Lorazepam, like other benzodiazepines, can cause psychological and/or physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms are similar in character to those of alcohol and barbiturates have been observed after abrupt discontinuation, therefore, a gradual taper is recommended over a period of weeks or even months, depending on the length of time it was used and the dosage taken. The likelihood of abuse, dependence and withdrawal symptoms is substantially greater with lorazepam relative to other benzodiazepines because of its short half-life, highe ...

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

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Lorazepam is rapidly and nearly completely absorbed after any mode of application (oral, sublingual, i.m., i.v.). After i.v.-injection onset of action is within minutes and may be delayed to 30-45 minutes after oral/sublingual dose and up to 1 hour after i.m. use. The duration of action depends on the dose and is normally 6 to 12 hours. The half-life of lorazepam in patients with normal liver function is 11 to 18 hours. Therefore, 2-4 daily doses are often needed. A dose equivalent to 5 mg of diazepam is 500 micrograms (0.5 mg) of lorazepam. [1]. Other experts estim ...

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Lorazepam, Lorazepam - Indications, Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics, Lorazepam - Dosage, Lorazepam - Disadvantages, Lorazepam - Abuse, Lorazepam - Legal issues

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Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety disorders and insomnia, as well as certain types of seizures. It is sold under the brand names Ativan®, Temesta®, Tavor® (in Europe) and as generic lorazepam. It is available in tablets and as a solution for intramuscular and intravenous injections. Its formula is C15H10Cl2N2O2 and its CAS number is 846-49-1. Pharmacologically it is classified as a sedative-hypnotic, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant.Including:

• Lorazepam - Indications
• Lorazepam - Pharmacological Data and Pharmacokinetics
• Lorazepam - Dosage
• Lorazepam - Disadvantages
• Lorazepam - Abuse
• Lorazepam - Legal issues

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A sedative is a drug that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), which causes calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Sedatives may be referred to as tranquilizers, depressants, anxiolytics, soporifics, sleeping pills, downers, or sedative-hypnotics. At high doses or when they are abused, many of these drugs can cause unconsciousness and death. Sedative - Types of sedative. ...

Including:

• Sedative - Types of sedative
• Sedative - Therapeutic use
• Sedative - Sedative dependence
• Sedative - Abuse and overdoses
• Sedative - Sedatives and alcohol
• Sedative - Lookalikes
• Sedative - Sedative drugs and crime

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The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. Benzodiazepines are often used for short-term relief of severe, disabling anxiety or insomnia. Long-term use can be problematic due to the development of tolerance and dependency. They are believed to act on the GABA receptor GABAA, the activation of which dampens higher neuronal activity. They began to be widely prescribed for stress-related ailments in the 1960s and 1970s. Benzodiazepi ...

Including:

• Benzodiazepine - Members
• Benzodiazepine - Effects
• Benzodiazepine - Uses
• Benzodiazepine - Side-effects
• Benzodiazepine - Abuse and dependence
• Benzodiazepine - Intoxication
• Benzodiazepine - Legal status
• Benzodiazepine - History
• Benzodiazepine - Pharmacology
• Benzodiazepine - Reference

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Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, where new events are not transferred to long-term memory. After the onset of the disorder, the sufferer will not be able to remember anything that occurs after his attention is shifted away from one subject for more than a few seconds. Those who suffer from theoretically pure anterograde amnesia will still be able to remember memories laid down before the onset of anterograde amnesia, but will exist in a transient world where anything beyond their immediate attention-span disappears permanently from their consciousness. In reality, anterograde amnesia i ...

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• Anterograde amnesia - Famous cases
• Anterograde amnesia - Anterograde amnesia in fiction

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Amphetamine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine Class B (UK) diet suppressant ADD ADHD narcolepsy treatment-resistant depression Recreational uses: Stimulant Other uses: Used by the US military to combat fatigue and increase wakefulness CNS Stimulants MAOI use dizziness tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) sweating decrease in appetite/weight loss enhanced feelings of well-bei ...

Including:

• Amphetamine - Pharmacology
• Amphetamine - Medicinal use
• Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use
• Amphetamine - Effects of use
• Amphetamine - Physiological effects
• Amphetamine - Legal issues
• Amphetamine - Books
• Amphetamine - Notes

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Diazepam, market under brand names of: Valium, Seduxen; and in Europe Apozepam, Diapam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative, which possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Diazepam is used to treat anxiety and tension, and is the most effective benzodiazepine for treating muscle spasms. It is also used as a sedative premedication for various medical procedures, and to treat alcohol and opiate withdrawal symptoms. Occasionally, diazepam is used by military and pa ...

Including:

• Diazepam - Mode of action
• Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics
• Diazepam - Experimentation
• Diazepam - Half-Life
• Diazepam - Indications
• Diazepam - Veterinary Uses
• Diazepam - Contraindications
• Diazepam - Side effects
• Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment
• Diazepam - Interactions
• Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence
• Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment
• Diazepam - Dose Recommendations
• Diazepam - Dose Forms
• Diazepam - Recreational Use
• Diazepam - Overdose
• Diazepam - Fatal Reaction
• Diazepam - Occurrence in plants
• Diazepam - Inventor

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The side effects are predictable as they are intrinsic effects of the drug class of benzodiazepines. Knowing the relative effects of benzodiazepine types will help clinicians prescribe the most appropriate type. For example, lorazepam may not be best choice for longer term treatment in the elderly due to its stronger amnesic effects potentially aggravating forgetfulness and confusion. But then lorazepam may be a better choice for short term treatment of a younger, non-drin ...

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Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine - Members, Benzodiazepine - Effects, Benzodiazepine - Uses, Benzodiazepine - Side-effects, Benzodiazepine - Abuse and dependence, Benzodiazepine - Intoxication, Benzodiazepine - Legal status, Benzodiazepine - History, Benzodiazepine - Pharmacology, Benzodiazepine - Reference

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Trimipramine is not an abusable substance nor does it cause psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms frequently seen when treatment with Trimipramine is stopped abruptly (agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sometimes activation of mania or rebound depression) are not indicative of addiction and can be avoided by reducing the daily dose of Trimipramine gradually by approximately 25% each week. If treatment has to be stopped at once due to medical reasons, the use of a benzodiazepine (e.g. Lorazepam, Clonazepam, or Alprazolam) for a maximum of 4 ...

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Trimipramine, Trimipramine - Pharmacology, Trimipramine - Metabolism, Trimipramine - Indications, Trimipramine - Contraindications, Trimipramine - Side Effects, Trimipramine - Interactions, Trimipramine - Drug Abuse and Dependence, Trimipramine - Necessary Examinations during Treatment, Trimipramine - Dosage, Trimipramine - Parenteral Usage, Trimipramine - Usual Dosage Forms, Trimipramine - Brands, Trimipramine - References and End Notes

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Maprotiline has no potential for abuse and psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms frequently seen when treatment with Maprotiline is stopped abruptly (agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sometimes activation of mania or rebound depression) are not indicative of addiction and can be avoided by reducing the daily dose of Maprotiline gradually by approximately 25% each week. If treatment has to be stopped at once due to medical reasons, the use of a benzodiazepine (e.g. Lorazepam, Clonazepam, or Alprazolam) for a maximum of 4 w ...

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Maprotiline, Maprotiline - Pharmacology, Maprotiline - History, Maprotiline - Indications, Maprotiline - Contraindications, Maprotiline - Pregnancy and Nursing, Maprotiline - Side Effects, Maprotiline - Necessary Examinations during Therapy, Maprotiline - Suicidal Patients, Maprotiline - Drug Abuse and Dependence, Maprotiline - Other remarks, Maprotiline - Interactions, Maprotiline - Overdose, Maprotiline - Dosage, Maprotiline - Dose Forms, Maprotiline - Brand Names

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At a particular high risk are: patients with a history of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence emotionally unstable patients patients with severe personality disorders like Borderline Personality Disorder patients with chronic pain or possible other forms of physical disorders Patients from the aforementioned groups should be monitored very closely during therapy regarding signs of abuse and the development of dependence. Discontinue therapy, if any of these signs are noted. Long ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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All sedatives can be abused, but barbiturates are responsible for most of the problems with sedative abuse due to their widespread "recreational" or non-medical use, as well as over-prescribing by medical doctors. People who have difficulty dealing with stress, anxiety or sleeplessness may overuse or become dependent on sedatives. Heroin users take them either to supplement their drug or to substitute for it. Stimulant users frequently take sedatives to calm excessive jitteriness. Others take sedatives recreationally to relax and forget thei ...

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Sedative, Sedative - Types of sedative, Sedative - Therapeutic use, Sedative - Sedative dependence, Sedative - Abuse and overdoses, Sedative - Sedatives and alcohol, Sedative - Lookalikes, Sedative - Sedative drugs and crime

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Doxepin has an extremely low potential for abuse and psychological dependence (mostly noted with polytoxicomaniacs, possibly due to the strong anxiolytic action of Doxepin). Withdrawal symptoms frequently seen when treatment with doxepin is stopped abruptly (agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sometimes activation of mania or rebound depression) are not indicative of addiction and can be avoided by reducing the daily dose of Doxepin gradually by approximately 25% each week. If treatment has to be stopped at once due to medical reasons, the ...

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Doxepin, Doxepin - Pharmacology, Doxepin - Toxicology, Doxepin - Indications, Doxepin - Contraindications, Doxepin - Precautions, Doxepin - Pregnancy and Lactation, Doxepin - Side-effects, Doxepin - Suicidal Patients, Doxepin - Drug Abuse and Dependence, Doxepin - Other remarks, Doxepin - Interactions, Doxepin - Dosage, Doxepin - Overdose, Doxepin - History

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Benzodiazepines induce physical dependence and are potentially addictive. An abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepine input may result in convulsions, confusion, psychosis, or effects similar to delirium tremens. Hence, every person on long-term or high dosage of any benzodiazepine should be carefully weaned off the drug. Onset of the withdrawal syndrome might be delayed, and it might be delayed longer than the barbiturate withdrawal syndrome, although withdrawal ...

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Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine - Members, Benzodiazepine - Effects, Benzodiazepine - Uses, Benzodiazepine - Side-effects, Benzodiazepine - Abuse and dependence, Benzodiazepine - Intoxication, Benzodiazepine - Legal status, Benzodiazepine - History, Benzodiazepine - Pharmacology, Benzodiazepine - Reference

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Diazepam is often used as an adulterant in the heroin sold as street drug (so called 'street lore'). This is because diazepam amplifies greatly the euphoriant effects of heroin. Often users are not aware that they are also taking diazepam and that dependence on diazepam may have developed with chronic use leading to far greater withdrawal problems than with heroin alone. Sometimes diazepam is used by stimulant abusers to 'come down' and sleep and also by LSD users (or those using other hallucinogens) to help ease their trip without unpleasant after-effects. Generally, its recreational use is not as ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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Example 1: In the United Kingdom, amphetamines are regarded as Class B drugs. The maximum penalty for unauthorised possession is three months' imprisonment and a £2,500 fine. Example 2: In the United States, amphetamine and methamphetamine are Schedule II controlled drugs, classified as a CNS (Central Nervous System) Stimulant. A Schedule II drug is classified as one that: has a high potential for abuse, has a currently accepted medical use and is used under severe restrictions, and has a high possibility of severe ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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Amphetamines release stores of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings by converting the respective molecular transporters into open channels. Amphetamine also releases stores of serotonin from synaptic vesicles. Like methylphenidate (Ritalin) amphetamines also prevent the monoamine transporters for dopamine and norepinephrine from recycling them (called reuptake inhibition) which leads to increased amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine in synaptic clefts. These combined effects rapidly increases the concentrations of the respective neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, which promotes nerve impulse tran ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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The experimental medical use of amphetamines began in the 1920s. It was introduced in most of the world in the form of the pharmaceutical Benzedrine in the late 1920s. The drug was used by the militaries of several nations, especially the air forces, to fight fatigue and increase alertness among servicemen. After decades of reports of abuse, the FDA banned Benzedrine inhalers and limited amphetamines to prescriptio ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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