List of walls

A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. Most commonly, a wall separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or delineates a space in the open air. There are three principal types of structural walls: building walls, exterior boundary walls, and retaining walls. usually people who build walls have no idea what they are doing and as in the case of those three little piggys, walls can b ...

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A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose vast regions. Walls are usually made of stone or clay and are generally as tall as a man's own height, although oftentimes much taller. Depending ...

Including:

• Defensive wall - History
• Defensive wall - Composition
• Defensive wall - Decline
• Defensive wall - Modern Era
• Defensive wall - Africa
• Defensive wall - Austria
• Defensive wall - Azerbaijan
• Defensive wall - Canada
• Defensive wall - China
• Defensive wall - Croatia
• Defensive wall - France
• Defensive wall - Germany
• Defensive wall - Greece
• Defensive wall - Hungary
• Defensive wall - Israel
• Defensive wall - Ireland
• Defensive wall - Middle East
• Defensive wall - Morocco and Western Sahara
• Defensive wall - the Netherlands
• Defensive wall - Philippines
• Defensive wall - Poland
• Defensive wall - Spain
• Defensive wall - Sweden
• Defensive wall - Turkey
• Defensive wall - United Kingdom
• Defensive wall - United States

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The Berlin Wall (German: Die Berliner Mauer) was a long barrier separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the surrounding territory of East Germany. The East German authorities called it the "antifaschistischer Schutzwall" (Anti-Fascist Protection Wall). Its purpose was to restrict access between West Berlin and East Germany. It was built in 1961 and fortified over the years, but was opened to unrestricted transit on November 9, 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished. Berlin Wall - BackgroundIncluding:

• Berlin Wall - Background
• Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall
• Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked
• Berlin Wall - The Wall years
• Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall
• Berlin Wall - Celebrations
• Berlin Wall - Aftermath

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The impetus for the creation of the Berlin Wall came from East German leader Walter Ulbricht, approved by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev but with conditions imposed. Ulbricht's proposal for a second air blockade was refused, and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of barbed wire. If the Allies challenged the barbed-wire barrier, the East Germans were to fall ...

See also:

Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Walls ears, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

Read more here: » Berlin Wall: Encyclopedia II - Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall

A defensive wall on the northern border was built and maintained by several dynasties at different times in Chinese history. There have been five major walls: 208 BC (Qin Dynasty) 1st century BC (Han Dynasty) 7th century CE (Sui Dynasty) 1138 - 1198 (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period) 1368 - 1640 (from Hongwu Emperor until Wanli Emperor of the Ming Dynasty) The first major wall was built during the reign of the First Emperor, the main emperor of the short-lived Qin dynasty. ...

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Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

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Separation barrier - China Hong Kong and Macau. Hong Kong and Macau maintain controlled borders with the People's Republic of China even after the return of PRC sovereignty in 1997 and 1999 respectively. Under the operating principle of "One country, two systems", the two Special Administrative Regions maintain independent customs and immigration policies. Both territories border the province of Guangdong. Hong Kong has a border stretching 32 km with Mainland China (Shenzhen Special Economic Zone) th ...

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Separation barrier, Separation barrier - Current barriers, Separation barrier - China Hong Kong and Macau, Separation barrier - Cyprus, Separation barrier - India, Separation barrier - Ireland, Separation barrier - Israel, Separation barrier - Korea, Separation barrier - Morocco, Separation barrier - Saudi Arabia, Separation barrier - Spain, Separation barrier - Thailand, Separation barrier - United Kingdom, Separation barrier - United Nations, Separation barrier - United States, Separation barrier - Historical barriers

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Construction started in 122 and was largely completed within ten years, with soldiers from all three of the occupying Roman legions participating in the work. The route chosen largely paralleled the nearby Stanegate road from Carlisle to Corbridge, which was already defended by a limes and several auxiliary forts, including Vindolanda. The initial plan called for a ditch and wall with 80 small, gated milecastle forts every Roman mile holding a few dozen troops each, and pairs of intermediate turrets used for observation and signalling ...

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Hadrian's Wall, Hadrian's Wall - Route, Hadrian's Wall - Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Construction, Hadrian's Wall - Garrison, Hadrian's Wall - After Hadrian, Hadrian's Wall - Other fortifications, Hadrian's Wall - In fiction

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At its simplest, a defensive wall consists of a wall enclosure and its gates. For the most part, the top of the walls were accessible, with the outside of the walls having tall parapets with embrasures or merlons. North of the Alps, this passageway at the top of the walls occasionally had a roof. In addition to this, many different enhancements were made over the course of the centuries: City ditch: a ditch dug in front of the walls, occasionally filled with water. Gate tower: a tower built next to, or on top of ...

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Defensive wall, Defensive wall - History, Defensive wall - Composition, Defensive wall - Decline, Defensive wall - Modern Era, Defensive wall - Africa, Defensive wall - Austria, Defensive wall - Azerbaijan, Defensive wall - Canada, Defensive wall - China, Defensive wall - Croatia, Defensive wall - France, Defensive wall - Germany, Defensive wall - Greece, Defensive wall - Hungary, Defensive wall - Israel, Defensive wall - Ireland, Defensive wall - Middle East, Defensive wall - Morocco and Western Sahara, Defensive wall - the Netherlands, Defensive wall - Philippines, Defensive wall - Poland, Defensive wall - Spain, Defensive wall - Sweden, Defensive wall - Turkey, Defensive wall - United Kingdom, Defensive wall - United States

Read more here: » Defensive wall: Encyclopedia II - Defensive wall - Composition

At its simplest, a defensive wall consists of a wall enclosure and its gates. For the most part, the top of the walls were accessible, with the outside of the walls having tall parapets with embrasures or merlons. North of the Alps, this passegeway at the top of the walls even had a roof. Occasionally, instead of a passageway, loose rocks were placed on top of the wall - these warned the defenders when the assailants were trying to climb the walls. Examples of this can be found in the fortif ...

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Defensive wall, Defensive wall - History, Defensive wall - Composition, Defensive wall - Decline, Defensive wall - Modern Era, Defensive wall - Africa, Defensive wall - Austria, Defensive wall - Azerbaijan, Defensive wall - Canada, Defensive wall - China, Defensive wall - Croatia, Defensive wall - France, Defensive wall - Germany, Defensive wall - Greece, Defensive wall - Hungary, Defensive wall - Israel, Defensive wall - Ireland, Defensive wall - Middle East, Defensive wall - Morocco and Western Sahara, Defensive wall - the Netherlands, Defensive wall - Philippines, Defensive wall - Poland, Defensive wall - Spain, Defensive wall - Sweden, Defensive wall - Turkey, Defensive wall - United Kingdom, Defensive wall - United States

Read more here: » Defensive wall: Encyclopedia II - Defensive wall - Composition

Separation barrier - China Hong Kong and Macau. Hong Kong and Macau maintain controlled borders with the People's Republic of China even after the return of PRC sovereignty in 1997 and 1999 respectively. Under the operating principle of "One country, two systems", the two Special Administrative Regions maintain independent customs and immigration policies. Both territories border the province of Guangdong. Hong Kong has a border stretching 32 km with Mainland China (Shenzhen Special Economic Zone) th ...

See also:

Separation barrier, Separation barrier - Current barriers, Separation barrier - China Hong Kong and Macau, Separation barrier - Cyprus, Separation barrier - India, Separation barrier - Ireland, Separation barrier - Israel, Separation barrier - Korea, Separation barrier - Morocco, Separation barrier - Saudi Arabia, Separation barrier - Spain, Separation barrier - Thailand, Separation barrier - United Kingdom, Separation barrier - United Nations, Separation barrier - United States, Separation barrier - Separation barriers in history

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The impetus for the creation of the Berlin Wall came from East German leader Walter Ulbricht, who sought the approval of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev for its construction. Khrushchev agreed, but imposed strict conditions. Ulbricht's proposal for a second air blockade was refused, and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of barbed wire. If the Allies challenged the barbed-wire barrier, the East Germans were to fall ...

See also:

Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Wall years, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

Read more here: » Berlin Wall: Encyclopedia II - Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall

The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the central belt of Scotland. Construction of the Antonine Wall began in 142 CE during the reign of Antoninus Pius, and was completed in 144. The wall stretches 60 kilometres (37 miles) from Old Kirkpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde to Bo'ness, Falkirk, on the Firth of Forth. The wall was intended to replace Hadrian's Wall 160 km (100 miles) to the south, as the frontier of Britannia, but while the Romans did es ...

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The materials used are those available near the site of construction. Near Beijing the wall is constructed from quarried limestone blocks. In other locations it may be quarried granite or fired brick. Where such materials are used, two finished walls are erected with packed earth and rubble fill placed in between with a final paving to form a single unit. In some areas the blocks were cemented with a mixture of sticky rice and egg whites. In the extreme western desert locations, where good materials are scarce, the wall was constructed from dirt rammed ...

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Great Wall of China, Great Wall of China - History, Great Wall of China - Condition, Great Wall of China - Walls, Great Wall of China - Watchtowers and Barracks, Great Wall of China - Materials, Great Wall of China - Specialized defense weapons, Great Wall of China - Recognition, Great Wall of China - Notes, Great Wall of China - More Photos

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Defensive walls are an evolved form of the palisades and other defensive measure employed to protect early settlements. From very early history to modern times, walls have been a near necessity for every city. Exceptions were few - notably, ancient Rome did not have a wall for a long time, choosing to rely on its legions for defense instead. In Central Europe, the Celts built large fortified settlements known as oppida, whose walls seem partially influenced by those built in the Mediterranean. The fortifications were continuously expanded and improved, until the Celts were dri ...

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Defensive wall, Defensive wall - History, Defensive wall - Composition, Defensive wall - Decline, Defensive wall - Modern Era, Defensive wall - Africa, Defensive wall - Austria, Defensive wall - Azerbaijan, Defensive wall - Canada, Defensive wall - China, Defensive wall - Croatia, Defensive wall - France, Defensive wall - Germany, Defensive wall - Greece, Defensive wall - Hungary, Defensive wall - Israel, Defensive wall - Ireland, Defensive wall - Middle East, Defensive wall - Morocco and Western Sahara, Defensive wall - the Netherlands, Defensive wall - Philippines, Defensive wall - Poland, Defensive wall - Spain, Defensive wall - Sweden, Defensive wall - Turkey, Defensive wall - United Kingdom, Defensive wall - United States

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The fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city, and the M-Bahn, a maglev-like system connecting three metro stations over 1.6 km (1 mile), was demolished just months after its official opening in July 1991 as its track area was desperately needed for new west-east connections. Little is left of the Wall in Berlin. The Wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere, except for three locations: one section of 80 meters near Potsdamer Platz (see picture), a second longer one along the Spree River near t ...

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Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Walls ears, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

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The Wall was over 155 km (96 miles) long. In June 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (100 yards) further in, with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated. An empty No Man's Land was created between the two barriers, which became widely known as the "death strip". It was paved with raked gravel, making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees; it offered no cover; it was mined and booby-trapped with tripwires; and, most importantly, it of ...

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Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Walls ears, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

Read more here: » Berlin Wall: Encyclopedia II - Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked

On August 23, 1989, Hungary removed its border restrictions with Austria, and in September more than 13,000 East Germans escaped through Hungary. Mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began in the autumn of 1989. The leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, resigned on October 18, 1989. He was briefly replaced by a successor, Egon Krenz, a few days later. The new Krenz government decided to allow East Berliners to apply for visas to travel to West Germany. However, Günter Schabowski, the East German Minister of Pr ...

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Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Walls ears, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

Read more here: » Berlin Wall: Encyclopedia II - Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall

On Christmas Day, December 25, 1989 Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall, including Beethoven's 9th symphony (Ode to Joy) with the chorus' word "Joy" (Freude) changed to "Freedom" (Freiheit). Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd concert The Wall in Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990, with guests including The Scorpions, Bryan Adams, and Van Morrison. Also, David Hasselhoff performed his song "Looking for Freedom", which was very popular in Germany at that time, standing on the Berlin wall. David Hasselhoff has later (probably not even jokingly) told reporters that he "helped ...

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Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Walls ears, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

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See main article: History of Berlin Germany's capital, Berlin, was captured by the Soviet army during the last months of World War II. Thereafter, Germany as a country was divided into four occupation "zones", each controlled by one of the four major Allied powers. As the capital, Berlin was also divided by the Allies into four sectors, although Berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the Soviet sector of Germany. Thus the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France each had a portion of both the country ...

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Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Walls ears, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

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During the Wall's existence there were around 5,000 successful escapes into West Berlin; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured. Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line. These quickly ended. Other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long (475 feet) tunnel dug by West Berliners, on October 3, 4 and 5, 1964; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways (one by two ...

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Berlin Wall, Berlin Wall - Background, Berlin Wall - Construction of the Wall, Berlin Wall - How the Wall worked, Berlin Wall - The Walls ears, Berlin Wall - The fall of the Wall, Berlin Wall - Celebrations, Berlin Wall - Aftermath

Read more here: » Berlin Wall: Encyclopedia II - Berlin Wall - The Walls ears