Lucius Cornelius Cinna

Crassus had worked his way up to serving as praetor when the revolt of Spartacus and other ex-gladiators flamed into a general slave insurrection, an event that gave Crassus his greatest success in a career which longed for - but did not achieve - military glory. Rome had initially sent a praetor, Titus Glaber, against the growing hordes of gladiators, escaped slaves and camp followers holed up with Spartacus near Mt. Vesuvius. To Rome's dismay and surprise, Spartacus's despised slave army quickly routed the soldiers and went on to defeat tw ...

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Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes

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Because of their work in the slave rebellion, the two men overcame their differences, ran for, and were elected to, the consulship, in 70 BC. Pompey was returned as Senior Consul, Crassus as Junior. They then set about dismantling some of the most significant reforms instituted by their one-time patron, Sulla. Although Sulla's administrative reforms were largely retained, the two men returned the powers formerly belonging to the Tribunes of the Plebs, including the venerated, and increasingly anarchic, power of the tribunician veto. Unfortun ...

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Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes

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In an attempt to counter Caesar’s and Pompey’s growing fame and power, Crassus had intended to use Syria as a base for operations against the Parthian Empire, something which aroused considerable opposition since Parthia had never done the Romans any harm. When Crassus crossed the Euphrates into Mesopotamia, many cities with Greek populations came over to his side. He garrisoned them and then withdrew back to Syria for the winter. There he waited for his son ...

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Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes

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Crassus' death is important for a number of reasons. While one of the most successful businessmen in Roman history, he still hungered for the military glory of his colleagues, Caesar and Pompey. Instead, he would be remembered as the man responsible for one of Rome's greatest military disasters. More significantly, his death severed the bonds between Pompey and Caesar, already strained by the death of Pompey's wife, and Caesar's daughter, Julia, in 54 BC. It is possible that civil war would have resulted if Crassus had ...

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Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes

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Caesar returned to Italy in September, 45 BC. Among his first tasks he filed his will, naming Octavian as his sole heir. The Senate had already begun bestowing honors on Caesar in absentia. Even though Caesar had not proscribed his enemies, instead pardoning nearly every one of them, there seemed to be little open resistance to him. Great games and celebrations were held on April 21 to honor Caesar’s great victory. Along with the games, Caesar was honored with the right to wear triumphal clothing, including a purple robe (reminiscen ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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The fear of Caesar becoming king continued when someone placed a diadem on the statue of Caesar on the Rostra. The tribunes, Gaius Epidius Marcellus and Lucius Caesetius Flavius, removed the diadem. Not long after the incident with the diadem, the same two tribunes had citizens arrested after they called out the title ‘Rex’ to Caesar as he passed by on the streets of Rome. Now seeing his supporters threatened, Caesar acted harshly. He ordered those arrested to be released, and instead took the tribunes before the Senate and had them stri ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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300 Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus V, Quintus Appuleius Pansa 299 Marcus Fulvius Cn.f. Paetinus, Titus Manlius T.f. Torquatus, Suff.: Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus VI 298 Lucius Cornelius Cn.f. Scipio Barbatus, Gnaeus Fulvius Cn.f. Maximus Centumalus 297 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus IV, Publius Decius P.f. Mus III 296 Appius Claudius C.f. Caecus II, Lucius Volumnius C.f. Flamma Violens II. 295 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus V, Publius Decius P.f. Mus IV 294See also:

List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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Caesar was ranked #67 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history. Was voted the title Divus, or "god," after his death During his life, he received many honors, including titles such as Pater Patriae (Father of the Fatherland), Pontifex Maximus (Highest Priest), and Dictator. In fact, the many titles he was voted by the Senate are sometimes considered to be a cause of his assassination, as it seemed inappropriate to many contemporaries for a ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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200 Publius Sulpicius Ser.f. Galba Maximus II, Gaius Aurelius C.f. Cotta 199 Lucius Cornelius L.f. Lentulus, Publius Villius Ti.f. Tappulus 198 Titus Quinctius T.f. Flamininus, Sextus Aelius Q.f. Paetus Catus 197 Gaius Cornelius L.f. Cethegus, Quintus Minucius C.f. Rufus 196 Lucius Furius Sp.f. Purpureo, Marcus Claudius M.f. Marcellus 195 Marcus Porcius M.f. Cato, Lucius Valerius P.f. Flaccus 194 Publius Cornelius P.f. Scipio Africanus II, Tiberius Semproni ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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100 Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius VI 99 Aulus Postumius Albinus, Marcus Antonius Orator 98 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Titus Didius 97 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives 96 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 95 Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola 94 Gaius Coelius Caldus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 93 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Herennius 92 Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Marcus Perp ...

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List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

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Determined to regain control of Rome, he marched on the city. After a period of idleness, Sulla's army defeated the Samnite forces of Pontius Telesinus in November, 82 BC at the battle of Colline Gate. The strength of the right wing, commanded by Marcus Licinius Crassus, proved crucial in securing victory. Sulla also had the aid of the young Pompey, who defeated Cinnan supporters in Sicily and Africa. By 81 BC Sulla was appointed dictator (with no limit on time in office) by the senate and had total control of the city of Rome. This u ...

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Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Early years, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - The Social War, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - In the East. The First Civil War, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Dictator at Rome, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Retirement, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Sulla's marriages and children:, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Chronology, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Notes

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...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Wives First marriage to Cornelia Cinnilla Second marriage to Pompeia Sulla Third marriage to Calpurnia Pisonis Children Julia Caesaris with Cornelia Cinnilla Ptolemy XV Caesar (Caesarion) with Cleopatra VII, he would become an Egyptian pharaoh his adopted son Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, who became the first Roman Emperor. Grandchildren a grandson from Julia Caesaris ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Caesar's death also marked, ironically, the end of the Roman Republic, for which the assassins had struck him down. The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was immensely popular, and had been since Gaul and before, were enraged that a small group of high-browed aristocrats had killed their champion. Antony did not give the speech Shakespeare penned for him ("Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears!") but he did give a dramatic eulogy which appealed to the common people, a perfect example of what public thinking was follow ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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The scholar Francesco Carotta makes a very strong case of the possibility that Caesar's life and achievements were in fact the basis on which the life of Jesus was modelled. Carotta uses a long list of similarities between the lives of Caesar and Jesus to prove his case. He believes that the settled war veterans, who were given lands outside of Italy, brought a modified tale back to Rome, the natural seat of their god. ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the finest orators and authors of prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Among his most famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia (Marius's widow) and his Anticato, a document written to blacken Cato's reputation and respond to Cicero's Cato memorial. Unfortunately, the majority of his works and speeches have been lost. The most famous of his surviving works are: The Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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Historians place the generalship of Caesar on the level of such geniuses as Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte. Although he suffered occasional tactical defeats such as Gergovia during the Gallic War and Dyrrhachium during the Civil War, Caesar's tactical brilliance was highlighted by such feats as his circumvallation of Alesia during the Gallic War, the rout of Pompey's numerically superior forces at Pharsalus during the Civil War, and the ...

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Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar - Early life, Julius Caesar - Caesar's cursus honorum, Julius Caesar - The First Triumvirate and the Gallic War, Julius Caesar - The civil war, Julius Caesar - After the war, Julius Caesar - Assassination, Julius Caesar - Detailed account, Julius Caesar - Aftermath, Julius Caesar - Caesar as Jesus?, Julius Caesar - Caesar's literary works, Julius Caesar - Military career, Julius Caesar - Caesar's name, Julius Caesar - Caesar's family, Julius Caesar - Chronology, Julius Caesar - Honours, Julius Caesar - Notes

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With a lifetime dictatorship in his hands, Sulla was elected consul for the second time in 80 BC, but in the next year he took the decision of stepping out of every political activity and withdraw to a country villa. In this apparent quiet retreat, Sulla's purpose was to write his memoirs, but he ended up surrounded by a troupe of actors, dancers and prostitutes. Amongst them was Metrobius, a famous actor that he knew since his youth. In his last address to the senate, Sulla was keen to acknowledge him as his lifetime lover, to the dismay of ...

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Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Early years, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - The Social War, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - In the East. The First Civil War, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Dictator at Rome, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Retirement, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Sulla's marriages and children:, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Chronology, Lucius Cornelius Sulla - Notes

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