Lists of office-holders

The Tetrarchy was a system established by Diocletian to facilitate effective government of the Empire. There were two senior emperors (augusti), one for the West and one for the East, and two junior sub-emperors (caesares), one for each senior emperor. When the senior emperors left office for whatever reason, the junior sub-emperors would become senior emperors and appoint their own junior sub-emperors; the retired senior emperors took the title senior augustus and were styled Patres Imperatorum et Caesar ...

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Roman Emperor Dominate, Roman Emperor Dominate - The Tetrarchy, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperors in the East, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperors in the West, Roman Emperor Dominate - Tetrarchical Relationships, Roman Emperor Dominate - End of the Tetrarchy, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperor in the East, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperor in the West, Roman Emperor Dominate - Constantinian Dynasty, Roman Emperor Dominate - Constantinian Emperors, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperor in Britannia Hispania and Gallia, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperor in Italia and Africa, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperors in the West, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperor in the East, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperors, Roman Emperor Dominate - Dynastic Relationships, Roman Emperor Dominate - Jovian, Roman Emperor Dominate - Valentinianan Dynasty, Roman Emperor Dominate - Valentinian Emperors, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperors in the West, Roman Emperor Dominate - Emperor in the East, Roman Emperor Dominate - Dynastic Relationships

Read more here: » Roman Emperor Dominate: Encyclopedia II - Roman Emperor Dominate - The Tetrarchy

List of leaders of Afghanistan - Durrani Dynasty. Emir Ahmad Shah Durrani ('Baba') (October 1747-October 16 (23?) 1772) (died) Emir Timur Shah Abdali (October 1772-1793) Emir Zaman Mirza Shah Abdali (1793-1801) (deposed) Emir Mahmud Shah (1801-1803) (deposed) Emir Shoja Shah (1803-1809) (deposed) Emir Mahmud Shah (1809-1818) (deposed & exiled) Emir Sultan Ali Shah ( ...

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List of leaders of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The First Afghan State in Qandahar, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Turkmen Rule, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The Emirate of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Durrani Dynasty, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Barakzai Dynasty, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Durrani Dynasty restored, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Barakzai Dynasty restored, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Last Emirs, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The Kingdom of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Barakzai Dynasty, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Usurping King, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Barakzai Dynasty restored, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The 1st Republic of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Dictatorship, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The Communist State Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The 2nd Republic of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The Taliban State Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - The 2nd Republic of Afghanistan Restored, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Transitional State of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, List of leaders of Afghanistan - President, List of leaders of Afghanistan - Prime Ministers of Afghanistan

Read more here: » List of leaders of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia II - List of leaders of Afghanistan - The Emirate of Afghanistan

For lists of the prehistoric kings of Sweden see Mythological kings of Sweden Semi-legendary kings of Sweden List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala. c. 970- c. 995 : Eric the Victorius (Erik Segersäll) c. 995- c. 1022 : Olof the Treasurer (Olof Skötkonung) c. 1022-1050 : Anund Jacob (Anund Jakob) - and in South Canut ...

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List of Swedish monarchs, List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Munsö or Uppsala, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Stenkil, List of Swedish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Erik, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bjällbo, List of Swedish monarchs - Regents of the Kalmar Union and Viceroys Riksföreståndare, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Wittelsbach Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Swedish monarchs - The House of Bernadotte

Read more here: » List of Swedish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Swedish monarchs - Monarchs Regents and Viceroys of Sweden

^  In 1773, the Jesuits were suppressed by Pope Clement XIV through the brief Dominus ac redemptor on July 21, 1773, executed August 16. The leaders of the order in the nations where the Papal suppression order was not enforced were known as temporary Vicars General. They were: Stanislaus Czerniewicz (October 17, 1782–October 21, 1785) Gabriel Lenkiewisz (October 8, 1785–October 21, 1798)See also:

Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Superior General of the Society of Jesus - List of Superiors General, Superior General of the Society of Jesus - Notes

Read more here: » Superior General of the Society of Jesus: Encyclopedia II - Superior General of the Society of Jesus - Notes

By country or civilization or group: Afghanistan Timeline of Afghan history Albania Timeline of Albanian history Armenia Princes, Kings and Queens of Armenia Australia Timeline of Australian history Austria House of Habsburg Britain Timeline of British history Buddhism Timeline of Buddhism Canada Timeline of Canad ...

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List of themed timelines, List of themed timelines - Cities, List of themed timelines - Cultural, List of themed timelines - Current events, List of themed timelines - Economics and Management, List of themed timelines - Fictional, List of themed timelines - History, List of themed timelines - Philosophy, List of themed timelines - Recent events, List of themed timelines - Religion, List of themed timelines - Science, List of themed timelines - Security, List of themed timelines - Social, List of themed timelines - Sports, List of themed timelines - Technology, List of themed timelines - Other

Read more here: » List of themed timelines: Encyclopedia II - List of themed timelines - History

In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia, of the Moscovian dynasty, changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state. In 1721 Peter I adopted the title Emperor (Император [Imperator]), by which he and his heirs were recognised, and which continued to be used informally as synonym of Tsar. Actually the new style was adopted precisely to underline a claim that Russia, by now a rising major power in Europe, invoking a marriage ...

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Tsar, Tsar - Etymology and spelling, Tsar - Imperium maius, Tsar - History of usage, Tsar - Bulgaria, Tsar - Russia, Tsar - Full title of Russian tsars, Tsar - Titles for Russian Tsar's family, Tsar - Notes, Tsar - Serbia, Tsar - Sources an References

Read more here: » Tsar: Encyclopedia II - Tsar - Russia

List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Political party of the councilors. List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Years in office. 31 Karl Schenk in 1895 29 Adolf Deucher in 1912 28 Giuseppe Motta in 1940 27 Wilhelm Matthias Naeff in 1875 25 Emil Welti in 1891 Eugène Ruffy in 1919 Giovanni Battista Pioda in 1882 Philipp Etter in 1959 24 Eduard Müller in 1919 22 Edmund Schulthess in 193 ...

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List of members of the Swiss Federal Council, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Table, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Statistics/trivia, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Political party of the councilors, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Years in office, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Age when elected, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Age when resigning/dying in office, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Years alive after resigning from office, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Age, List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - External link

Read more here: » List of members of the Swiss Federal Council: Encyclopedia II - List of members of the Swiss Federal Council - Statistics/trivia

In the Middle Ages, the domain of the Serbs included six territories, roughly sorted by importance: Rascia (Raška) Bosnia (Bosna) Doclea / Zeta Zahumlje / Hum Travunia (Travunja, Terbounia) Pagania / Neretvia / Frontier (Paganija, Neretva, Narenta, Krajina, Meranija) Different dynasties sometimes arose from different regions, and this list concentrates on those rulers whose fam ...

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List of Serbian monarchs, List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of medieval Serbian states, List of Serbian monarchs - Earliest rulers, List of Serbian monarchs - Vlastimirovići, List of Serbian monarchs - Vojislavljevići, List of Serbian monarchs - Vojislavljevići/Uroševići, List of Serbian monarchs - Nemanjići, List of Serbian monarchs - Lazarevići, List of Serbian monarchs - Brankovići, List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of modern Serbian states, List of Serbian monarchs - Rebel leader, List of Serbian monarchs - Princes of Serbia 1815-1882, List of Serbian monarchs - Kings of Serbia 1882-1918, List of Serbian monarchs - Sources

Read more here: » List of Serbian monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of medieval Serbian states

The original territory of the diocese first became a political unit in the reign of King William Rufus (1087-1100), who made it into the Earldom of Carlisle, which covered most of the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland. In 1133, during the reign of his successor, Henry I, a diocese was erected in the territory of the earldom, the territory being subtracted from the Diocese of Durham. This happened despite there being locally a strong Celtic element that looked to Glasgow for episcopal administration. As the first bishop, the king secured ...

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Bishop of Carlisle, Bishop of Carlisle - Early Times, Bishop of Carlisle - Tudor Period, Bishop of Carlisle - Subsequent Centuries, Bishop of Carlisle - List of the Bishops the Diocese of Carlisle England, Bishop of Carlisle - Sources

Read more here: » Bishop of Carlisle: Encyclopedia II - Bishop of Carlisle - Early Times

List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used multiple times. Name Scottish uses English uses which is greater? UK uses since 1707 union regnal numeral when next used Edward 1 6 E 2 IX< ...

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List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Background, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - List, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used multiple times, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used once in both England and Scotland, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used once in Scotland but not in England post-1066, List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - Names which have been used once in England post-1066 but not in Scotland

Read more here: » List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs - List

The Austrian Emperors had an extensive list of titles and claims: Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, of Dalmatia, of Croatia, of Slavonia, of Galicia, of Lodomeria, and of Illyria, King of Jerusalem, and so forth, Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany and of Krakau, Duke of Lorraine, of Salzburg, of Styria, of Carinthia, of Carniola and of the Bukovina, Grand Duke of Transylvania, Margrave of Mor ...

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Emperor of Austria, Emperor of Austria - Full title, Emperor of Austria - Emperors of Austria 1804-1918

Read more here: » Emperor of Austria: Encyclopedia II - Emperor of Austria - Full title

The praetorian prefect was commander of the Praetorian Guard until Constantine abolished it in 314. Praetorian prefects continued to be appointed until the reign of Heraclius, but the office developed into head of the civil and judicial administration of the empire. Under the empire the praetorians or imperial guards were commanded by one, two, or even three praefects (praefecti praetorio), who were chosen by the emperor from among the knights and held office at his pleasure. From the time of Alexander Severus the post was open to sen ...

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Praetorian prefect, Praetorian prefect - Praetorian guards commander, Praetorian prefect - List of known Guard Prefects, Praetorian prefect - Transformation to administrator

Read more here: » Praetorian prefect: Encyclopedia II - Praetorian prefect - Praetorian guards commander

List of rulers of Bavaria - Agilolfing Dynasty. (see also Bavarii) ca. 548-595 Garibald I ca. 595-610 Tassilo I ca. 610-640 Garibald II ca. 640-680 Theodo I ca. 680-717 Tassilo II ca. 717-724 Theodbert ca. 725-737 Hugbert ca. 737-749 Odilo ca. 749-788 Tassilo III List of rulers of Bavaria - Carolingian. (see also Franks) 788-814 Charlemagne, in Personal Union 814-81 ...

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List of rulers of Bavaria, List of rulers of Bavaria - Dukes of Bavaria 548-1623, List of rulers of Bavaria - Agilolfing Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Carolingian, List of rulers of Bavaria - Liutpolding Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Liudolfing Ottonian Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Liutpolding Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Liudolfing Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - House of Luxembourg, List of rulers of Bavaria - Salian Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - House of Luxembourg, List of rulers of Bavaria - Salian Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Northeim Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Welf Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Salian Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Welf Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Babenberg Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Welf Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Wittelsbach Dynasty, List of rulers of Bavaria - Electors of Bavaria 1623-1805, List of rulers of Bavaria - Kings of Bavaria 1805-1918, List of rulers of Bavaria - Minister presidents of Bavaria 1918-present, List of rulers of Bavaria - Heads of the House of Wittelsbach since 1918 not ruling, List of rulers of Bavaria - External link

Read more here: » List of rulers of Bavaria: Encyclopedia II - List of rulers of Bavaria - Dukes of Bavaria 548-1623

(From 20 October 1944 to 15 March 1945 Guatemala was governed by a military Junta consisting of Francisco Javier Arana, Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, and Jorge Toriello Garrido.) (From 29 June 1954 to 8 July 1954 Guatemala was run by a Junta headed by General Elfego Hernán Monzón Aguirre; from then until 26 July 1957 by a Junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas) (From 24 October 1957 to 26 October 1957 ...

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President of Guatemala, President of Guatemala - List of Presidents of Guatemala

Read more here: » President of Guatemala: Encyclopedia II - President of Guatemala - List of Presidents of Guatemala

The office of President of the Republic was declared after amending the Constitution of Socialist Republic of Croatia (then member of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) in summer 1990. That happened immediately after the first democratic multi-party elections, transforming the Presidency of SR Croatia. President of the Presidency of SR Croatia Franjo Tuđman was declared President of the Republic of Croatia, according to the Amendments. New Constitution of Croatia was passed on December 22, 1990. 1992 Presidential elections won by Tuđman.< ...

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Presidents of Croatia, Presidents of Croatia - Last election, Presidents of Croatia - Authority and jurisdiction, Presidents of Croatia - List of Presidents, Presidents of Croatia - Timeline

Read more here: » Presidents of Croatia: Encyclopedia II - Presidents of Croatia - Timeline

Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Origins. When the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922 it was under the terms of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. While Irish political leaders favoured the creation of a republic the treaty required, instead, that the new state would be a Dominion of the British Commonwealth under a form of constitutional monarchy. Central to the agreed system of government was to be a "Representative of the Crown". The new office was not named in the treaty, but the com ...

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Governor-General of the Irish Free State, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Governors-General of the Irish Free State 1922-1936, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Selection, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Role, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - History, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Origins, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Government of W.T. Cosgrave, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Government of Eamon de Valera, Governor-General of the Irish Free State - Abolition

Read more here: » Governor-General of the Irish Free State: Encyclopedia II - Governor-General of the Irish Free State - History

Upon Clovis' death, the kingdom was split among his four sons: Clotaire I 511-561 Childebert I 511-558 Chlodomer 511-524 Theuderic I 511-534 Theudebert I 534-548 Theudebald 548-555 Clotaire I 511-561 Clotaire (of Soissons) eventually took over the other three kingdoms after the deaths of his brothers (or their successors). After his ...

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List of Frankish Kings, List of Frankish Kings - Merovingian kings, List of Frankish Kings - Carolingians, List of Frankish Kings - For further reading

Read more here: » List of Frankish Kings: Encyclopedia II - List of Frankish Kings - Merovingian kings

For most of the country's history, Iraq's presidents have been authoritarian dictators occupying an office without a clearly designed constitutional structure. Such presidents exercised all power single-handedly, operating only with the consultation of a small cabinet. * Head of state as Chairman of the Sovereignty Council, but not technically president. ...

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President of Iraq, President of Iraq - Presidents of the Republic of Iraq, President of Iraq - Presidents of the Iraq interim governing council, President of Iraq - State Presidents of Iraq

Read more here: » President of Iraq: Encyclopedia II - President of Iraq - Presidents of the Republic of Iraq

List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers. Avitokhol (Attila) (153–453) (according to history, (445–453) Ernakh (453–603) (according to history, (453–503) over Utiguri List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons. Gostun (603–605) over Kutriguri (?–740, 803–997) At times, the reign in the Bulgar lands was split. Kubrat (605–665) over Onogunduri Batbayan (665–668) over Onogunduri Asparukh (668–701) over Utiguri Tervel (701 ...

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List of Bulgarian monarchs, List of Bulgarian monarchs - List of Bulgarian rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Legendary rulers, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Historical persons, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Byzantine rule, List of Bulgarian monarchs - Ottoman rule

Read more here: » List of Bulgarian monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Bulgarian monarchs - List of Bulgarian rulers

There are four alternative moments (and three different persons) where the Kingship of Spain is considered to begin: in 1479, when Ferdinand, already King Consort of Castile as husband of Isabel I of Castile, inherits Kingdom of Aragon at his father John II of Aragon's death. However, after this, the kingdoms became separate shortly, as Juana la Loca and Philip of Austria inherited Castile in 1504, but Aragon remained Ferdinand's; he even married again and had he produced a son, that son would have taken precedence in Aragon and ...

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List of Spanish monarchs, List of Spanish monarchs - Kings Queens of Spain, List of Spanish monarchs - House of Habsburg / House of Austria, List of Spanish monarchs - House of Bourbon, List of Spanish monarchs - House of Bonaparte, List of Spanish monarchs - House of Bourbon first restoration, List of Spanish monarchs - House of Savoy, List of Spanish monarchs - Interregnum: First Republic, List of Spanish monarchs - House of Bourbon second restoration, List of Spanish monarchs - Interregnum: Second Republic and Franco era, List of Spanish monarchs - House of Bourbon third restoration, List of Spanish monarchs - Notes

Read more here: » List of Spanish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Spanish monarchs - Kings Queens of Spain

List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts. Piast Dynasty 9th cent. — Siemowit (disputable) 9th-10th cent. — Lestko (disputable) 10th cent. — Siemomysł (disputable) 960?-992 — Mieszko I (Duke) 992-1025 — Bolesław I the Brave (King in 1025) 1025-1031 — Mieszko II Lambert (1st reign, as King) 1031-1032 — Bezprym 1032-1034 — Mieszko II Lambert (2nd reign, as Duke) 1039-1058 — Kazimierz I the RestorerSee also:

List of Polish monarchs, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Early Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Fragmentation, List of Polish monarchs - Late Piasts, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons, List of Polish monarchs - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, List of Polish monarchs - Partitions 1795-1918, List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, List of Polish monarchs - Duchy of Warsaw, List of Polish monarchs - Congress Kingdom, List of Polish monarchs - Grand Duchy of Poznań

Read more here: » List of Polish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish monarchs - Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts

From 1920 to 1958 the Prime Minister was appointed by the King of Iraq, and usually held office for a single year before being replaced. The Council of Ministers will undertake the conduct of affairs of State. It shall assemble under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, in order to decide what steps shall be taken with regard to affairs concerning more than one Ministry; and in order to deal with important matters in which the various Ministries are concerned. The Prime Minister shall submit the recommendat ...

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Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime Minister of Iraq - Royal Prime Ministers of Iraq, Prime Minister of Iraq - Republican Prime Ministers, Prime Minister of Iraq - State Prime Ministers of Iraq June 2004 –

Read more here: » Prime Minister of Iraq: Encyclopedia II - Prime Minister of Iraq - Royal Prime Ministers of Iraq