Lists of incumbents

The Ashikaga shogunate (Japanese 足利幕府, Ashikaga bakufu, 1336–1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. This period is also known as the Muromachi period and gets its name from the Muromachi area of Kyoto where the third shogun Yoshimitsu established his residence. In part because the founder of the Ashikaga shogunate, Ashikaga Takauji, did so by siding with the Emperor against the previous Kamakura shogunate, the Ashikagas shared more of the governmental author ...

Read more here: » Ashikaga shogunate: Encyclopedia - Ashikaga shogunate

Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one) is the act of renouncing and resigning from a formal office, especially from the supreme office of state. (Although in Roman law the term was applied to the disowning of a family member, as the disinheriting of a son.) A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation. Abdication - Abdications in Classical Antiquity. Among the most mem ...

Including:

• Abdication - Abdications in Classical Antiquity
• Abdication - The British Crown
• Abdication - Modern abdications
• Abdication - List
• Abdication - Notes

Read more here: » Abdication: Encyclopedia - Abdication

The President’s functions and powers are directly defined in the Constitution. In addition to those specified there, the President also discharges functions assigned to him or her in other laws. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the President and the Council of State, which must enjoy the confidence of Parliament. This principle is reflected in other provisions of the Constitution concerning the President’s functions and powers dealing with legislation, decrees, and appointment of public officials. President of Finland - ...

See also:

President of Finland, President of Finland - Election, President of Finland - Inauguration, President of Finland - Duties and powers, President of Finland - Ordering premature parliamentary elections, President of Finland - Appointing and discharging ministers, President of Finland - International relations, President of Finland - Legislation, President of Finland - Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, President of Finland - Emergency Powers, President of Finland - Decorations, President of Finland - List of Presidents of Finland, President of Finland - Living former Presidents, President of Finland - Official Residences, President of Finland - Incapacity and succession, President of Finland - Impeachment, President of Finland - The Independence Day reception, President of Finland - History, President of Finland - Pre-Presidential Heads of State

Read more here: » President of Finland: Encyclopedia II - President of Finland - Duties and powers

List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Prime Ministers during the Napoleonic invasions. ...

See also:

List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Prime Ministers before Liberalism, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Prime Ministers during the Napoleonic invasions, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - First Liberalism 1821-1828, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Absolutistic restoration, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Liberal government in exile, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Prime Ministers of the Constitutional Monarchy 1834-1910, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - First Republic 1911-1926, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Military Dictatorship 1926-1932, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Estado Novo 1932-1974, List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Third Republic since 1974

Read more here: » List of Prime Ministers of Portugal: Encyclopedia II - List of Prime Ministers of Portugal - Prime Ministers before Liberalism

List of Presidents of Ethiopia - Chairmen of the Provisional Military Administrative Council 1974-1987. Aman Mikael Andom: 12 September - 17 November 1974 Mengistu Haile Mariam: 17 November - 28 November 1974 Tafari Benti: 28 November 1974 - 3 February 1977 Mengistu Haile Mariam: 11 February 1977 - 10 September 1987 List of Presidents of Ethiopia - Presidents of Ethiopia 1987-present. Mengistu Haile Mariam: 10 September 1987 - 21 Ma ...

See also:

List of Presidents of Ethiopia, List of Presidents of Ethiopia - List of Heads of State of Ethiopia from 1974, List of Presidents of Ethiopia - Chairmen of the Provisional Military Administrative Council 1974-1987, List of Presidents of Ethiopia - Presidents of Ethiopia 1987-present

Read more here: » List of Presidents of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia II - List of Presidents of Ethiopia - List of Heads of State of Ethiopia from 1974

(partly on the territory of Estonia) Title: Elder (Vanem) (- 12th century) ...

See also:

List of Estonian rulers, List of Estonian rulers - Vaddjamå, List of Estonian rulers - Metsapoole, List of Estonian rulers - Sakala, List of Estonian rulers - Alempois, List of Estonian rulers - Harjumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Jogentagan, List of Estonian rulers - Järvamaa, List of Estonian rulers - Läänemaa, List of Estonian rulers - Mõhu, List of Estonian rulers - Nurmekund, List of Estonian rulers - Soopoolitse, List of Estonian rulers - Ugandi, List of Estonian rulers - Vaiga, List of Estonian rulers - Virumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Hiiumaa, List of Estonian rulers - Revala, List of Estonian rulers - Saaremaa, List of Estonian rulers - Kievan Rus', List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Denmark, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Dorpat, List of Estonian rulers - Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, List of Estonian rulers - Livonian Order, List of Estonian rulers - Kindom of Poland, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - Rzeczpospolita, List of Estonian rulers - Dynastia Jagiellonów, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Sweden, List of Estonian rulers - House of Vasa, List of Estonian rulers - House of Pfalz, List of Estonian rulers - House of Hesse, List of Estonian rulers - Kingdom of Livonia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Oldenburg, List of Estonian rulers - Muscovy, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russia, List of Estonian rulers - House of Romanov, List of Estonian rulers - Russian Provisional Government 1917, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Velise, List of Estonian rulers - German State, List of Estonian rulers - Hohenzollern, List of Estonian rulers - Estland, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Republic of Naissaar, List of Estonian rulers - Republic of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Baltic Duchy, List of Estonian rulers - Commune of the Working People of Estonia, List of Estonian rulers - Estonian SSR, List of Estonian rulers - Soviet Union, List of Estonian rulers - Great-German State

Read more here: » List of Estonian rulers: Encyclopedia II - List of Estonian rulers - Vaddjamå

1) In 1933 Austria's democratic institutions were overthrown and replaced by a dictatoric government, the so-called Austrian-fascist regime, of which Engelbert Dollfuß and Kurt Schuschnigg were dominating figures. 2) Due to pressure of nationalsocialist Germany the last Austrian president Wilhelm Miklas relunctantly appointed Seyß-Inquart as chancellor. Sey ...

See also:

Chancellor of Austria, Chancellor of Austria - Appointment, Chancellor of Austria - First Republic 1918-1938, Chancellor of Austria - Second Republic since 1945

Read more here: » Chancellor of Austria: Encyclopedia II - Chancellor of Austria - First Republic 1918-1938

The last Chairman of Foreign Relations, Justo José de Urquiza, organized a constitutional convention that composed the Constitution of 1853. This constitution resuscitated the figure of the President, and the presidents elected hereafter are often described as 'constitutional presidents', as they portray the presidential figure as described by the constitution that, through its amendments, is till effective in Argentina to this day. In the Battle of Pavón, the rivalry between the Argentine Republic and the State of Buenos Aires was ...

See also:

List of Presidents of Argentina, List of Presidents of Argentina - After Independence, List of Presidents of Argentina - The first Presidential Government, List of Presidents of Argentina - The Argentine Confederation, List of Presidents of Argentina - The Argentine Republic, List of Presidents of Argentina - Affiliations

Read more here: » List of Presidents of Argentina: Encyclopedia II - List of Presidents of Argentina - The Argentine Republic

Portugal originated as a different political and national entity in the 9th century, when the first County of Portugal was established by Vímara Peres just after the reconquista of Northern Portugal from the Moors, who ruled very briefly in this area. Portugal at that time was just an area between the Minho and Douro rivers in today's Northern Portugal. The Iberic political and genealogical forerunners of the Portuguese throne were some of the following: Kings of the Visigoths Suebi Kings of Gallaecia M ...

See also:

List of Portuguese monarchs, List of Portuguese monarchs - Historical roots of the Monarchy, List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Vímara Peres, List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Burgundy, List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Burgundy or Afonsine Dynasty 1143-1383, List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Aviz or Joannine Dynasty 1385-ca. 1580, List of Portuguese monarchs - Portuguese House of Habsburg or Philippine Dynasty 1580-1640, List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Braganza or Brigantine Dynasty 1640-1910, List of Portuguese monarchs - Braganza-Saxe-Coburg-Gotha or Braganza-Wettin branch

Read more here: » List of Portuguese monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Portuguese monarchs - Historical roots of the Monarchy

List of Leonese monarchs - Pérez Dynasty. Ordoño I (850–866) Alfonso III the Great (866–910) García I (910–914) Ordoño II (914–924), also the king of Galicia from 910 Fruela II (924–925), also the king of Galicia from 924 and of Asturias from 910 Alfonso IV the Monk (925–931), died 933 Ramiro II (931–951) Ordoño III (951–956) Sancho I the Fat (956–958) Ordoño IV the Wicked (958–960) Sancho I t ...

See also:

List of Leonese monarchs, List of Leonese monarchs - Kings of León, List of Leonese monarchs - Pérez Dynasty, List of Leonese monarchs - Jiménez Dynasty, List of Leonese monarchs - House of Burgundy, List of Leonese monarchs - House of Trastámara

Read more here: » List of Leonese monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Leonese monarchs - Kings of León

During the Heian period of Japanese history, the Hokke managed to establish a hereditary claim to the position of regent, either for an underage emperor (sesshō) or for an adult one (kampaku). Some prominent Fujiwaras occupied these positions more than once, and for more than one emperor. Lesser members of the Fujiwara were court nobles, provincial governors and vice governors, members of the provincial aristocracy, and samurai. The Fujiwara was one of the four great families that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian P ...

See also:

Fujiwara family, Fujiwara family - Asuka/Nara period, Fujiwara family - Heian period, Fujiwara family - Fujiwara regime in the Heian period, Fujiwara family - Descent, Fujiwara family - Fission, Fujiwara family - Regents

Read more here: » Fujiwara family: Encyclopedia II - Fujiwara family - Heian period

Because of the First World War, king Albert I decided in 1920 to no longer use the name Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as the official family name of the Belgian royal family. The decision was done in silence and not enacted in an official royal decree. Therefore there is still some confusion in other countries and even in Belgium that Saxe-Coburg Gotha still is the family name used by the Belgian royals. The family name was changed to van België, de Belgique and von Belgien. As Belgium is a country with three official langua ...

See also:

Belgian monarchy, Belgian monarchy - Names of the Belgian Royal House, Belgian monarchy - Other members of the Belgian Royal Family

Read more here: » Belgian monarchy: Encyclopedia II - Belgian monarchy - Names of the Belgian Royal House

Probably the most famous abdication in recent memory is that of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom in 1936. Edward abdicated the British throne in order to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson, over the objections of the British establishment, the governments of the Commonwealth, the royal family and the Church of England. (See Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII.) This was also the first time in history that the British crown was surrendered entirely voluntarily. Richard II of England, for example, was forced to abdicate after the throne was seized by his cousin, Henry Bo ...

See also:

Abdication, Abdication - Abdications in Classical Antiquity, Abdication - The British Crown, Abdication - Modern abdications, Abdication - List, Abdication - Notes

Read more here: » Abdication: Encyclopedia II - Abdication - The British Crown

List of Castilian monarchs - Elective Counts. These counts were not hereditary, they were the representatives of the Asturian king in the eastern march of his realm. Rodrigo (850-873) Diego Rodríguez Porcelos (873-885) Several counties until 932 Nuño Núñez I de Castrogeriz (889-909) Nuño Núñez II de Amaya (909-915) Ferdinand Díaz (909-923) Gonzalo Fernández de Lara (912-920), father of Fernán González (see below) Nuño ...

See also:

List of Castilian monarchs, List of Castilian monarchs - Counts of Castile, List of Castilian monarchs - Elective Counts, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Lara, List of Castilian monarchs - Kings of Castile, List of Castilian monarchs - Jiménez Dynasty, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Burgundy, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Trastámara

Read more here: » List of Castilian monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Castilian monarchs - Counts of Castile

During the Heian period of Japanese history, the Hokke managed to establish a hereditary claim to the position of regent, either for an underage emperor (sesshō) or for an adult one (kampaku). Some prominent Fujiwaras occupied these positions more than once, and for more than one emperor. Lesser members of the Fujiwara were court nobles, provincial governors and vice governors, members of the provincial aristocracy, and samurai. The Fujiwara was one of the four great families that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian P ...

See also:

Fujiwara family, Fujiwara family - Nara period, Fujiwara family - Heian period, Fujiwara family - Fujiwara regime in the Heian period, Fujiwara family - Descent, Fujiwara family - Fission, Fujiwara family - Regents

Read more here: » Fujiwara family: Encyclopedia II - Fujiwara family - Heian period

List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Vímara Peres. The bases of the Portuguese nationality lie in 868 when Alfonso III of Leon gave Vímara Peres the lands between the Minho and Douro rivers, in the south of Galicia. In the period of Reconquista Vímara ruled over a County named after the city of Portucale (today's Porto) and based in Guimarães. The First County of Portugal would last for two centuries when the last count, Nuno Mendes, lost the Battle of Pedroso to Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal, so ...

See also:

List of Portuguese monarchs, List of Portuguese monarchs - County of Portugal, List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Vímara Peres, List of Portuguese monarchs - House of Burgundy, List of Portuguese monarchs - 1st Dynasty: Dynasty of Burgundy or Afonsine Royal House of Burgundy, List of Portuguese monarchs - 2nd Dynasty: Dynasty of Aviz or Joaninne Dynasty Royal House of Aviz, List of Portuguese monarchs - 3rd Dynasty: Philippine Castilian of Habsburg Dynasty Royal House of Habsburg - Personal union with Spain, List of Portuguese monarchs - 4th Dynasty: Dynasty of Braganza or Brigantine Dynasty Royal House of Braganza, List of Portuguese monarchs - Braganza-Saxe-Coburg-Gotha or Braganza-Wettin branch

Read more here: » List of Portuguese monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Portuguese monarchs - County of Portugal

Although the emperor has been a symbol of continuity with the past, the degree of power exercised by the emperor of Japan has varied considerably throughout Japanese history. The earliest emperors recorded in Kojiki and Nihonshoki, such as Emperor Jimmu, are considered today to have no historical credibility. Historians think the first emperor who existed historically was Emperor Ōjin, but the time of his reign is uncertain. These two books state that the imperial house maintained a continuous lineage, though today some historians believe t ...

See also:

Emperor of Japan, Emperor of Japan - Roles, Emperor of Japan - History, Emperor of Japan - Post World War II, Emperor of Japan - Marriage traditions, Emperor of Japan - Naming, Emperor of Japan - Succession, Emperor of Japan - Origin

Read more here: » Emperor of Japan: Encyclopedia II - Emperor of Japan - History

Probably the most famous abdication in recent memory is that of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom in 1936, who abdicated the British throne in order to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson, over the objections of the British establishment, the governments of the Commonwealth, the royal family and the Church of England. (See Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII.) This was also the first time in history that the British crown was surrendered entirely voluntarily. Richard II of England, for example, was forced to abdicate after the throne was seized by his cousin, Henry Bo ...

See also:

Abdication, Abdication - Abdications in Classical Antiquity, Abdication - The British Crown, Abdication - Modern abdications, Abdication - List, Abdication - Notes

Read more here: » Abdication: Encyclopedia II - Abdication - The British Crown

Article 85 (1) The King's constitutional powers are hereditary through the direct, natural, and legitimate descent from H.M. Leopold, Georges, Chretien, Frederic of Saxony-Coburg, by order of primogeniture. (2) The successor described in Paragraph (1) shall be deprived of his rights to the crown, if he marries without the King's consent or, in the absence thereof, without the consent of those exercising the King's powers in cases provided for by the Constitution. (3) His lost right may nonetheless be re-established by ...

See also:

Line of succession to the Belgian Throne, Line of succession to the Belgian Throne - Constitutional succession law, Line of succession to the Belgian Throne - List of succession

Read more here: » Line of succession to the Belgian Throne: Encyclopedia II - Line of succession to the Belgian Throne - Constitutional succession law

List of Castilian monarchs - Jiménez Dynasty. Ferdinand I the Great (1035-1065) Sancho II the Strong (1065-1072), also king of León (1072) Alfonso VI the Brave (1072-1109), also king of León (1072-1109) Urraca (1109-1126), also king of León (1109-1126) List of Castilian monarchs - House of Burgundy. The follow dynasts are descendants, in the male line, of Urraca's husband, Raymond of Burgundy, himself a Capetian. Alfonso ...

See also:

List of Castilian monarchs, List of Castilian monarchs - Counts of Castile, List of Castilian monarchs - Elective Counts, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Lara, List of Castilian monarchs - Kings of Castile, List of Castilian monarchs - Jiménez Dynasty, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Burgundy, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Trastámara

Read more here: » List of Castilian monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Castilian monarchs - Kings of Castile