correspond to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be obse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - S-vhs - Technical Details
Like VHS, the S-VHS format uses a "color under" modulation scheme. S-VHS improves VHS's luminance resolution by boosting the frequency de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Serial Digital Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - Serial Digital Interface - Hd-sdi
There is also a HDTV version of SDI called High Definition Serial Digital Interface (HD-SDI). It is specified in SMPTE-292M. This standar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Radiance: Encyclopedia Ii - Radiance - Definition
Radiance is defined by where the approximation holds for small A and Ω, L is the radiance (W·m-2·sr-1), Φ is the radiant flux or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yiq: Encyclopedia Ii - Yiq - Formula
This formula approximates the conversion from the RGB color space to YIQ. R, G and B are defined on a scale from zero to one: or using ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frequency Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Frequency Modulation - Applications In Radio
Edwin Armstrong presented his paper: "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", which fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Component Video: Encyclopedia Ii - Component Video - Analogue Component Video
Most component video systems are variations of the red, green and blue signals that make up a television image. The simplest type, RGB, c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sampling Frequency: Encyclopedia Ii - Sampling Frequency - Sampling Theorem
The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem states that the sampling frequency has to be greater than twice the Nyquist frequency or, equivalent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weighting Filter: Encyclopedia Ii - Weighting Filter - Audio Applications
In each field of audio measurement, special units are used to indicate a weighted measurement as opposed to a basic physical measurement ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charge-coupled Device: Encyclopedia Ii - Charge-coupled Device - Applications
CCDs containing grids of pixels are used in digital cameras, optical scanners and video cameras as light-sensing devices. They commonly r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ntsc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ntsc - Technical Details
NTSC - Refresh rate. The NTSC format—or more correctly the M format; see broadcast television systems—consists of 29.97 interlaced ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-video: Encyclopedia Ii - S-video - Connector
Today, S-Video signals are generally connected using 4-pin mini-DIN connectors using a 75 ohm termination impedance. Apart from the imped...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gamma Correction: Encyclopedia Ii - Gamma Correction - Terminology
The names of the various quantities are somewhat confusing. The term intensity refers strictly to the amount of light that is emitted per...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Projection Screen: Encyclopedia Ii - Projection Screen - Home Theater Screens And Gain
One of the most often quoted properties in a home theater screen is the gain. This is a measure of reflectivity of light compared to a sc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Opponent Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Opponent Process - History
The opponent color theory was first proposed by Ewald Hering in 1872 (Hering, 1964). He thought that the colors red, yellow, green, and b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mpeg-2: Encyclopedia Ii - Mpeg-2 - Video Coding Simplified
MPEG-2 is for the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio and creates a video stream out of three types of frame data (int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Binocular Rivalry: Encyclopedia Ii - Binocular Rivalry - Early Theories Of Binocular Rivalry
Various theories were proposed to account for binocular rivalry. Porta and Dutour took it as evidence for an ancient theory of visual per...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yuv: Encyclopedia Ii - Yuv - Luminance/chrominance Systems In General
The primary advantages of luminance/chrominance systems such as YUV, and its relatives YIQ and YDbDr, are that they remain compatible wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Y: Encyclopedia Ii - Y - Codes For Computing
In Unicode the capital Y is codepoint U+0059 and the lowercase y is U+0079. The ASCII code for capital Y is 89 and for lowercase y is 121...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - SÉcam: Encyclopedia Ii - SÉcam - History
Work on SÉCAM began in 1956. The technology was ready by the end of the fifties, but this was too soon for a wide introduction. Initiall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ntsc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ntsc - Countries And Territories That Use Ntsc
NTSC - North America. Canada Mexico United States NTSC - Central America and the Caribbean. Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ntsc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ntsc - Vertical Interval Reference
The standard NTSC video image contains some lines (lines 1-21 of each field) which are not visible; all are beyond the edge of the viewab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ntsc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ntsc - The Current State Of Ntsc Iii
The North American analog transmission chain is strictly NTSC III now. Many NTSC II devices feed into existing transmission chains, with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ntsc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ntsc - Variants Of Ntsc
Unlike PAL, with its many and varied underlying broadcast television systems in use throughout the world, NTSC color encoding is invariab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - S-vhs - S-vhs Vs Ed-beta
Shortly after the announcement of S-VHS, Sony responded with an announcement of Extended Definition Betamax (ED-ßeta.) S-VHS was JVC's n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - S-vhs - Home Use
To get the most benefit from S-VHS, a direct video connection to the monitor is required, ideally via an S-Video or component video conne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-video: Encyclopedia Ii - S-video - Overview
The luminance (Y; brightness) signal and modulated chrominance (C; colour) subcarrier information are carried on separate synchronized si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-video: Encyclopedia Ii - S-video - Usage
S-Video is commonly used in USA and Japan, found there on consumer TVs, DVD players, video tape recorders and game consoles. Almost all T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sampling Frequency: Encyclopedia Ii - Sampling Frequency - Video Systems
In digital video, the sampling rate is defined the frame/field rate, rather than the notional pixel clock. The image sampling frequency i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ntsc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ntsc - Quality Problems
Video professionals and television engineers do not hold NTSC video in high regard, joking that the abbreviation stands for "Never The Sa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - S-vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - S-vhs - Shadow Of Vhs
Despite its designation as the logical successor to VHS, S-VHS did not come close to replacing VHS. In the home market, S-VHS failed to g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - SÉcam: Encyclopedia Ii - SÉcam - Why SÉcam Elsewhere?
The adoption of SÉCAM in Eastern Europe has been attributed to Cold War political machinations: Western TV was popular in the East, auth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - SÉcam: Encyclopedia Ii - SÉcam - SÉcam Varieties
There are three varieties of SÉCAM: French SÉCAM (SÉCAM-L), used in France and its former colonies SÉCAM-B/G, used in the Middle Eas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - SÉcam: Encyclopedia Ii - SÉcam - Problems With The Standard
Unlike PAL or NTSC, analog SÉCAM television cannot easily be edited in its native analog form. Because it uses frequency modulation, SÉ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - SÉcam: Encyclopedia Ii - SÉcam - Countries And Territories That Use Or Have Used SÉcam
Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia (Kampuchea), Central African Republi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - SÉcam: Encyclopedia Ii - SÉcam - Why SÉcam In France?
Some have argued that the primary motivation for the development of SÉCAM in France was to protect French television equipment manufactu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charge-coupled Device: Encyclopedia Ii - Charge-coupled Device - Color Cameras
Digital color cameras generally use a Bayer mask over the CCD. Each square of four pixels has one filtered red, one blue, and two green (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mpeg-2: Encyclopedia Ii - Mpeg-2 - Profiles And Levels
MPEG-2 - DVD. Additional restrictions and modifications of MPEG-2 on DVD are: Resolution 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Variations
Several improved versions of VHS exist, most notably S-VHS, an improved analog standard, and D-VHS, which records digital video onto a VH...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Signal Standards
VHS can record and play back all varieties of analogue television signals in existance at the time VHS was devised. However, a machine mu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Tape Lengths
All VHS cassette shells are compatible (as opposed to the signal recorded on the tape, which is not). However, as tape speeds differ betw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mpeg-2: Encyclopedia Ii - Mpeg-2 - The Standard
General information about MPEG-2 Video and Audio and Systems excluding modifications when used on DVD / DVB. A MPEG-2 Program Stream typi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frequency Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Frequency Modulation - Modulation Index
As with other modulation indices, in AM this quantity indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its unmodulated level. F...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charge-coupled Device: Encyclopedia Ii - Charge-coupled Device - Color Cameras
Digital color cameras XX generally use a Bayer mask over the CCD. Each square of four pixels has one filtered red, one blue, and two gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weighting Filter: Encyclopedia Ii - Weighting Filter - Other Applications Of Weighting
In the measurement of Gamma rays or other ionising radiation, a radiation monitor or dosimeter will commonly use a filter to attenuate th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Frequency Modulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Frequency Modulation - Theory
If the signal to be transmitted is which is restricted in amplitude to be and the sinusoidal carrier is where fc is the carrier'...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Vhs Vs. Betamax
As mentioned, VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format. Sin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Dvd And The Decline Of Vhs
The DVD (digital versatile disc) format was introduced in 1996 and has since overtaken VHS in sales and rentals. Major U.S. retailers Cir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Vhs Vs. Betamax
As mentioned, VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the early 1980s against Sony's Betamax format. Sin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Dvd And The Decline Of Vhs
The DVD format was introduced in 1997 and has since overtaken VHS in sales and rentals. Major U.S. retailers Circuit City and Best Buy st...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Projection Screen: Encyclopedia Ii - Projection Screen - Screens By Installation Type
Permanently installed screens can often be found in venues that are used for continuous visual presentations, such as movie theaters. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Projection Screen: Encyclopedia Ii - Projection Screen - Screen Geometry And Optics
Square-shaped screens used for overhead projectors sometimes double as projection screens for digital projectors in meeting rooms, where ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vhs: Encyclopedia Ii - Vhs - Signal Standards
VHS can record and play back all varieties of analogue television signals in existence at the time VHS was devised. However, a machine mu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mpeg-2: Encyclopedia Ii - Mpeg-2 - Profiles And Levels
MPEG-2 - DVD. Additional restrictions and modifications of MPEG-2 on DVD are: Resolution 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Broadcast Television System: Encyclopedia Ii - Broadcast Television System - Digital Television Systems
The situation with worldwide digital television is much simpler by comparison. All current digital television systems are based on the MP...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Commodore 64 Peripherals: Encyclopedia Ii - Commodore 64 Peripherals - Input/output
Commodore 64 peripherals - Serial communications. Likewise, because Commodore offered a number of inexpensive modems for the C64, the m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Commodore 64 Peripherals: Encyclopedia Ii - Commodore 64 Peripherals - Other Peripherals
The Commodore 1701 and 1702 were 13-inch (33 cm) color monitors for the C64 which accepted as input either composite video or separate ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ntsc: Encyclopedia Ii - Ntsc - History
The National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), in the United States, to...   » Read the article