Ludwig Wittgenstein

Meaning is determined by use, in the context of a "language-game" {later} Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (IPA: /'luːtvɪç 'joːzɛf 'joːhan 'vɪtgənʃtaɪn/) (April 26, 1889 – April 29, 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who contributed several ground-breaking works to modern philosophy, primarily on the foundations of logic, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. He is widely regarded as one of ...

Including:

• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Life
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Early life
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - World War I
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - The lost years: life after the Tractatus
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Returning to Cambridge
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Final Years
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Work
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - The Tractatus
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Intermediary works
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - The Philosophical Investigations
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Later work
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Important publications
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Works Online
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Works about Wittgenstein
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Notes

Read more here: » Ludwig Wittgenstein: Encyclopedia - Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Joseph Johann Wittgenstein was born in Vienna on April 26, 1889, to Karl and Leopoldine Wittgenstein. He was the youngest of eight children, born into one of the most prominent and wealthy families in the Austro-Hungarian empire. His father's parents, Hermann Christian and Fanny Wittgenstein, were born into Jewish families but converted to Protestantism, and after they moved from Saxony to Vienna in the 1850s, assimilated themselves into the Viennese Protestant professional classes. Ludwig's father, Karl Wittgenstein, became an indust ...

See also:

Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Life, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Early life, Ludwig Wittgenstein - World War I, Ludwig Wittgenstein - The lost years: life after the Tractatus, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Returning to Cambridge, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Final Years, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Work, Ludwig Wittgenstein - The Tractatus, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Intermediary works, Ludwig Wittgenstein - The Philosophical Investigations, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Later work, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Important publications, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Works Online, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Works about Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wittgenstein - Notes

Read more here: » Ludwig Wittgenstein: Encyclopedia II - Ludwig Wittgenstein - Life

There are seven main propositions in the text. These are: The world is everything that is the case. What is the case (a fact) is the existence of atomic states of affairs. A logical picture of facts is a thought. A thought is a proposition with sense. A proposition is a truth-function of elementary propositions. The general form of a proposition is the general form of a truth function, which is: . This is the general form of a proposition. What we cannot speak of we must pass over in silence.

See also:

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Main theses, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Propositions 1.*-3.*, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Propositions 4.*-5.*, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Propositions 6.*, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Proposition 7, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Reception and effects of the work, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Wittgenstein’s return to philosophy, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Editions, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Notes

Read more here: » Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: Encyclopedia II - Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - Main theses

One version of social constructivism contends that categories of knowledge and reality are actively created by social relationships and interactions. These interactions also alter the way in which scientific episteme is organized. Social activity presupposes human beings inhabiting shared forms of life, and in the case of social construction, utilizing semiotic resources (meaning making and meaning signifying) with reference to social structures and institutions. Several traditions use the term Social Constructivism: psy ...

See also:

Constructivist epistemology, Constructivist epistemology - Social Constructivism, Constructivist epistemology - Cultural Constructivism, Constructivist epistemology - Radical Constructivism, Constructivist epistemology - Critical Constructivism, Constructivist epistemology - Proponents

Read more here: » Constructivist epistemology: Encyclopedia II - Constructivist epistemology - Social Constructivism

The following list is an election of famous Austrians. For full lists of all famous Austrians please view the sublists. Note: This list is rather inclusive -- some people on this list can also claim other nationalities; some were born in Austria, but spent the most important part of their lives outside Austria (e.g. Hitler, Schwarzenegger), others were born outside Austria or even outside of Austria-Hungary, but spent the most important part of their lives in Austria (e.g. Beethoven, Elisabeth of Austria). ...

Including:

• List of Austrians - Actors/Actresses
• List of Austrians - Artists/Architects
• List of Austrians - Composers/Musicians
• List of Austrians - Entrepreneurs
• List of Austrians - Filmmakers
• List of Austrians - Mountaineers
• List of Austrians - Nobility
• List of Austrians - Politicians
• List of Austrians - Royalty
• List of Austrians - Science
• List of Austrians - Economists
• List of Austrians - Engineers/Inventors
• List of Austrians - Philosophers
• List of Austrians - Physicists mathematicians and chemists
• List of Austrians - Physicians
• List of Austrians - Psychologists
• List of Austrians - Other scientists
• List of Austrians - Sports
• List of Austrians - Writers
• List of Austrians - Other notables

Read more here: » List of Austrians: Encyclopedia - List of Austrians

Bullshit (often abbreviated bull or BS) is a common English expletive meaning "humbug" or "nonsense". It implies that the purveyor of alleged nonsense is willfully lying, or that he is speaking boldly from ignorance. It is also the verb meaning to talk bullshit. As it contains the word shit, the term is considered foul language, hence the need for the euphemistic abbreviations "bull" and "BS". Bullshit - Etymology. Bull, meaning nonsense, dates from around the 17th century ...

Including:

• Bullshit - Etymology
• Bullshit - The uses of bullshit
• Bullshit - Bullshit in philosophy

Read more here: » Bullshit: Encyclopedia - Bullshit

The Right Honourable Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was an influential British logician, philosopher, and mathematician, working mostly in the 20th century. A prolific writer, Bertrand Russell was also a populariser of philosophy and a commentator on a large variety of topics, ranging from very serious issues to the mundane. Continuing a family tradition in political affairs, he was a prominent liberal as well as a socialist and anti-war activist for most of his long life. ...

Including:

• Bertrand Russell - Biography
• Bertrand Russell - Russell's philosophical work
• Bertrand Russell - Analytic philosophy
• Bertrand Russell - Epistemology
• Bertrand Russell - Ethics
• Bertrand Russell - Logical atomism
• Bertrand Russell - Logic and mathematics
• Bertrand Russell - Philosophy of language
• Bertrand Russell - Philosophy of science
• Bertrand Russell - Religion and theology
• Bertrand Russell - Influence on philosophy
• Bertrand Russell - Russell's activism
• Bertrand Russell - Pacifism war and nuclear weapons
• Bertrand Russell - Communism and socialism
• Bertrand Russell - Women's suffrage
• Bertrand Russell - Sexuality
• Bertrand Russell - Eugenics and race
• Bertrand Russell - Russell summing up his life
• Bertrand Russell - Comments about Russell
• Bertrand Russell - As a man
• Bertrand Russell - As a philosopher
• Bertrand Russell - As a writer and his place in history
• Bertrand Russell - As a mathematician and logician
• Bertrand Russell - As an activist
• Bertrand Russell - As a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature
• Bertrand Russell - From a daughter
• Bertrand Russell - Quotes
• Bertrand Russell - Asides
• Bertrand Russell - Succession

Read more here: » Bertrand Russell: Encyclopedia - Bertrand Russell

Behaviorism or behaviourism (not to be confused with behavioralism in political science) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of materialism, denying any independent significance for the mind. Its significance for psychological treatment has been profound, making it one of the pillars of pharmacological therapy. One of the assumptions of behaviorist thought is that free will is illusory, and that all behaviour is determined by a combination of forces comprised of genetic factors and the environ ...

Including:

• Behaviorism - Approaches
• Behaviorism - Versions
• Behaviorism - J. B. Watson
• Behaviorism - Methodological behaviorism
• Behaviorism - B.F. Skinner and radical behaviorism
• Behaviorism - Definition
• Behaviorism - Experimental and conceptual innovations
• Behaviorism - Relation to language
• Behaviorism - Molar versus molecular behaviorism
• Behaviorism - Behaviorism in philosophy
• Behaviorism - Behaviorists
• Behaviorism - References and further reading

Read more here: » Behaviorism: Encyclopedia - Behaviorism

When someone sincerely agrees with an assertion, they are claiming that it is the truth. Epistemology, the study of knowledge, seeks solutions for the many philosophical problems associated with truth. The first problem for philosophers is deciding what sorts of things are true or false, the so-called truth-bearers. At stake is the terminology we use to discuss truth. Then there are a range of theories about what makes these truth-bearers true. Some, the robust theories, treat truth as a property; others, the d ...

Including:

• Truth - Bearers of truth
• Truth - Theories about truth
• Truth - Robust theories
• Truth - Deflationary theories
• Truth - Formal definitions
• Truth - Types of truth
• Truth - Subjective versus objective
• Truth - Relative versus absolute
• Truth - Other uses of Truth
• Truth - Double truth
• Truth - True testimony
• Truth - Truth in logic
• Truth - Major philosophers who have proposed theories of truth

Read more here: » Truth: Encyclopedia - Truth

Analytical Thomism is a movement whose aim is to present the thought of Thomas Aquinas in the style of modern analytic philosophy. The term was first coined by Scottish philosopher John Haldane in the early nineteen-nineties, and refers broadly to philosophers working on the thought of St Thomas using the methods of the analytical tradition. The movement began in the mid-twentieth century at the University of Cambridge, germinating in large part out of lectures given to a few Catholic-minded scholars (particularly Elizabeth Anscom ...

Including:

• Analytical Thomism - Sources

Read more here: » Analytical Thomism: Encyclopedia - Analytical Thomism

Analytic philosophy is the dominant philosophical movement in University philosophy departments in English-speaking countries, although one of its founders, Gottlob Frege, was German, and many of its leading proponents, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, Kurt Gödel and Karl Popper, were Austrian. Logic and philosophy of language were central strands of analytic philosophy from the beginning, although this dominance has diminished greatly. Several lines of thought originate from the early, language-and-logic part of th ...

Including:

• Analytic philosophy - The term analytic philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Relation to continental philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Formalism and natural languages
• Analytic philosophy - Formalism
• Analytic philosophy - Logical atomism
• Analytic philosophy - The Tractatus
• Analytic philosophy - Natural language semantics
• Analytic philosophy - Natural language
• Analytic philosophy - Reaction against idealism
• Analytic philosophy - Language as use
• Analytic philosophy - Logical positivism and logical empiricism
• Analytic philosophy - Philosophy of mind cognitive science
• Analytic philosophy - Ethics in analytic philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Political philosophy
• Analytic philosophy - Analytical Marxism
• Analytic philosophy - Communitarianism

Read more here: » Analytic philosophy: Encyclopedia - Analytic philosophy

The Cambridge Apostles, also known as the Cambridge Conversazione Society, is an elite intellectual secret society at Cambridge University, founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, a Cambridge student who went on to become the Bishop of Gibraltar. The society takes its name from the idea that its members are supposedly the 12 cleverest students at Cambridge. The active membership consists largely of undergraduates, though there have been graduate student members. The society traditionally centered around King's College and T ...

Including:

• Cambridge Apostles - Activities and membership
• Cambridge Apostles - Bloomsbury
• Cambridge Apostles - The Cambridge spy ring
• Cambridge Apostles - Former members

Read more here: » Cambridge Apostles: Encyclopedia - Cambridge Apostles

April 29 is the 119th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (120th in leap years). There are 246 days remaining. April 29 - Events. 1429 - Battle of Orléans: French troops led by Joan of Arc lifted the English siege of Orléans, a turning point in the Hundred Years' War. 1672 - Franco-Dutch War: Louis XIV of France invades the Netherlands. 1770 - James Cook arrives at and names Botany Bay, Australia. 1854 - The Ashmun Institute is official ...

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• April 29 - Events
• April 29 - Births
• April 29 - Deaths
• April 29 - Holidays and observances
• April 29 - Other

Read more here: » April 29: Encyclopedia - April 29

Asperger syndrome (sometimes called Asperger's syndrome, AS, or the more common shorthand Asperger's), is characterized as one of the five pervasive developmental disorders, and is commonly referred to as a form of high-functioning autism. In very broad terms, individuals with Asperger's have normal or above average intellectual capacity, and atypical or less well developed social skills, often with emotional/social development or integration happening later than usual as a result. The term "Asperger's synd ...

Including:

• Asperger syndrome - Prevalence
• Asperger syndrome - Characteristics
• Asperger syndrome - Social impairments
• Asperger syndrome - Narrow intense interests
• Asperger syndrome - Speech and language peculiarities
• Asperger syndrome - Other characteristics
• Asperger syndrome - Living with Asperger syndrome
• Asperger syndrome - Definitions and diagnostic criteria
• Asperger syndrome - Relationship to autism
• Asperger syndrome - Possible causes and origins
• Asperger syndrome - A gift and a curse
• Asperger syndrome - Speculation about recognized people who may have Asperger syndrome
• Asperger syndrome - Shift away from view as a disease
• Asperger syndrome - Criticisms and controversies
• Asperger syndrome - Asperger syndrome as a social construct
• Asperger syndrome - The extreme male brain theory
• Asperger syndrome - Culture

Read more here: » Asperger syndrome: Encyclopedia - Asperger syndrome

Logical Atomism is a philosophical belief that originated in the early 20th century with the development of Analytic philosophy. Its principal exponents were the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, the early work of his Austrian-born colleague Ludwig Wittgenstein, and his German counterpart Rudolf Carnap. The theory proposes that language, like other components of the world, consists of ultimate logical "parts" (or "atoms") that cannot be broken down any further. In order to understand ordinary language, we must perform "anal ...

Read more here: » Logical atomism: Encyclopedia - Logical atomism

Constructivism is a recent development in philosophy which criticizes essentialism, whether it is in the form of medieval realism, classical rationalism, or empiricism. It originated in sociology under the term social constructionism and has been given the name constructivism when referring to philosophical epistemology, though constructionism and constructivism are often used interchangeably. Constructivism views all of our knowledge as "constructed," because it does not reflect any external "transcendent" realit ...

Including:

• Constructivist epistemology - Social Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Cultural Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Radical Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Critical Constructivism
• Constructivist epistemology - Proponents

Read more here: » Constructivist epistemology: Encyclopedia - Constructivist epistemology

In philosophy, the unity of the proposition is the problem of explaining how a sentence in the indicative mood expresses more than just what a list of proper names expresses. Unity of the proposition - History. The problem goes under this name as discussed by Bertrand Russell. But it actually goes back to Plato. According to Plato's dialogue The Sophist, the simplest kind of sentence consists of just a proper name and a universal term (i.e. a predicate). The name refers to or picks out some individua ...

Including:

• Unity of the proposition - History
• Unity of the proposition - Russell Frege Wittgenstein
• Unity of the proposition - Quotation

Read more here: » Unity of the proposition: Encyclopedia - Unity of the proposition

In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory has two quite different meanings with different origins and histories, one originating in social theory and the other in literary criticism. Though until recently these two meanings had little to do with each other, since the 1970s there has been some overlap between these disciplines. This has led to "critical theory" becoming an umbrella term for an array of theories within academia. This article focuses primarily on the differences and similarities between them. C ...

Including:

• Critical theory - Critical theory social theory
• Critical theory - Critical theory literary criticism
• Critical theory - Relationship between the two versions
• Critical theory - Overlap between the two versions of critical theory
• Critical theory - Within social theory
• Critical theory - Within literary theory
• Critical theory - Language and construction
• Critical theory - Language and communication
• Critical theory - Construction

Read more here: » Critical theory: Encyclopedia - Critical theory

The University of Manchester in Manchester, England is a university that was formed from the dissolution of the Victoria University of Manchester (commonly known as the University of Manchester before the dissolution) and UMIST (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) on 1 October 2004 to create one single institution. The university was officially launched on 22 October 2004 when Her Majesty the Queen handed over the Royal Charter. University of Manchester - History of the University.

Including:

• University of Manchester - History of the University
• University of Manchester - Origins
• University of Manchester - Present
• University of Manchester - Campus and Facilities
• University of Manchester - John Rylands Library
• University of Manchester - Jodrell Bank
• University of Manchester - Whitworth Art Gallery
• University of Manchester - Old Quadrangle
• University of Manchester - Manchester Museum
• University of Manchester - Contact Theatre
• University of Manchester - Churches on Campus
• University of Manchester - Mosques on Campus
• University of Manchester - The University of Manchester Students Union
• University of Manchester - NHS Hospitals
• University of Manchester - Residential Campuses

Read more here: » University of Manchester: Encyclopedia - University of Manchester

The correspondence theory of truth states that something is rendered true by the existence of a fact with corresponding elements and a similar structure. A rejection of any sort of relativism about truth, this theory maintains that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world, and whether it accurately describes (i.e., corresponds with) that world. Problems with the theory arise from consideration of precisely what is supposed to correspond with what. If a statement is just a sentence th ...

Read more here: » Correspondence theory of truth: Encyclopedia - Correspondence theory of truth