Prior to the 1970s, ambulances were staffed with advanced first-aid level responders who were frequently referred to as "ambulance drivers." There was little regulation or standardized training for those staffing these early emergency response vehicles. However, after the release of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's "White Paper" on motor vehicle fatalities, a concerted effort was undertaken to improve emergency med ...

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Paramedic, Paramedic - Issues, Paramedic - History, Paramedic - Training, Paramedic - The Future

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Many insomniacs rely on sleeping tablets and other sedatives to try to get some rest. Others use herbs such as valerian, chamomile, lavender, hops, and/or passion-flower. Some traditional remedies for insomnia have included drinking warm milk before bedtime; taking a warm bath in the evening; exercising vigorously for half an hour in the afternoon; eating a large lunch and then having only a light evening meal at least three hours before bed; avoiding mentally stimulating activities in the evening hours; and paradoxically, making sure to get up early in the ...

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Insomnia, Insomnia - Types of insomnia, Insomnia - Common causes of insomnia, Insomnia - Treatment for insomnia, Insomnia - Removing probable causes of insomnia, Insomnia - A multifaceted approach

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Trimipramine is not an abusable substance nor does it cause psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms frequently seen when treatment with Trimipramine is stopped abruptly (agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sometimes activation of mania or rebound depression) are not indicative of addiction and can be avoided by reducing the daily dose of Trimipramine gradually by approximately 25% each week. If treatment has to be stopped at once due to medical reasons, the use of a benzodiazepine (e.g. Lorazepam, Clonazepam, or Alprazolam) for a maximum of 4 ...

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Trimipramine, Trimipramine - Pharmacology, Trimipramine - Metabolism, Trimipramine - Indications, Trimipramine - Contraindications, Trimipramine - Side Effects, Trimipramine - Interactions, Trimipramine - Drug Abuse and Dependence, Trimipramine - Necessary Examinations during Treatment, Trimipramine - Dosage, Trimipramine - Parenteral Usage, Trimipramine - Usual Dosage Forms, Trimipramine - Brands, Trimipramine - References and End Notes

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Benzodiazepines induce physical dependence and are potentially addictive. An abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepine input may result in convulsions, confusion, psychosis, or effects similar to delirium tremens. Hence, every person on long-term or high dosage of any benzodiazepine should be carefully weaned off the drug. Onset of the withdrawal syndrome might be delayed, and it might be delayed longer than the barbiturate withdrawal syndrome, although withdrawal ...

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Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine - Members, Benzodiazepine - Effects, Benzodiazepine - Uses, Benzodiazepine - Side-effects, Benzodiazepine - Abuse and dependence, Benzodiazepine - Intoxication, Benzodiazepine - Legal status, Benzodiazepine - History, Benzodiazepine - Pharmacology, Benzodiazepine - Reference

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All medically-used benzodiazepines are Schedule IV in the USA under the Federal Controlled Substances Act. Flunitrazepam is treated more severely under Federal law than other benzodiazepines. For example, despite being Schedule IV like any other benzodiazepine, it is not commercially available in the United States. It also carries tougher Federal penalties for trafficking and possession than other Schedule IV drugs. With the exception of cases involving 5 grams or more of crack, flunitrazepam is the only controlled substance in which first-offense simple possession is a Federal felony. Various other countries lim ...

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Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine - Members, Benzodiazepine - Effects, Benzodiazepine - Uses, Benzodiazepine - Side-effects, Benzodiazepine - Abuse and dependence, Benzodiazepine - Intoxication, Benzodiazepine - Legal status, Benzodiazepine - History, Benzodiazepine - Pharmacology, Benzodiazepine - Reference

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Paramedic training programs can last as little as 8 months or as long as 4 years. The national average of curriculum time is 2 years. Many universities now offer four-year degrees in emergency medical services, but as a relatively young industry, professional standards and training levels are still evolving. The difference between the 4 year degree and 2 year technical training is minor. The main difference being a more "formal" college education, consisting of traditional classes in English, Math, etc. The 2 year technical training is focus ...

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Paramedic, Paramedic - Issues, Paramedic - History, Paramedic - Training, Paramedic - The Future

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Epilepsy is usually treated with medication prescribed by a physician; primary caregivers, neurologists, and neurosurgeons all frequently care for people with epilepsy. In some cases the implantation of a stimulator of the vagus nerve, or a special diet can be helpful. Neurosurgical operations for epilepsy can be palliative, reducing the frequency or severity of seizures; or, in some patients, an operation can be curative. Epil ...

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Epilepsy, Epilepsy - Causes, Epilepsy - Diagnosis, Epilepsy - Types of seizure, Epilepsy - Seizure syndromes, Epilepsy - Treatment, Epilepsy - Responding to a seizure, Epilepsy - Pharmacologic treatment, Epilepsy - Surgical Treatment, Epilepsy - Other Treatment, Epilepsy - History and Stigma, Epilepsy - Legal implications, Epilepsy - Important investigators of epilepsy

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A person can have primary or secondary insomnia. Primary insomnia is sleeplessness that is not attributable to a medical or environmental cause. Secondary insomnia means that a person is having sleep problems because of something else, such as a health condition, such as generalized anxiety disorder. The most common sleep disorders which cause insomnia are: Sleep Apnea - This is when a sleeping person's breathing is interrupted, thus interrupting the normal sleep cycle. With the obstructive form of the condition, s ...

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Insomnia, Insomnia - Types of insomnia, Insomnia - Common causes of insomnia, Insomnia - Treatment for insomnia, Insomnia - Removing probable causes of insomnia, Insomnia - A multifaceted approach

Read more here: » Insomnia: Encyclopedia II - Common causes of insomnia

Ethosuximide - Central Nervous System. drowsiness mental confusion insomnia nervousness headache euphoria ataxia hiccups impaired concentration irritability hyperactivity loss of taste night terrors paranoid psychosis increased l ...

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Ethosuximide, Ethosuximide - Adverse Effects, Ethosuximide - Central Nervous System, Ethosuximide - Gastrointestinal, Ethosuximide - Genitourinary, Ethosuximide - Hematopoietic, Ethosuximide - Integumentary, Ethosuximide - Ocular, Ethosuximide - Complications, Ethosuximide - Drug Interactions, Ethosuximide - End Notes

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Epilepsy is usually treated with medication prescribed by a physician; primary caregivers, neurologists, and neurosurgeons all frequently care for people with epilepsy. In some cases the implantation of a stimulator of the vagus nerve, or a special diet can be helpful. Neurosurgical operations for epilepsy can be palliative, reducing the frequency or severity of seizures; or, in some patients, an operation can be curative. Epil ...

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Epilepsy, Epilepsy - Diagnosis, Epilepsy - Causes, Epilepsy - Normal provocants, Epilepsy - Types of seizure, Epilepsy - Seizure syndromes, Epilepsy - Treatment, Epilepsy - Responding to a seizure, Epilepsy - Pharmacologic treatment, Epilepsy - Surgical Treatment, Epilepsy - Other Treatment, Epilepsy - History and Stigma, Epilepsy - Legal implications, Epilepsy - Important investigators of epilepsy, Epilepsy - Notes and references

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All sedatives can be abused, but barbiturates are responsible for most of the problems with sedative abuse due to their widespread "recreational" or non-medical use, as well as over-prescribing by medical doctors. People who have difficulty dealing with stress, anxiety or sleeplessness may overuse or become dependent on sedatives. Heroin users take them either to supplement their drug or to substitute for it. Stimulant users frequently take sedatives to calm excessive jitteriness. Others take sedatives recreationally to relax and forget thei ...

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Sedative, Sedative - Types of sedative, Sedative - Therapeutic use, Sedative - Sedative dependence, Sedative - Abuse and overdoses, Sedative - Sedatives and alcohol, Sedative - Lookalikes, Sedative - Sedative drugs and crime

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myasthenia gravis acute intoxications with alcohol, narcotics, and psychoactive drugs ataxia severe respiratory insufficiency acute narrow-angle glaucoma severe liver insufficiency (hepatitis and liver cirrhosis decrease elimination by a factor of 2) severe sleep apnea hypersensitivity or allergy to any drug in the benzodiazepine class children and adolescents (< 18 yrs. of age) : treatment usually not indicated, except treatment ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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Paramedics are employed by various public and private emergency services providers. These include private ambulance services (non-911), fire departments & the 9-1-1 system, hospitals, law enforcement agencies, the military, or various EMS-specific, or "third service" public safety agencies. Paramedics may respond to medical incidents in an ambulance, rescue vehicle, helicopter, fixed-wing aircraft, motorcycle, and increas ...

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Paramedic, Paramedic - Issues, Paramedic - History, Paramedic - Training, Paramedic - The Future

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At a particular high risk are: patients with a history of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence emotionally unstable patients patients with severe personality disorders like Borderline Personality Disorder patients with chronic pain or possible other forms of physical disorders Patients from the aforementioned groups should be monitored very closely during therapy regarding signs of abuse and the development of dependence. Discontinue therapy, if any of these signs are noted. Long ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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Gone are the days, at least in the urban setting, of untrained ambulance drivers. Those in need of emergency medical care have come to expect highly trained medical professionals within four to six minutes of the onset of their emergency. Rapid treatment and transport to a qualified medical facility follow the care given by paramedics in the field. Paramedics may arrive by fire truck or ambulance and may be involved in initial care and/or transportation, depending on local response strategies and funding levels. In some areas, fire departments and law enforcement agencies provide a "first response" capability, that includes use of auto ...

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Paramedic, Paramedic - Issues, Paramedic - History, Paramedic - Training, Paramedic - The Future

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After continued therapy in excess of a few weeks, diazepam should never be stopped abruptly, but withdrawn gradually. It is necessary to withdraw diazepam over a course of weeks, sometimes of months. The first 50% of the usual daily dose may be withdrawn quite rapidly, the next 25% fairly slow and the last quarter very slow to avoid unpleasant and sometimes serious withdrawal effects. Sometimes a temporary halt after withdrawal of the first 50% is indicated. ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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Diazepam is often used as an adulterant in the heroin sold as street drug (so called 'street lore'). This is because diazepam amplifies greatly the euphoriant effects of heroin. Often users are not aware that they are also taking diazepam and that dependence on diazepam may have developed with chronic use leading to far greater withdrawal problems than with heroin alone. Sometimes diazepam is used by stimulant abusers to 'come down' and sleep and also by LSD users (or those using other hallucinogens) to help ease their trip without unpleasant after-effects. Generally, its recreational use is not as ...

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Diazepam, Diazepam - Mode of action, Diazepam - Pharmacokinetics, Diazepam - Experimentation, Diazepam - Half-Life, Diazepam - Indications, Diazepam - Veterinary Uses, Diazepam - Contraindications, Diazepam - Side effects, Diazepam - Routine examinations needed under long-term treatment, Diazepam - Interactions, Diazepam - High Risk patients for abuse and dependence, Diazepam - Withdrawal procedure after long-term treatment, Diazepam - Dose Recommendations, Diazepam - Dose Forms, Diazepam - Recreational Use, Diazepam - Overdose, Diazepam - Fatal Reaction, Diazepam - Occurrence in plants, Diazepam - Inventor

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Doxepin has an extremely low potential for abuse and psychological dependence (mostly noted with polytoxicomaniacs, possibly due to the strong anxiolytic action of Doxepin). Withdrawal symptoms frequently seen when treatment with doxepin is stopped abruptly (agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sometimes activation of mania or rebound depression) are not indicative of addiction and can be avoided by reducing the daily dose of Doxepin gradually by approximately 25% each week. If treatment has to be stopped at once due to medical reasons, the ...

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Doxepin, Doxepin - Pharmacology, Doxepin - Toxicology, Doxepin - Indications, Doxepin - Contraindications, Doxepin - Precautions, Doxepin - Pregnancy and Lactation, Doxepin - Side-effects, Doxepin - Suicidal Patients, Doxepin - Drug Abuse and Dependence, Doxepin - Other remarks, Doxepin - Interactions, Doxepin - Dosage, Doxepin - Overdose, Doxepin - History

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The experimental medical use of amphetamines began in the 1920s. It was introduced in most of the world in the form of the pharmaceutical Benzedrine in the late 1920s. The drug was used by the militaries of several nations, especially the air forces, to fight fatigue and increase alertness among servicemen. After decades of reports of abuse, the FDA banned Benzedrine inhalers and limited amphetamines to prescriptio ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the synapses.[3] Vigabatrin is a racemic compound, and its [S]-enantiomer is pharmacologically active.[4],^{See also:}

Vigabatrin, Vigabatrin - Mechanism of Action, Vigabatrin - Pharmacokinetics, Vigabatrin - Uses, Vigabatrin - Approved/Clinically Proven, Vigabatrin - Unapproved/Investigational, Vigabatrin - Adverse Effects, Vigabatrin - Central Nervous System, Vigabatrin - Gastrointestinal, Vigabatrin - Body as a Whole, Vigabatrin - Teratogenicity, Vigabatrin - More on Abnormal Vision, Vigabatrin - Drug Interactions, Vigabatrin - Brand Names, Vigabatrin - References and End Notes

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Amphetamines are usually not used by athletes in sports involving extreme cardiovascular efforts, as methamphetamine and amphetamine put a great deal of additional stress on the heart. The United States Air Force uses amphetamines (Dexedrine) as stimulants for pilots, calling them "go-pills". After a mission, the Air Force issues a "no-go pill' (Ambien) to help the pilot sleep. Amphetamines have been popular among some truck drivers, construction workers, and factory workers whose jobs require long or irregular shift work or au ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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With most drugs, elimination half-life is a useful predictor of dosing schedules and the time needed to reach steady state concentrations. In the case of vigabatrin, however, it has been found that the half-life of biologic activity is far longer than the elimination half-life.[6] For vigabatrin, there is no range of target concentrations because researchers found no difference between the serum concentration levels of responders and tho ...

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Vigabatrin, Vigabatrin - Mechanism of Action, Vigabatrin - Pharmacokinetics, Vigabatrin - Uses, Vigabatrin - Approved/Clinically Proven, Vigabatrin - Unapproved/Investigational, Vigabatrin - Adverse Effects, Vigabatrin - Central Nervous System, Vigabatrin - Gastrointestinal, Vigabatrin - Body as a Whole, Vigabatrin - Teratogenicity, Vigabatrin - More on Abnormal Vision, Vigabatrin - Drug Interactions, Vigabatrin - Brand Names, Vigabatrin - References and End Notes

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