Main article: Team Lotus The company encouraged its customers to race its cars, and itself entered Formula One as a team in 1958. A Lotus Formula One car driven by Stirling Moss won the first Grand Prix for the marque in 1960. Major success came in 1963 with the Lotus 25, which - with Jim Clark driving - won Lotus its first F1 World Championship. Clark's untimely death - he crashed driving a Formula Two Lotus 48 in March 1968 after his rear tyre failed in a turn - was a severe blow to the team and to Formula One. He was the dom ...

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Lotus Cars, Lotus Cars - Formula One, Lotus Cars - Lotus models, Lotus Cars - Previous, Lotus Cars - Current, Lotus Cars - Collaborations

Read more here: » Lotus Cars: Encyclopedia II - Lotus Cars - Formula One

The first Proton car model, Proton Saga, rolled off the assembly line in Shah Alam in September 1985. The 100,000th Proton Saga was produced in January 1989. [1] In 1993, a model called Proton Wira was introduced based on the Mitsubishi Lancer/Colt. More than 220,000 units were sold between 1996 and 1998 [2]. Proton Perdana based on the Mitsubishi Eterna, was first produced in 1994, intended for higher end market. Proton Waja is the first car model designed internally by Proton. It is called Proton Impian in the UK market. The ...

See also:

Proton company, Proton company - History, Proton company - Exports

Read more here: » Proton company: Encyclopedia II - Proton company - History

Cosworth is an engine design and manufacture company founded in 1958, specialising in engines for automobile racing. The company was previously a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company, but is now owned by Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven. It supplies engines for a wide range of motorsport series, including Formula One and the World Rally Championship. In 2006, two Formula One teams will use Cosworth engines: the Williams team who will use Cosworth V8 engines, transmissions and associated electronics, and the Scuderia Toro Ros ...

Including:

• Cosworth - Corporate history
• Cosworth - Engines
• Cosworth - Association with Ford
• Cosworth - The DFV Double Four Valve
• Cosworth - The BDA series
• Cosworth - The YB series
• Cosworth - Other Formula One Engines
• Cosworth - Other Indycar Engines
• Cosworth - Road cars
• Cosworth - The Cosworth F1 car
• Cosworth - Summary of F1 engine use

Read more here: » Cosworth: Encyclopedia - Cosworth

The term lotus has a variety of uses It may refer to: Plants: The genus Lotus in the subfamily Faboideae in the family Fabaceae. The Indian or Sacred Lotus and the American Lotus of the genus Nelumbo (family Nelumbonaceae), a sacred plant of Hinduism and Buddhism. The Egyptian White Water-lily, also called Egyptian Lotus, of the genus Nymphaea (family Nymphaeaceae). The Lotus-eaters of the Odyssey are thought to have eaten a species of jujube, Ziziphus lotus;

Read more here: » Lotus: Encyclopedia - Lotus

The company first began exports to other right hand drive markets like New Zealand in the late 1980s, but it was much more successful in the United Kingdom where it was introduced in 1989. Advertised with the slogan Japanese Technology, Malaysian Style, Proton cars proved popular among budget-oriented motorists, and like Japanese and South Korean models before them, led to the demise of Eastern-bloc manufacturers such as Lada and Zastava. By the 1990s, Proton had already withdrawn from the New Zealand market after offering only the Sa ...

See also:

Proton company, Proton company - History, Proton company - Exports

Read more here: » Proton company: Encyclopedia II - Proton company - Exports

The original OHV Kent engine appeared in the 1959 Anglia with a capacity of 997cc. With a 81 mm (3.2 in) bore and 48 mm (1.9 in) stroke, it was a departure from traditional undersquare English engine design. The same engine with a longer stroke and thus larger capacity was subsequently used in the Ford Classic and Classic Capri (1340cc and 1500cc), the MkI and early MkII Cortinas (1200cc and 1500cc), and the early Corsairs. The engine is now referred to as the pre-crossflow Kent, with both the inl ...

See also:

Ford Kent engine, Ford Kent engine - Pre-Crossflow, Ford Kent engine - Lotus, Ford Kent engine - Crossflow, Ford Kent engine - Valencia, Ford Kent engine - HCS, Ford Kent engine - Endura-E, Ford Kent engine - Future, Ford Kent engine - Trivia

Read more here: » Ford Kent engine: Encyclopedia II - Ford Kent engine - Pre-Crossflow

In 1948 Chapman started with the Mk1, a modified Austin 7, which he entered privately into local racing events. With prize money won he developed the Lotus Mk2. With continuing success on through the Mk6, he began to sell kits of these cars. Over 100 Mk6 kits were sold through 1956. It was with the Mk7 in 1957 that things really took off, and indeed Caterham Cars still manufacture a version of that car today - the Caterham 7; while over the years over 90 different Lotus 7 clones, replicas, and derivatives have been offered to the public by a ...

See also:

Colin Chapman, Colin Chapman - Career, Colin Chapman - Innovations

Read more here: » Colin Chapman: Encyclopedia II - Colin Chapman - Career

Mark Thatcher attended Harrow public school, leaving in 1971 with just three O-levels. He became an articled clerk at Touche Ross, a City of London firm of Chartered Accountants but never succeded in becoming an accountant himself. In 1987, Mark Thatcher married Diane Burgdorf, the conservative Lutheran daughter of a millionaire Texas car dealer. They reportedly met at a party for D Magazine, a Dallas lifestyle publication, while Thatcher was living in Texas as a representative of the luxury automotive company Lotus Cars. They have a ...

See also:

Mark Thatcher, Mark Thatcher - Personal life, Mark Thatcher - Motor rallying career, Mark Thatcher - Business life, Mark Thatcher - Equatorial Guinea affair, Mark Thatcher - Titles

Read more here: » Mark Thatcher: Encyclopedia II - Mark Thatcher - Personal life

The first Formula 1 victory for a Lotus came at Monaco in 1960 when Stirling Moss beat the dominant Ferrari team in his privately entered Rob Walker Type 18 Lotus. The first victory of Team Lotus was in 1961 when Innes Ireland won the United States Grand Prix. There were successes in Formula 2 and Formula Junior. The road car business was doing well with the Lotus Seven and the Lotus Elite and this was followed by the Lotus Elan in 1962, during which year the entire Lotus enterprise moved to their current facilities at Hethel Norfolk. More racing success followed with the 26R, ra ...

See also:

Team Lotus, Team Lotus - 1950s - A New Presence, Team Lotus - 1960s and 70s - Dominant Force, Team Lotus - 1980s - Moderate Success, Team Lotus - 1990s - The End

Read more here: » Team Lotus: Encyclopedia II - Team Lotus - 1960s and 70s - Dominant Force

The first Elite was an ultra-light two-seater coupe, produced from 1957 to 1962. The Elite's Lotus Type 14 most distinctive feature was its highly innovative fiberglass monocoque construction, in which a stressed-skin unibody replaced the previously separate frame and body components. Unlike the contemporaneous Chevrolet Corvette, which only used fiberglass for exterior bodywork, the Elite used this glass-reinforced plastic material for the entire load-bearing structure of the car. The Elite was possibly the first car made out of composites, and certainly one ...

See also:

Lotus Elite, Lotus Elite - 1958, Lotus Elite - 1974

Read more here: » Lotus Elite: Encyclopedia II - Lotus Elite - 1958

Cosworth - Association with Ford. Cosworth has had a long relationship with Ford, which began when Cosworth first started manufacturing racing engines in 1959. These were modified versions of the 1000 cc Ford Kent engine engine for Formula Junior. Cosworth began its associating with Lotus Cars by boring the Kent out to 1340 cc for the Lotus 7. 1.5 L and 1.6 L units were developed in 1963 for use in Formula B and sports car racing, as well as for powering the Lotus Cortina. The final evolution ...

See also:

Cosworth, Cosworth - Corporate history, Cosworth - Engines, Cosworth - Association with Ford, Cosworth - The DFV Double Four Valve, Cosworth - The BDA series, Cosworth - The YB series, Cosworth - Other Formula One Engines, Cosworth - Other Indycar Engines, Cosworth - Road cars, Cosworth - The Cosworth F1 car, Cosworth - Summary of F1 engine use

Read more here: » Cosworth: Encyclopedia II - Cosworth - Engines

The first multivalve engine was built by Peugeot in 1912 for Grand Prix racing. The technology was also attempted by Bugatti, Bentley, and Stutz, but it was not until the 1970s that this technology became widespread. The first was Jensen in the 1972 Jensen Healey roadster. This used a Lotus developed version of a GM design which resulted in a 1973 cc (2.0 litre) DOHC engine that delivered 140 bhp. Others, including Cosworth (on the 1975 Chevrolet Vega's 2300 engine), Lotus Cars (on the 1976 Esprit - which used a 160 bhp version of the same e ...

See also:

Multi-valve, Multi-valve - History, Multi-valve - Modern multivalve engines

Read more here: » Multi-valve: Encyclopedia II - Multi-valve - History

The concept originated during 1963 with drawings by Ron Hickman, director of Lotus Engineering (Designer of the original Lotus Elan, as well as the Black and Decker Workmate), for a bid on the Ford GT40 project. That contract ended up going to Lola instead, so Colin Chapman chose to use Hickman's aerodynamic design (with a still ultra low for today drag coefficient of .29) as the basis for a production model to succeed the ageless Lotus 7: the Europa. < ...

See also:

Lotus Europa, Lotus Europa - History, Lotus Europa - Series 1, Lotus Europa - Type 47, Lotus Europa - Series 2, Lotus Europa - Twin Cam and TC Special, Lotus Europa - Europas for the New Millennium, Lotus Europa - Europa S - 2006

Read more here: » Lotus Europa: Encyclopedia II - Lotus Europa - History

There are many other less regular ways of forming plurals. While they may seem quirky, they usually stem from older forms of English or from foreign borrowings. English plural - Irregular Germanic plurals. The plural of a few Germanic nouns can also be formed from the singular by adding n or en, stemming from the obsolete weak declension: The word box, referring to a computer, is semi-humorously pluralized boxen in the Leet dialect. Multiple Vax computers, likewise, are sometimes called Vaxen, but multiple Unix systems are usually Unices< ...

See also:

English plural, English plural - Regular plurals, English plural - Almost-regular plurals, English plural - Irregular plurals, English plural - Irregular Germanic plurals, English plural - Irregular plurals of foreign origin, English plural - Plurals of numbers, English plural - Plurals and units of measure, English plural - Defective nouns, English plural - Nouns with multiple plurals, English plural - Plurals of symbols and abbreviations, English plural - Plurals of headless nouns, English plural - Plural to singular by back-formation, English plural - Plurals of names of peoples, English plural - Discretionary plurals

Read more here: » English plural: Encyclopedia II - English plural - Irregular plurals

The original company was founded as a British racing engine maker, based in Northampton in 1958 by Mike Costin and Keith Duckworth (1933-2005 [1]) (COStin and duckWORTH). Despite being an independent company Cosworth was supported by Ford for many years and most of the Cosworth engines were branded Ford. The company has been through a number of owners. United Engineering Industries (UEI) purchased the company in 1980; UEI were taken over by Carlton Communications in 1988. Vickers bought Cosworth in 1990. In 1998 Vickers sold the compa ...

See also:

Cosworth, Cosworth - Corporate history, Cosworth - Engines, Cosworth - Association with Ford, Cosworth - The DFV Double Four Valve, Cosworth - The BDA series, Cosworth - The YB series, Cosworth - Other Formula One Engines, Cosworth - Other Indycar Engines, Cosworth - Road cars, Cosworth - The Cosworth F1 car, Cosworth - Summary of F1 engine use

Read more here: » Cosworth: Encyclopedia II - Cosworth - Corporate history

Colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering in 1952 at Hornsea, UK. Lotus achieved rapid success with the 1953 Mk 6, and the 1954 Mk 8, the first aerodynamic sports racer. A new Formula 2 regulation was announced for 1957 and in Britain several organizers ran races for the new regulations during the course of 1956. Most of the cars entered that year were sports cars and they included a large number of Lotus 11s, the definitive Coventry Climax powered sports racer, led by the Team Lotus entries fo ...

See also:

Team Lotus, Team Lotus - 1950s - A New Presence, Team Lotus - 1960s and 70s - Dominant Force, Team Lotus - 1980s - Moderate Success, Team Lotus - 1990s - The End

Read more here: » Team Lotus: Encyclopedia II - Team Lotus - 1950s - A New Presence

The Kent was also used in the Ford Classic and Ford Capri at 1340 cc. It was in this form that the Kent was noticed by Colin Chapman of Lotus Cars. Lotus needed a compact engine for the new for 1962 Lotus Elan, and Chapman adopted the Kent block. Harry Mundy, technical editor for Autocar magazine, designed an aluminium DOHC hemi head for the Kent, thus providing Chapman with his engine; The Lotus TwinCam. It was bored to 1558 cc and produced 105 hp (78 kW). Exact dimensions were 3.25 in (82.55 mm) bore by 2.9 in (72.746 mm) stroke. ...

See also:

Ford Kent engine, Ford Kent engine - Pre-Crossflow, Ford Kent engine - Lotus, Ford Kent engine - Crossflow, Ford Kent engine - Valencia, Ford Kent engine - HCS, Ford Kent engine - Endura-E, Ford Kent engine - Future, Ford Kent engine - Trivia

Read more here: » Ford Kent engine: Encyclopedia II - Ford Kent engine - Lotus

The original company was founded as a British racing engine maker, based in Northampton in 1958 by Mike Costin and Keith Duckworth (1933-2005 [1]) (COStin and duckWORTH). Despite being an independent company Cosworth was supported by Ford for many years and most of the Cosworth engines were branded Ford. The company has been through a number of owners. United Engineering Industries (UEI) purchased the company in 1980; UEI were taken over by Carlton Communications in 1988. Vickers plc bought Cosworth in 1990. In 1998 Vickers sold the c ...

See also:

Cosworth, Cosworth - Corporate history, Cosworth - Engines, Cosworth - Association with Ford, Cosworth - The DFV Double Four Valve, Cosworth - The BDA series, Cosworth - The YB series, Cosworth - Other Formula One Engines, Cosworth - Other Indycar Engines, Cosworth - Road cars, Cosworth - The Cosworth F1 car, Cosworth - Summary of F1 engine use

Read more here: » Cosworth: Encyclopedia II - Cosworth - Corporate history

The Kent engine and its successors were used as the stock engine in Formula Ford auto racing. In europe, Formula Ford switched to the Zetec, but American Formula Ford continues to be Kent-powered. The Kent engine has also been used by other makes such as Morgan, Caterham, and Lotus. The arrival of the Duratec-E engine in the fifth generation Fiesta range has finally signalled the end of the road for the Kent engine after a 44 year career, although it is still in production as a general use ...

See also:

Ford Kent engine, Ford Kent engine - Pre-Crossflow, Ford Kent engine - Lotus, Ford Kent engine - Crossflow, Ford Kent engine - Valencia, Ford Kent engine - HCS, Ford Kent engine - Endura-E, Ford Kent engine - Future, Ford Kent engine - Trivia

Read more here: » Ford Kent engine: Encyclopedia II - Ford Kent engine - Future

There are several different rules for this. In discussing peoples whose demonym takes -man or -woman, there are three options: pluralize to -men or -women if referring to individuals, and use the root alone if referring to the whole nation, or add people. One can say "a Scots(wo)man" or "a Scot", "Scots(wo)men", "Scottish people", or "Scots," and "the Scottish" or "the Scots". (Scotch is considered old fashioned.) Several peoples have names that are simple nouns and can be pluralized: Names of peoples that end in -ese take no ...

See also:

English plural, English plural - Regular plurals, English plural - Almost-regular plurals, English plural - Irregular plurals, English plural - Irregular Germanic plurals, English plural - Irregular plurals of foreign origin, English plural - Plurals of numbers, English plural - Plurals and units of measure, English plural - Defective nouns, English plural - Nouns with multiple plurals, English plural - Plurals of symbols and abbreviations, English plural - Plurals of headless nouns, English plural - Plural to singular by back-formation, English plural - Plurals of names of peoples, English plural - Discretionary plurals

Read more here: » English plural: Encyclopedia II - English plural - Plurals of names of peoples