List of string theory topics

List of string theory topics - String dualities. T-duality S-duality U-duality Mysterious duality Montonen-Olive duality Seiberg duality List of string theory topics - Particles and fields. graviton dilaton tachyon Ramond-Ramond field Kalb-Ramond field magnetic monopole List of string theory topics - Branes. p-brane < ...

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List of string theory topics, List of string theory topics - String theory, List of string theory topics - String dualities, List of string theory topics - Particles and fields, List of string theory topics - Branes, List of string theory topics - Supersymmetry, List of string theory topics - Conformal field theory, List of string theory topics - Geometry, List of string theory topics - Holography, List of string theory topics - Gauge theory, List of string theory topics - People

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Our physical space is observed to have only four large dimensions, and a physical theory must take this into account, but nothing prevents a theory from involving more than 4 dimensions, per se. In the case of string theory, consistency requires spacetime to have 10, 11 or 26 dimensions. The conflict between observation and theory is resolved by making the unobserved dimensions compact dimensions. Our minds have difficulty visualizing higher dimensions because we can only move in three spatial dimensions. Even then, we only see in 2+1 ...

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Superstring theory, Superstring theory - Extra dimensions, Superstring theory - Number of superstring theories

Read more here: » Superstring theory: Encyclopedia II - Superstring theory - Extra dimensions

Our physical space is observed to have only four large dimensions, and a physical theory must take this into account, but nothing prevents a theory from involving more than 4 dimensions, per se. In the case of string theory, consistency requires spacetime to have 10, 11 or 26 dimensions. The conflict between observation and theory is resolved by making the unobserved dimensions compact dimensions. Our minds have difficulty visualizing higher dimensions because we can only move in three spatial dimensions. Even then, we only see in 2+1 ...

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Superstring theory, Superstring theory - Number of dimensions, Superstring theory - Number of superstring theories

Read more here: » Superstring theory: Encyclopedia II - Superstring theory - Number of dimensions

The term 'string theory' properly refers to both the 26-dimensional bosonic string theories and to the 10-dimensional superstring theories created by adding supersymmetry. Nowadays, 'string theory' usually refers to the supersymmetric variant while the earlier is given its full name, 'bosonic string theory'. While understanding the details of string and superstring theories requires considerable mathematical sophistication, some qualitative properties of quantum strings can be understood in a fairly intuitive fashion. For example, qua ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - Popular culture, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

Read more here: » String theory: Encyclopedia II - String theory - Basic properties

The term 'string theory' properly refers to both the 26-dimensional bosonic string theories and to the 10-dimensional superstring theories created by adding supersymmetry. Nowadays, 'string theory' usually refers to the supersymmetric variant while the earlier is given its full name, 'bosonic string theory'. While understanding the details of string and superstring theories requires considerable mathematical sophistication, some qualitative properties of quantum strings can be understood in a fairly intuitive fashion. For example, qua ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

Read more here: » String theory: Encyclopedia II - String theory - Basic properties

String theory was originally invented to explain peculiarities of hadron (subatomic particle which experiences the strong nuclear force) behavior. In particle-accelerator experiments, physicists observed that the spin of a hadron is never larger than a certain multiple of the square of its energy. No simple model of the hadron, such as picturing it as a set of smaller particles held together by spring-like forces, was able to explain these relationships. In 1968, theoretical physicist Gabriele Veneziano was trying to understand the strong nu ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - Popular culture, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

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Quantum mechanics is a fundamental physical theory that replaces Newtonian mechanics and classical electromagnetism at the atomic and subatomic levels and is the underlying framework of many fields of physics and chemistry, including condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, and particle physics. Along with general relativity, it is one of the pillars of modern physics. Quantum mechanics - Introduction. The term quantum (Latin, "how much") refers to the discrete units that the theory assign ...

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• Quantum mechanics - Introduction
• Quantum mechanics - Description of the theory
• Quantum mechanics - Quantum mechanical effects
• Quantum mechanics - Mathematical formulation
• Quantum mechanics - Interactions with other scientific theories
• Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory
• Quantum mechanics - Philosophical consequences
• Quantum mechanics - History
• Quantum mechanics - Founding experiments
• Quantum mechanics - Notes

Read more here: » Quantum mechanics: Encyclopedia - Quantum mechanics

String theory was originally invented to explain peculiarities of hadron (subatomic particle which experiences the strong nuclear force) behavior. In particle-accelerator experiments, physicists observed that the spin of a hadron is never larger than a certain multiple of the square of its energy. No simple model of the hadron, such as picturing it as a set of smaller particles held together by spring-like forces, was able to explain these relationships. In 1968, theoretical physicist Gabriele Veneziano was trying to understand the strong nu ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

Read more here: » String theory: Encyclopedia II - String theory - History

Theoretical physicists were troubled by the existence of five separate superstring theories. This has been solved by the second superstring revolution in the 1990s during which the five superstring theories were discovered to be different limits of a single underlying theory: M-theory. The five consistent superstring theories are: The type I string has one supersymmetry in the ten-dimensional sense (16 supercharges). This theory is special in the sense that it is based on unoriented open and closed strings, while the rest ...

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Superstring theory, Superstring theory - Extra dimensions, Superstring theory - Number of superstring theories

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The book The Elegant Universe by Brian Greene was adapted into a three-hour documentary for Nova. String theory is also a series of books based in the Star Trek: Voyager universe. ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - Popular culture, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

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String theory remains to be verified. No version of string theory has yet made a prediction which differs from those made by other theories—at least, not in a way that could be checked by a currently feasible experiment. In this sense, string theory is still in a "larval stage": it possesses many features of mathematical interest, and it may yet become supremely important in our understanding of the Universe, but it requires further developments before it is accepted or falsified. Since string theory may not be tested in the foreseeable fu ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

Read more here: » String theory: Encyclopedia II - String theory - Problems

String theory remains to be verified. No version of string theory has yet made a prediction which differs from those made by other theories—at least, not in a way that could be checked by a currently feasible experiment. In this sense, string theory is still in a "larval stage": it possesses many features of mathematical interest, and it may yet become supremely important in our understanding of the universe, but it requires further developments before it is accepted or falsified. Since string theory may not be tested in the foreseeable fu ...

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String theory, String theory - History, String theory - Basic properties, String theory - Dualities, String theory - Extra dimensions, String theory - Problems, String theory - Popular culture, String theory - References and further reading, String theory - Footnote, String theory - Popular books and articles, String theory - Textbooks, String theory - External links

Read more here: » String theory: Encyclopedia II - String theory - Problems

List of mathematics lists - Basic mathematics. These lists cover topics typically taught in secondary education or in the first year of university. List of basic discrete mathematics topics List of calculus topics List of geometry topics List of topics in logic List of trigonometry topics < ...

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List of mathematics lists, List of mathematics lists - Fields of mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Basic mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Advanced mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Applied mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Methodology, List of mathematics lists - Mathematical statements, List of mathematics lists - General concepts, List of mathematics lists - Mathematical objects, List of mathematics lists - About mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Mathematicians, List of mathematics lists - Trivia, List of mathematics lists - Reference tables, List of mathematics lists - Integrals, List of mathematics lists - Meta-lists, List of mathematics lists - Notes

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Bra-ket notation | Commutation relation | Heisenberg picture | Schrödinger picture | Wavefunction | Measurement in quantum mechanics | Semiclassical | Path integral | WKB approximation | Quantum logic | Quantum operation | Quantum field theory | Wightman axioms | Statistical ensemble | Wigner quasi-probability distribution Matrix mechanics, Hamiltonian | Particle in a box | Particle in a ring | Particle in a spherically symmetric potential | Quantum harmonic oscillator | Hydrogen ...

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Quantum mechanics, Quantum mechanics - Introduction, Quantum mechanics - Description of the theory, Quantum mechanics - Quantum mechanical effects, Quantum mechanics - Mathematical formulation, Quantum mechanics - Interactions with other scientific theories, Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory, Quantum mechanics - Philosophical consequences, Quantum mechanics - History, Quantum mechanics - Founding experiments, Quantum mechanics - Notes

Read more here: » Quantum mechanics: Encyclopedia II - Quantum mechanics - Description of the theory

Quantum mechanics has had enormous success in explaining many of the features of our world. The individual behavior of the subatomic particles that make up all forms of matter - electrons, protons, neutrons, and so forth - can often only be satisfactorily described using quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is important for understanding how individual atoms combine to form chemicals. The application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is known as quantum chemistry. Quantum mechanics can provide quantitative insight into chemical bondin ...

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Quantum mechanics, Quantum mechanics - Introduction, Quantum mechanics - Description of the theory, Quantum mechanics - Quantum mechanical effects, Quantum mechanics - Mathematical formulation, Quantum mechanics - Interactions with other scientific theories, Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory, Quantum mechanics - Philosophical consequences, Quantum mechanics - History, Quantum mechanics - Founding experiments, Quantum mechanics - Notes

Read more here: » Quantum mechanics: Encyclopedia II - Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory

The term quantum (Latin, "how much") refers to the discrete units that the theory assigns to certain physical quantities, such as the energy of an atom at rest (see Figure 1, at right). The discovery that waves could be measured in particle-like small packets of energy called quanta led to the branch of physics that deals with atomic and subatomic systems which we today call Quantum Mechanics. The foundations of quantum mechanics were established during the first half of the 20th century by Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bo ...

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Quantum mechanics, Quantum mechanics - Introduction, Quantum mechanics - Description of the theory, Quantum mechanics - Quantum mechanical effects, Quantum mechanics - Mathematical formulation, Quantum mechanics - Interactions with other scientific theories, Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory, Quantum mechanics - Philosophical consequences, Quantum mechanics - History, Quantum mechanics - Founding experiments, Quantum mechanics - Notes

Read more here: » Quantum mechanics: Encyclopedia II - Quantum mechanics - Introduction

Quantum mechanics has had enormous success in explaining many of the features of our world. The individual behavior of the microscopic particles that make up all forms of matter - electrons, protons, neutrons, and so forth - can often only be satisfactorily described using quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is important for understanding how individual atoms combine to form chemicals. The application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is known as quantum chemistry. Quantum mechanics can provide quantitative insight into chemical bond ...

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Quantum mechanics, Quantum mechanics - Introduction, Quantum mechanics - Description of the theory, Quantum mechanics - Quantum mechanical effects, Quantum mechanics - Mathematical formulation, Quantum mechanics - Interactions with other scientific theories, Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory, Quantum mechanics - Philosophical consequences, Quantum mechanics - History, Quantum mechanics - Founding experiments, Quantum mechanics - Notes

Read more here: » Quantum mechanics: Encyclopedia II - Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory

List of mathematics lists - Integrals. In calculus, the integral of a function is a generalization of area, mass, volume, sum, and total. The following pages list the integrals of many different functions. List of integrals List of integrals of arc functions List of integrals of exponential functions List of integrals of hyperbolic functions List of integrals ...

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List of mathematics lists, List of mathematics lists - Fields of mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Basic mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Advanced mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Applied mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Methodology, List of mathematics lists - Mathematical statements, List of mathematics lists - General concepts, List of mathematics lists - Mathematical objects, List of mathematics lists - About mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Mathematicians, List of mathematics lists - Trivia, List of mathematics lists - Reference tables, List of mathematics lists - Integrals, List of mathematics lists - Meta-lists, List of mathematics lists - Notes

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Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debate and many interpretations. Even fundamental issues such as Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions took decades to be appreciated. The Copenhagen interpretation, due largely to Niels Bohr, is the interpretation of quantum mechanics most widely accepted amongst physicists. According to it, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics predictions cannot be explained in term ...

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Quantum mechanics, Quantum mechanics - Introduction, Quantum mechanics - Description of the theory, Quantum mechanics - Quantum mechanical effects, Quantum mechanics - Mathematical formulation, Quantum mechanics - Interactions with other scientific theories, Quantum mechanics - Applications of quantum theory, Quantum mechanics - Philosophical consequences, Quantum mechanics - History, Quantum mechanics - Founding experiments, Quantum mechanics - Notes

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List of mathematics lists - Mathematicians. Mathematicians study and research in all the different areas of mathematics. The publication of new discoveries in mathematics continues at an immense rate in hundreds of scientific journals, many of them devoted to mathematics and many devoted to subjects to which mathematics is applied (such as theoretical computer science and theoretical physics). List of geometers List of logicians List of mathematicians List of probabilist ...

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List of mathematics lists, List of mathematics lists - Fields of mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Basic mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Advanced mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Applied mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Methodology, List of mathematics lists - Mathematical statements, List of mathematics lists - General concepts, List of mathematics lists - Mathematical objects, List of mathematics lists - About mathematics, List of mathematics lists - Mathematicians, List of mathematics lists - Trivia, List of mathematics lists - Reference tables, List of mathematics lists - Integrals, List of mathematics lists - Meta-lists, List of mathematics lists - Notes

Read more here: » List of mathematics lists: Encyclopedia II - List of mathematics lists - About mathematics