Doctors and nurses often administer sedation to patients in order to dull the patient's anxiety related to painful or anxiety-provoking procedures. Athough sedatives do not relieve pain in themselves, they can be a useful adjunct to analgesics in preparing patients for surgery, and are commonly given to patients before they are anaesthetized, or before other highly uncomfortable and invasive procedures like cardiac catheterization or MRI. They increase tractability and compliance of children or troublesome or demanding patients. Patients in intensive care units are almost always sedated (unless they a ...

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Sedative, Sedative - Types of sedative, Sedative - Therapeutic use, Sedative - Sedative dependence, Sedative - Abuse and overdoses, Sedative - Sedatives and alcohol, Sedative - Lookalikes, Sedative - Sedative drugs and crime

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Central nervous system side-effects occur. These are mainly drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, and vertigo. Early and late extrapyramidal side-effects are seen only infrequently (less than 1% altogether). There is no clear dose-effect relationship, as with higher doses anticholinergic effects of thioridazine become more prominent. Thioridazine causes also an unusual high incidence of impotence and anorgasmia due to a strong alpha-blocking activity. Painful ejaculation or ...

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Thioridazine, Thioridazine - Indications, Thioridazine - Metabolism, Thioridazine - Side Effects, Thioridazine - Discontinuation, Thioridazine - History, Thioridazine - References and End Notes

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Status epilepticus can be divided into two categories--convulsive and nonconvulsive, the latter of which is underdiagnosed. Status epilepticus - Convulsive. Epilepsia partialis continua is a variant involving hour, day, or even week-long jerking. It is a consequence of vascular disease, tumours, or encephalitis, and is drug-resistant. Generalized myoclonus is commonly seen in comatose patients following CPR and is seen by some as an indication of catastrophic damage to the neocortex.^{See also:}

Status epilepticus, Status epilepticus - Variants, Status epilepticus - Convulsive, Status epilepticus - Treatments, Status epilepticus - Benzodiazepines, Status epilepticus - Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin, Status epilepticus - Barbiturates, Status epilepticus - General Anesthetics, Status epilepticus - Lidocaine, Status epilepticus - References and End Notes, Status epilepticus - Variants, Status epilepticus - Treatments

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The most famous case of anterograde amnesia is that of HM or Henry M., the man whose lesions accidentally started the inquiry into the neurobiology of learning and memory. Oliver Sacks characterizes two individuals with anterograde amnesia in his book The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Both suffer from Korsakoff's Syndrome, which causes irreversible anterograde amnesia. The story of one patient is called "The Lost Mariner": he began forgetting everything from the end of WWII and felt certain that the date was constantly 19 ...

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Anterograde amnesia, Anterograde amnesia - Famous cases, Anterograde amnesia - Anterograde amnesia in fiction

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Main article: Barbiturates Barbiturates are drugs that acts as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to anesthesia. The following are classified as anticonvulsants: Phenobarbital (1912). See also the related drug primidone. Methylphenobarbital (1935). Known as mephobarbital in the US. No longer marketed in the UK Metharbital (1952). No longer marketed in the UK or US. Barbexaclone (1982). On ...

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Anticonvulsant, Anticonvulsant - Aldehydes, Anticonvulsant - Aromatic Allylic Alcohols, Anticonvulsant - Barbiturates, Anticonvulsant - Benzodiazepines, Anticonvulsant - Bromides, Anticonvulsant - Carbamates, Anticonvulsant - Carboxamides, Anticonvulsant - Fatty Acids, Anticonvulsant - Fructose Derivatives, Anticonvulsant - GABA Analogs, Anticonvulsant - Hydantoins, Anticonvulsant - Oxazolidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Propionates, Anticonvulsant - Pyrimidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Pyrrolidines, Anticonvulsant - Succinimides, Anticonvulsant - Sulfonamides, Anticonvulsant - Triazines, Anticonvulsant - Ureas, Anticonvulsant - Valproylamides Amide Derivatives of Valproate

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Maprotiline has no potential for abuse and psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms frequently seen when treatment with Maprotiline is stopped abruptly (agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sometimes activation of mania or rebound depression) are not indicative of addiction and can be avoided by reducing the daily dose of Maprotiline gradually by approximately 25% each week. If treatment has to be stopped at once due to medical reasons, the use of a benzodiazepine (e.g. Lorazepam, Clonazepam, or Alprazolam) for a maximum of 4 w ...

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Maprotiline, Maprotiline - Pharmacology, Maprotiline - History, Maprotiline - Indications, Maprotiline - Contraindications, Maprotiline - Pregnancy and Nursing, Maprotiline - Side Effects, Maprotiline - Necessary Examinations during Therapy, Maprotiline - Suicidal Patients, Maprotiline - Drug Abuse and Dependence, Maprotiline - Other remarks, Maprotiline - Interactions, Maprotiline - Overdose, Maprotiline - Dosage, Maprotiline - Dose Forms, Maprotiline - Brand Names

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Main article: Benzodiazepines The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsive, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. The relative strength of each of these properties in any given benzodiazepine varies greatly and influences the indications for which it is prescribed. Long-term use can be problematic due to the development of tolerance and dependency. Of the many drugs in this class, only a few are used to treat epilepsy: Clobazam (1979). Notably used on a short-term basis around menstruation in women with catamenial epilepsy. Clon ...

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Anticonvulsant, Anticonvulsant - Aldehydes, Anticonvulsant - Aromatic Allylic Alcohols, Anticonvulsant - Barbiturates, Anticonvulsant - Benzodiazepines, Anticonvulsant - Bromides, Anticonvulsant - Carbamates, Anticonvulsant - Carboxamides, Anticonvulsant - Fatty Acids, Anticonvulsant - Fructose Derivatives, Anticonvulsant - GABA Analogs, Anticonvulsant - Hydantoins, Anticonvulsant - Oxazolidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Propionates, Anticonvulsant - Pyrimidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Pyrrolidines, Anticonvulsant - Succinimides, Anticonvulsant - Sulfonamides, Anticonvulsant - Triazines, Anticonvulsant - Ureas, Anticonvulsant - Valproylamides Amide Derivatives of Valproate

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Seabrook, Jeremy (1996). In the Cities of the South:scenes from a developing world, London ; New York : Verso. ISBN 1859849865. ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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Benzodiazepines are used in many situations, depending on their pharmacokinetics. The main use of the short-acting benzodiazepines is in insomnia, while anxiety responds better to medium- to long-acting substances that will be required all day. Midazolam is mostly used as an injection for sedation before surgical procedures. ...

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Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine - Members, Benzodiazepine - Effects, Benzodiazepine - Uses, Benzodiazepine - Side-effects, Benzodiazepine - Abuse and dependence, Benzodiazepine - Intoxication, Benzodiazepine - Legal status, Benzodiazepine - History, Benzodiazepine - Pharmacology, Benzodiazepine - Reference

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Main article: Carboxamides The following are carboxamides: Carbamazepine (1965). A popular anticonvulsant that is available in generic formulations. Oxcarbazepine (1990). A derivative of carbamazepine that has similar efficacy but is better tolerated. ...

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Anticonvulsant, Anticonvulsant - Aldehydes, Anticonvulsant - Aromatic Allylic Alcohols, Anticonvulsant - Barbiturates, Anticonvulsant - Benzodiazepines, Anticonvulsant - Bromides, Anticonvulsant - Carbamates, Anticonvulsant - Carboxamides, Anticonvulsant - Fatty Acids, Anticonvulsant - Fructose Derivatives, Anticonvulsant - GABA Analogs, Anticonvulsant - Hydantoins, Anticonvulsant - Oxazolidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Propionates, Anticonvulsant - Pyrimidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Pyrrolidines, Anticonvulsant - Succinimides, Anticonvulsant - Sulfonamides, Anticonvulsant - Triazines, Anticonvulsant - Ureas, Anticonvulsant - Valproylamides Amide Derivatives of Valproate

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Main article: Hydantoins As hydantoins have a slow onset of action, they are not recommended for acute control of epilepsy. The following are hydantoins: Ethotoin (1957). Phenytoin (1938). Mephenytoin Fosphenytoin (1996). ...

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Anticonvulsant, Anticonvulsant - Aldehydes, Anticonvulsant - Aromatic Allylic Alcohols, Anticonvulsant - Barbiturates, Anticonvulsant - Benzodiazepines, Anticonvulsant - Bromides, Anticonvulsant - Carbamates, Anticonvulsant - Carboxamides, Anticonvulsant - Fatty Acids, Anticonvulsant - Fructose Derivatives, Anticonvulsant - GABA Analogs, Anticonvulsant - Hydantoins, Anticonvulsant - Oxazolidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Propionates, Anticonvulsant - Pyrimidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Pyrrolidines, Anticonvulsant - Succinimides, Anticonvulsant - Sulfonamides, Anticonvulsant - Triazines, Anticonvulsant - Ureas, Anticonvulsant - Valproylamides Amide Derivatives of Valproate

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Main article: Oxazolidinediones The following are oxazolidinediones: Paramethadione Trimethadione (1946). Ethadione ...

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Anticonvulsant, Anticonvulsant - Aldehydes, Anticonvulsant - Aromatic Allylic Alcohols, Anticonvulsant - Barbiturates, Anticonvulsant - Benzodiazepines, Anticonvulsant - Bromides, Anticonvulsant - Carbamates, Anticonvulsant - Carboxamides, Anticonvulsant - Fatty Acids, Anticonvulsant - Fructose Derivatives, Anticonvulsant - GABA Analogs, Anticonvulsant - Hydantoins, Anticonvulsant - Oxazolidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Propionates, Anticonvulsant - Pyrimidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Pyrrolidines, Anticonvulsant - Succinimides, Anticonvulsant - Sulfonamides, Anticonvulsant - Triazines, Anticonvulsant - Ureas, Anticonvulsant - Valproylamides Amide Derivatives of Valproate

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Main article: Succinimides The following are succinimides: Ethosuximide (1955). Phensuximide Mesuximide ...

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Anticonvulsant, Anticonvulsant - Aldehydes, Anticonvulsant - Aromatic Allylic Alcohols, Anticonvulsant - Barbiturates, Anticonvulsant - Benzodiazepines, Anticonvulsant - Bromides, Anticonvulsant - Carbamates, Anticonvulsant - Carboxamides, Anticonvulsant - Fatty Acids, Anticonvulsant - Fructose Derivatives, Anticonvulsant - GABA Analogs, Anticonvulsant - Hydantoins, Anticonvulsant - Oxazolidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Propionates, Anticonvulsant - Pyrimidinediones, Anticonvulsant - Pyrrolidines, Anticonvulsant - Succinimides, Anticonvulsant - Sulfonamides, Anticonvulsant - Triazines, Anticonvulsant - Ureas, Anticonvulsant - Valproylamides Amide Derivatives of Valproate

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Many insomniacs rely on sleeping tablets and other sedatives to try to get some rest. Others use herbs such as valerian, chamomile, lavender, hops, and/or passion-flower. Some traditional remedies for insomnia have included drinking warm milk before bedtime; taking a warm bath in the evening; exercising vigorously for half an hour in the afternoon; eating a large lunch and then having only a light evening meal at least three hours before bed; avoiding mentally stimulating activities in the evening hours; and paradoxically, making sure to get up early in the ...

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Insomnia, Insomnia - Types of insomnia, Insomnia - Common causes of insomnia, Insomnia - Treatment for insomnia, Insomnia - Removing probable causes of insomnia, Insomnia - A multifaceted approach

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Zonisamide and other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate, furosemide, and hydrochlorothiazide have been known to interfere with amobarbital, which has led to inadequate anesthetization during the Wada test.[18] Additionally, the metabolism of zonisamide is inhibited by ketoconazole, cyclosporin A, miconazole, fluconazole and carbamazepine in descending order.^{See also:}

Zonisamide, Zonisamide - Uses, Zonisamide - Approved, Zonisamide - Unapproved/Off-Label/Investigational, Zonisamide - Metabolism, Zonisamide - Mechanism of Action, Zonisamide - Side Effects, Zonisamide - Interactions with Other Medication, Zonisamide - References and End Notes

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In 1983, Battino et al reported that the rate of metabolism of primidone into phenobarbital was inversely related to age; the highest rates were in the oldsest patients (the maximum age being 55).[53] Martines et al reported in 1990 that, relative to the 18-26 group, subjects aged 70-81 had decreased renal clearance of primidone, phenobarbital, and PEMA, in ascending order of significance, and that there was a greater proportion of PEMA in th ...

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Primidone, Primidone - Metabolism, Primidone - Uses, Primidone - Approved Uses, Primidone - Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label Uses, Primidone - Adverse Effects, Primidone - Central Nervous System, Primidone - Autonomic Nervous System, Primidone - Cardiovascular, Primidone - Connective Tissue System, Primidone - Dermatologic, Primidone - Hematopoietic, Primidone - Hepatic, Primidone - Immunologic, Primidone - Musculoskeletal, Primidone - Pregnancy, Primidone - Effects of Age Gender and Ethnicity on the Metabolism and Elimination of Primidone, Primidone - Drug Interactions, Primidone - Availability, Primidone - Australia, Primidone - Canada, Primidone - Germany, Primidone - Ireland, Primidone - Israel, Primidone - Italy, Primidone - Japan, Primidone - Sweden, Primidone - Switzerland, Primidone - United Kingdom, Primidone - United States, Primidone - History of primidone, Primidone - References and End Notes

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Primdone interferes with the metabolism of dexamethasone to the point where its withdrawal from the regimen of a 14-year-old living in the United Kingdom made her hypercortisolemic.[55] anticoagulants--decreased effects central nervous system depressants oral contraceptives containing estrogen--increased effects other anticonvulsants--decreased effects monoamine oxidase inhibitors or MAOIs--isocarbox ...

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Primidone, Primidone - Metabolism, Primidone - Uses, Primidone - Approved Uses, Primidone - Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label Uses, Primidone - Adverse Effects, Primidone - Central Nervous System, Primidone - Autonomic Nervous System, Primidone - Cardiovascular, Primidone - Connective Tissue System, Primidone - Dermatologic, Primidone - Hematopoietic, Primidone - Hepatic, Primidone - Immunologic, Primidone - Musculoskeletal, Primidone - Pregnancy, Primidone - Effects of Age Gender and Ethnicity on the Metabolism and Elimination of Primidone, Primidone - Drug Interactions, Primidone - Availability, Primidone - Australia, Primidone - Canada, Primidone - Germany, Primidone - Ireland, Primidone - Israel, Primidone - Italy, Primidone - Japan, Primidone - Sweden, Primidone - Switzerland, Primidone - United Kingdom, Primidone - United States, Primidone - History of primidone, Primidone - References and End Notes

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Administration of alcohol, opioids, antihistamines, other sedative-hypnotics, and other central nervous system depressants will additively increase the sedation caused by pentobarbital. Tricyclic antidepressants decrease serum levels of pentobarbital. ...

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Pentobarbital, Pentobarbital - Uses, Pentobarbital - Approved, Pentobarbital - Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label, Pentobarbital - Veterinary medicine, Pentobarbital - Euthanasia, Pentobarbital - Metabolism, Pentobarbital - Drug Interactions, Pentobarbital - References and End Notes

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Amphetamine is a synthetic drug with strong stimulant effects. In the United States, it is most commonly used for treatment of attention deficit disorders and narcolepsy, but is also approved as a weight loss medication in certain cases of obesity. Within the armed forces only, it is also frequently prescribed as an anti-fatigue pill for pilots or other individuals in situations requiring vigilance and alertness. Amphetamine is also used i ...

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Amphetamine, Amphetamine - Pharmacology, Amphetamine - Medicinal use, Amphetamine - Performance enhancing use, Amphetamine - Effects of use, Amphetamine - Physiological effects, Amphetamine - Legal issues, Amphetamine - Books, Amphetamine - Notes

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Valproates can either decrease or increase the levels of ethosuximide; However, combinations of valproates and ethosuximide had a greater Protective Index than either drug alone.[3] It may elevate serum phenytoin levels. ...

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Ethosuximide, Ethosuximide - Adverse Effects, Ethosuximide - Central Nervous System, Ethosuximide - Gastrointestinal, Ethosuximide - Genitourinary, Ethosuximide - Hematopoietic, Ethosuximide - Integumentary, Ethosuximide - Ocular, Ethosuximide - Complications, Ethosuximide - Drug Interactions, Ethosuximide - End Notes

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In addition to being a sedative, valnoctamide has been investigated for use in epilepsy since 1969[6] and was still being investigated in 2000[7] and 2003. It was studied for neuropathic pain in 2005 by Winkler et al, with good results: it had minimal effects on motor coordination and alertness at effective doses, and appeared to be equally effective as gabapentin.[8]< ...

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Valnoctamide, Valnoctamide - Other Uses, Valnoctamide - Side Effects, Valnoctamide - Drug Interactions, Valnoctamide - Chirality, Valnoctamide - References and End Notes

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