Pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee Peponapis pruinosa, but this bee has declined, probably due to pesticide sensitivity, and most commercial plantings are pollinated by honeybees today. One hive per acre (4,000 m² per hive) is recommended by the US Department of Agriculture. Gardeners with a shortage of bees, however, often have to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full development. Often there is an opportunistic fungus that the gardener blames for the abortion, but the solution to this problem of abortion tends to be be ...

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Pumpkin, Pumpkin - Pumpkins and squashes, Pumpkin - Cultivation, Pumpkin - Cooking, Pumpkin - Chunking, Pumpkin - Pumpkin seeds, Pumpkin - Pumpkin trivia

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When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, baked and roasted, or made into various kinds of pie, alone or mixed with other fruit; while small and green it may be eaten in the same way as the vegetable marrow. Pumpkin soup Pumpkin pie Mashed pumpkin ...

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Pumpkin, Pumpkin - Pumpkins and squashes, Pumpkin - Cultivation, Pumpkin - Cooking, Pumpkin - Chunking, Pumpkin - Pumpkin seeds, Pumpkin - Pumpkin trivia

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The hulless or semi-hulless seeds of pumpkins are eaten as a snack, similar to the sunflower seed. In Latin America these are often greenish in color and known as pepitas. One of the typical pumpkin products of Austria is pumpkin seed oil. ...

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Pumpkin, Pumpkin - Pumpkins and squashes, Pumpkin - Cultivation, Pumpkin - Cooking, Pumpkin - Chunking, Pumpkin - Pumpkin seeds, Pumpkin - Pumpkin trivia

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Although most people are familiar only with the fruit, which in culinary terms is a vegetable, the root, stem, seeds, and leaves are all edible. The fruit, which does not need to be peeled, can be added, raw, to salads, stuffed, mashed, baked, fried, boiled or pickled. Both the fruit and the seed are rich in amino acids and vitamin C. The tuberous part of the root is starchy and is both eaten by humans and used as cattle fodder. The leaves and fruit have diuretic, cardiovascular and anti-inflamatory properties, and a tea made from the leaves has been used in the treatment of arterioscl ...

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Chayote, Chayote - Origin and distribution, Chayote - Description, Chayote - Culinary and medicinal uses, Chayote - Alternate names

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List of fruits - Melons and other members of Cucurbitaceae or Solanaceae family. Some exceptions to the statement that temperate fruits grow on woody perennials are: Gourds, including, but not limited to: Hubbard squash, Buttercup squash (Cucurbita maxima) Cushaw squash (Cucurbita mixta) Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Pumpkins, Acorn squash, Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) Horned melon (Cucumis metuliferusSee also:

List of fruits, List of fruits - Temperate fruits, List of fruits - Rosaceae family, List of fruits - Berries, List of fruits - Fruits of Asian origin, List of fruits - Fruits of American origin, List of fruits - Cacti and other succulents, List of fruits - Podocarps, List of fruits - Herbaceous annuals fruits, List of fruits - Melons and other members of Cucurbitaceae or Solanaceae family, List of fruits - Accessory fruits, List of fruits - Vegetables, List of fruits - Mediterranean and subtropical fruits, List of fruits - Tropical fruits, List of fruits - Inedible fruit

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Albanian Al - Albanian (Tosk/Gheg) Anatolian H - Hittite, Ly - Lycian Armenian A - Armenian (Old Armenian/Eastern/Western) Baltic B - Eastern Baltic (Lithuanian/Latvian), OPr - Old Prussian Celtic C - Gaulish, Ir - Irish (Old Irish/Irish), We - Welsh Germanic D - German (Old High German/German), E - English (Old English/English), ON - Old Nor ...

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List of common Indo-European roots, List of common Indo-European roots - Abbreviations used in the rest of this document, List of common Indo-European roots - Pronouns, List of common Indo-European roots - Numerals, List of common Indo-European roots - Directions, List of common Indo-European roots - Nouns, List of common Indo-European roots - Kinship, List of common Indo-European roots - Body parts, List of common Indo-European roots - Body organs, List of common Indo-European roots - Human feelings and qualities, List of common Indo-European roots - Celestial terms, List of common Indo-European roots - Times of day, List of common Indo-European roots - Seasons, List of common Indo-European roots - Atmosphere, List of common Indo-European roots - Wholeness, List of common Indo-European roots - Terrain, List of common Indo-European roots - Fire, List of common Indo-European roots - Parts of trees, List of common Indo-European roots - Flora, List of common Indo-European roots - Insects, List of common Indo-European roots - Water animals, List of common Indo-European roots - Birds, List of common Indo-European roots - Beasts, List of common Indo-European roots - Home animals, List of common Indo-European roots - Animal products, List of common Indo-European roots - Vegetable food, List of common Indo-European roots - Other products, List of common Indo-European roots - Tools, List of common Indo-European roots - Dwelling, List of common Indo-European roots - Social terms, List of common Indo-European roots - Verbs, List of common Indo-European roots - Adjectives, List of common Indo-European roots - Colours

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Sand covers only about 20 percent of Earth's deserts. Most of the sand is in sand sheets and sand seas—vast regions of undulating dunes resembling ocean waves "frozen" in an instant of time. In general, there are 6 forms of deserts: Mountain and basin deserts; Hamada deserts, which comprise of a plateaux landforms; Regs which consist of rock pavements; Ergs which are formed by sand seas; Intermontane Basins; and Badlands which are located at the margins of arid ...

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Desert, Desert - Types of desert, Desert - Montane deserts, Desert - Desert features, Desert - Soils, Desert - Vegetation, Desert - Water, Desert - Mineral resources, Desert - List of deserts, Desert - Americas, Desert - Africa, Desert - Asia-Pacific, Desert - Other

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Most classifications rely on some combination of the number of days of rainfall, the total amount of annual rainfall, temperature, humidity, or other factors. In 1953, Peveril Meigs divided desert regions on Earth into three categories according to the amount of precipitation they received. In this now widely accepted system, extremely arid lands have at least 12 consecutive months without rainfall, arid lands have less than 250 millimeters of annual rainfall, and semiarid lands have a mean annual precipitation of between 250 and 500 millimeters. Arid and extremely arid land are deserts, and semiarid grassl ...

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Desert, Desert - Types of desert, Desert - Montane deserts, Desert - Desert features, Desert - Soils, Desert - Vegetation, Desert - Water, Desert - Mineral resources, Desert - List of deserts, Desert - Americas, Desert - Africa, Desert - Asia-Pacific, Desert - Other

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British Protected designation of origin - Beer. Newcastle Brown Ale (Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)) Kentish ale (PGI) Kentish strong ale (PGI) Rutland bitter (PGI) British Protected designation of origin - Cheese. Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese (PDO) Bonchester cheese (PDO) Buxton blue (PDO) Dorset Blue cheese (PGI) Dovedale cheese (PDO) Exmoor Blue cheese (PGI) ...

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British Protected designation of origin, British Protected designation of origin - List of Foods, British Protected designation of origin - Beer, British Protected designation of origin - Cheese, British Protected designation of origin - Cider and Perry, British Protected designation of origin - Cream, British Protected designation of origin - Fish, British Protected designation of origin - Meat, British Protected designation of origin - Vegetables, British Protected designation of origin - Applications

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There are 286 communities in total. They are grouped into the following major categories: Woodland and scrub communities (25 communities — 19 classed as woodland, four as scrub and two as 'underscrub') Mires (38 communities) Heaths (22 communities) Mesotrophic grasslands (13 communities) Calcicolous grasslands (14 communities) Calcifugous grasslands and montane communities (21 communities) Aquatic communities (24 communities) Swamps and tall-herb fens (28 communiti ...

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National Vegetation Classification, National Vegetation Classification - Communities by category

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List of common Indo-European roots - Kinship. manu- (person): S manus-, I man-us, E mann/man, R muž, B žmonės/, N mânša nō-m.n (name): T nom, L nōmen, U nome, E nama/name, S nāmah, G onoma, CC anm-en, R imja, Al emër/êmën, Ir ainm, H lāman, N nom wī-ro- (man): S vīra-, I vīra-, L vir, U viru, B vyras/vīrs, T wir, D wer/--, C gwyr, Sk oior, E wer/werewolf, OPr wirs hner (man): S nar, G anēr, U ner, A ayr, F anar gwen- (woman): R žena, I gənā, ...

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List of common Indo-European roots, List of common Indo-European roots - Abbreviations used in the rest of this document, List of common Indo-European roots - Pronouns, List of common Indo-European roots - Numerals, List of common Indo-European roots - Directions, List of common Indo-European roots - Nouns, List of common Indo-European roots - Kinship, List of common Indo-European roots - Body parts, List of common Indo-European roots - Body organs, List of common Indo-European roots - Human feelings and qualities, List of common Indo-European roots - Celestial terms, List of common Indo-European roots - Times of day, List of common Indo-European roots - Seasons, List of common Indo-European roots - Atmosphere, List of common Indo-European roots - Wholeness, List of common Indo-European roots - Terrain, List of common Indo-European roots - Fire, List of common Indo-European roots - Parts of trees, List of common Indo-European roots - Flora, List of common Indo-European roots - Insects, List of common Indo-European roots - Water animals, List of common Indo-European roots - Birds, List of common Indo-European roots - Beasts, List of common Indo-European roots - Home animals, List of common Indo-European roots - Animal products, List of common Indo-European roots - Vegetable food, List of common Indo-European roots - Other products, List of common Indo-European roots - Tools, List of common Indo-European roots - Dwelling, List of common Indo-European roots - Social terms, List of common Indo-European roots - Verbs, List of common Indo-European roots - Adjectives, List of common Indo-European roots - Colours

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As with other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the molecular, genetic and biochemical level through organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, plant populations, and communities of plants. At each of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the classification (taxonomy), structure (anatomy), or function (physiology) of plant life. Historically, botany covers all organisms that were not considered to be animals. Some of these "plant-like" organisms include fungi (studied in ...

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Botany, Botany - Scope and importance of botany, Botany - Feed the world, Botany - Understand fundamental life processes, Botany - Utilise medicine and materials, Botany - Understand environmental changes, Botany - History, Botany - Early botany before 1945, Botany - Modern botany since 1945

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Horseradish was cultivated in antiquity. Cato discusses the plant in his treatises on agriculture, and a mural in Pompeii showing the plant has survived until today. It is probably the plant mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History under the name of Amoracia, and recommended by him for its medicinal qualities, and possibly the Wild Radish, or raphanos agrios of the Greeks. Both root and leaves were universally used as a medicine during the Middle Ages, and as a condiment in Denmark and Germany. Before pepper and chiles became widely available, horseradish and mustard were ...

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Horseradish, Horseradish - History, Horseradish - Notes

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Botany - Early botany before 1945. Among the earliest of botanical works, written around 300 B.C., are two large treatises by Theophrastus: On the History of Plants (Historia Plantarum) and On the Causes of Plants. Together these books constitute the most important contribution to botanical science during antiquity and on into the Middle Ages. The Roman medical writer Dioscorides provides important evidence on Greek and Ro ...

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Botany, Botany - Scope and importance of botany, Botany - Feed the world, Botany - Understand fundamental life processes, Botany - Utilise medicine and materials, Botany - Understand environmental changes, Botany - History, Botany - Early botany before 1945, Botany - Modern botany since 1945

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Jamaica and the other islands of the Antilles evolved from an arc of ancient volcanoes that rose from the sea billions of years ago. During periods of submersion, thick layers of limestone were laid down over the old igneous and metamorphic rock. In many places, the limestone is thousands of feet thick. The country can be divided into three landform regions: the eastern mountains, the central valleys and plateaus, and the coastal plains. The highest area is that of the Blue Mountains. These eastern mountains are formed by a central ri ...

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Geography of Jamaica, Geography of Jamaica - Geology and landforms, Geography of Jamaica - Coasts, Geography of Jamaica - Climate, Geography of Jamaica - Vegetation, Geography of Jamaica - Key facts, Geography of Jamaica - Cities, Geography of Jamaica - Towns, Geography of Jamaica - Sources

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The coastline of Jamaica is one of many contrasts. The northeast shore is severely eroded by the ocean. There are many small inlets in the rugged coastline, but no coastal plain of any extent. A narrow strip of plains along the northern coast offers calm seas and white sand beaches. Behind the beaches is a flat raised plain of uplifted coral reef. The southern coast has small stretches of plains lined by black sand beaches. These are backed by cliffs of limestone where the plateaus end. In many stretches with no coastal plain, the cli ...

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Geography of Jamaica, Geography of Jamaica - Geology and landforms, Geography of Jamaica - Coasts, Geography of Jamaica - Climate, Geography of Jamaica - Vegetation, Geography of Jamaica - Key facts, Geography of Jamaica - Cities, Geography of Jamaica - Towns, Geography of Jamaica - Sources

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Two types of climate are found on Jamaica. An upland tropical climate prevails on the windward side of the mountains, whereas a semiarid climate predominates on the leeward side. Warm trade winds from the east and northeast bring rainfall throughout the year. The rainfall is heaviest from May to October, with peaks in those two months. The average rainfall is 196 centimeters per year. Rainfall is much greater in the mountain areas facing the north and east, however. Where the higher elevations of the John Crow Mountains and the Blue Mountain ...

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Geography of Jamaica, Geography of Jamaica - Geology and landforms, Geography of Jamaica - Coasts, Geography of Jamaica - Climate, Geography of Jamaica - Vegetation, Geography of Jamaica - Key facts, Geography of Jamaica - Cities, Geography of Jamaica - Towns, Geography of Jamaica - Sources

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The botanical term "Angiosperm" (Greek: αγγειον, receptacle, and σπερμα, seed) was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690, as the name of that one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom, which included flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, in contradistinction to his Gymnospermae, or flowering plants with achenial or schizo-carpic fruits—the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded as a seed and naked. The term and its antonym were maintained by Carolus Linnaeus with the s ...

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Flowering plant, Flowering plant - History, Flowering plant - Origins, Flowering plant - Classification, Flowering plant - Families of flowering plants, Flowering plant - Internal structure, Flowering plant - Vegetative organs, Flowering plant - The flower fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Flowering plant sexuality, Flowering plant - Fertilization, Flowering plant - Embryology, Flowering plant - Fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Economic importance

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The trend of the evolution of the plant kingdom has been in the direction of the establishment of a vegetation of fixed habit and adapted to the vicissitudes of a life on land, and the Angiosperms are the highest expression of this evolution and constitute the dominant vegetation of the earth's surface at the present epoch. There is no land-area from the poles to the equator, where plant-life is possible, upon which Angiosperms are not found. They also occur abundantly in the shallows of rivers and fresh-water lakes, and in less number in sa ...

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Flowering plant, Flowering plant - History, Flowering plant - Origins, Flowering plant - Classification, Flowering plant - Families of flowering plants, Flowering plant - Internal structure, Flowering plant - Vegetative organs, Flowering plant - The flower fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Flowering plant sexuality, Flowering plant - Fertilization, Flowering plant - Embryology, Flowering plant - Fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Economic importance

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The flowering plants are usually treated as a division. As this is a group above the rank of family there is a free choice of name: Art 16 of the ICBN allows either a descriptive name or a name based on a generic name. The favorite name in the latter category is Magnoliophyta (at the rank of division, based on the Magnolia. The most popular descriptive name is Angiospermae (Angiosperms), with An ...

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Flowering plant, Flowering plant - History, Flowering plant - Origins, Flowering plant - Classification, Flowering plant - Families of flowering plants, Flowering plant - Internal structure, Flowering plant - Vegetative organs, Flowering plant - The flower fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Flowering plant sexuality, Flowering plant - Fertilization, Flowering plant - Embryology, Flowering plant - Fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Economic importance

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As in Gymnosperms, branching is monopodial; dichotomy or the forking of the growing point into two equivalent branches which replace the main stem, is absent both in the case of the stem and the root. The leaves show a remarkable variety in form, but are generally small in comparison with the size of the plant; exceptions occur in some Monocotyledons, e.g. in the Aroid family, where in some genera the pla ...

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Flowering plant, Flowering plant - History, Flowering plant - Origins, Flowering plant - Classification, Flowering plant - Families of flowering plants, Flowering plant - Internal structure, Flowering plant - Vegetative organs, Flowering plant - The flower fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Flowering plant sexuality, Flowering plant - Fertilization, Flowering plant - Embryology, Flowering plant - Fruit and seed, Flowering plant - Economic importance

Read more here: » Flowering plant: Encyclopedia II - Flowering plant - Vegetative organs